Just describe each topic in 3-4 sentences.

Advances/concepts in science (and some associated names): a sampler

Be able to give a very concise oral summary on the importance of each topic.

Just describe each topic in 3-4 sentences.

Earth-centered view (Ptolemy) versus solar-centered view (Copernicus)

The Columbian Exchange, circumnavigation (Columbus, Magellan)

Young earth (Biblical) versus ancient earth (Lyle, Hutton)

The atomic theory (Lavoisier, Dalton); Avogadro's number

Discovery of oxygen (Priestley)

Photosynthesis (Hales and Priestly were the most famous early investigators)

Binomial classification of organisms (Linnaeus)

Universe of numerous stars versus universe of numerous (currently, minimum of 100 billion) galaxies (Herschel)

Decipherment and linguistics:

Ancient Egyptian (Rosetta Stone, Champollion);

other ancient Near Eastern (Rawlinson);

Hittite (Knudtzon);

Linear B (Ventris)

Mayan (Berlin)

Aztec (Aubin)

Reconstructed Proto-Indo-European (de Saussure).

Invention of the microscope (van Leeuwenhoek)

Invention of the telescope (possibly Lippershey, but Galileo and Kepler were famous early users)

Cell theory, i.e., living beings composed of cells (Hooke, Virchow)

Non-cellular "life" forms, i.e., viruses (Ivanovsky, Beijerinck)

Spontaneous generation (Aristotle) versus "all life from life" (Pasteur)

Microorganisms as causal agents of disease (Pasteur); also Koch's postulates

Fungi (sensu lato) as causal agents of plant disease (Berkeley, de Bary)

Bacteria as agents of plant disease (Burill, Smith)

Symbiosis (term coined by Bennett, but de Bary was the most famous early user of the term)

Mycorrhiza (Frank first introduced the term; 'Hartig net' is famous in forestry)

Special creation (Biblical) versus evolution (Lamark)

Natural Selection (Darwin, Wallace)

Genetics (Mendel)

Structure of DNA, "central dogma" (Watson, Crick)

Plate tectonics, i.e., continental drift (Wegener)

Centers of origin, centers of diversity (Vavilov)

Species concepts (Mayr)

Cladistics (Hennig)

Ecological diversity (Whittaker):

alpha diversity (α-diversity)

beta diversity (β-diversity)

gamma diversity (γ-diversity)

Phytosociology, e.g. synecology, plant associations, climax, "habitat types" (Clements, Weaver, Daubenmire)

Sympatric versus allopatric speciation (if there are famous names associated with these two terms, I don't remember them, but be able to define the terms)

'Type' of a species (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants)

'Type species' of a genus (International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants)

Allelopathy (Molisch and others; just know the term and examples)

Taxonomic rank (fungi): Kingdom, phylum (-mycota), class (-mycetes), order (-ales), family (-aceae), genus, species

Cell organelles: nucleus, nucleolus, ribosome, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, chloroplast (if higher plant), endoplasmic reticulum, lipid body, etc.

Plant anatomy: xylem, phloem, cortex, mesophyll, root cap, meristem, stoma, anther, pistil, stigma, style, ovary, stolon, palea, lemma, glume, endosperm, endocarp, etc. I rely on an illustrated glossary (Harris and Harris, Plant Identification)

Mycological terms: ascocarp, ascus, basidiocarp, basidium, conidiophore, conidium, oospore, zygospore, zoospore, etc. I rely on Dictionary of the Fungi, 10th ed., and Ulloa and Hanlin, Illustrated Dictionary of Mycology.

Statistics terms and procedures: parametric, nonparametric, degrees of freedom, ANOVA, GLM, chi square, randomized block, interaction, T-test, pair-wise comparisons, P value, regression, correlation coefficient, etc.

Soil classification: clay, sandy clay, silty clay, sandy clay loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, sandy loam, loam, silt loam, sand, silt, humus, duff, etc.

MajorAdvances(PrelimFodder).docx