Term Paper

Annotated Bibliography

Tara Floyd

South University

August 17, 2015

Annotated Bibliography

Personality Disorders

Krueger, F. R., & Livesley, W. J. (2012). Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders: Official Journal of International Society for the Study of Personality Disorders, 120-178.

The authors define a personality disorder as a profoundly deep-rooted plus maladaptive pattern of conduct of a particular kind, typically noticeable by the time an individual reaches puberty which results to enduring impediments in personal relationships as well as in the individual’s functionality in society. Further, the article espouses three decipherable clusters of personality disorders: Cluster A, B and C. As a matter of fact, under cluster A is the paranoid personality disorder, the schizoid personality disorder, and the Schizotypal personality disorder. Moreover, the disorders in cluster B include the anti-social personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. Lastly, cluster C disorders are as follows, the avoidant personality disorder, dependent disorder as well as the obsessive compulsive personality disorder.

According to the publication, initially, it was said that personality disorders and especially borderline personality disorder overlapped with conditions such as neuroses shown by depressive as well as anxiety disorders. Nonetheless, intricate plus meticulous research in the province of knowledge has disclosed that personality disorders tend to have a diagnostic integrity. However, it is decipherable from the Article that personality disorders occur hand in hand with foremost depressive plus bipolar II disorders, substance use disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). More so, historically, it was a common belief that personality disorders, for instance the borderline disorder responded rather poorly to medication. However, in the contemporary times, certain forms of psychotherapy not counting medications have proved efficacious in the treatment of the disorder.

Kendell, R. E. (2012). Origins of Personality Disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 34-108.

According to the authors, personality disorders are also termed as character disorders. Furthermore, as pertains to the article, personality disorders are characterized by problems of characters that are not attributable to any specific symptom of even to an independent set of symptoms. What’s more, the authors argue that personality disorders display a set of symptoms maladaptive compromises which tend to be forged without of awareness; amidst of conflicting fears, wishes, and moral standards. Moreover, the text espouses that a conflict model may be utilized so as to give effect to an explanation of the rapid propensity for acute personality pathology. In addition, the author puts across that most psychoanalysts if not all have resulted to various theories in a bid to decipher the best way of how to understand persons with personality disorders. Some of these theories include but are not limited to psychology, self psychology, objects relations theory as well as the relations theories. In point of fact, as per the enunciated approaches, the author asserts that some of the challenges decipherable in persons with disorders of character tend to be deeper than just maladaptive compromises with an aspect of motives which as a matter of fact conflict: they show derailments in the development of personality especially regarding temperament, early-stage attachments as well as their exchanges. Notably, the text reveals that a glut of the DSM-5 personality disorders in the contemporary times tend to have their foundations in the above enunciated approaches.

According to the piece of writing, psychological functions or rather in contemporary terms processes and procedures, skills involved in self regulation function find their demystification in the purview of psychoanalytic ego psychology. According to the author, all these psychological functions must be in their proper places so as to enable persons concerned to adaptively behave, achieve their goals, and meet their external expectations.

Boritz, T., Barnhart, R., & McMain, S. (2011). Personality Disorder: A Review. Journal of Personality Disorders (J PERS DISORD, 143-231.

In this peer reviewed journal, the authors assert that personality disorders usually pose a diversity of challenges to not only the family but also to the individual suffering from the disorder. According to the author, persons with character disorders find it work to make or even sustains relationships with others, get along well with people in workplaces, keep themselves out of trouble, regulate, and control their feeling as well as behavior. Moreover, the article espouses to the effect that, as a result of such temperaments, most sufferers of personality disorders tend to live withdrawn lives since they are not able to associate with the rest of the society.

On the other hand, the publication denotes that families of sufferers of such mental disorders tend to be secluded by the rest of the society dint of the conduct displayed by the particular members of their families suffering from personality disorders.

Besides, the authors aver that stigma is the most prevalent problems faced by persons with severe psychiatric disorders. This is dint of the fact that, the stigma brings down self-esteem, play a role as to interrupts family relationships, and negatively influence the ability of the sufferer to socialize, acquire housing, over and above find employment.

According to the Journal article, the main effort that may be put in place so as to lessen stigma against persons suffering from personality disorders is public service pronouncements, as exemplified by Glenn Close, a film star discussing about her psychopathic sister. However, the authors make averments to the effect that; no evidence subsists claiming that such an effort has had any meaningful effect in minimizing stigma

Eating Disorders

Hay, P., & Touyz, S. (2014). Eating Disorders. Journal of Eating Disorders, 64-98.

According to the authors, an intricate examination into the socio-cultural causes of eating disorders divulges that a rich range of familial as well as cultural factors are linked to anorexia nervosa over and above bulimia nervosa. In point of fact, the piece of information discloses that

the outpouring of information as regards the relevant biology of disorders associated with eating has derived from convergence eight purviews of research which include epidemiologic delving into risk factors, twin studies, family studies, genetic scrutiny of eating disorders, investigations based on the neurobiology of behavior of feeding on top of eating disorders, analysis of the inheritance of obesity, not counting studies on the ambit of brain-imaging. Additionally, the authors argue that unabated cross-fertilization of the above mentioned areas will augment the human appreciation of the causal pathophysiology linked with eating disorders. Furthermore, these studies add to the information available as pertains to socio-cultural facets of disorders of eating and will assist in providing of a more all-inclusive grasp of the expansion upkeep, medication, not counting prevention of the eating disorders.

Bulik, C. (2010). Eating Disorders: A Review. London Eating Disorders Review Journal, 97-176.

According to Bulik, some of the psychological explanations of eating disorders include classical conditioning. The author explains that this involves learning by association. Moreover, eating is most times than not associated with anxiety as it can cause people to be overweight. Therefore, losing weight, according to the article is one of ways by which a person can ameliorate the anxiety. The writer adds that, that behavioral operant conditioning is another psychological theory that can be invoked to explain Anorexia Nervosa. As a matter of fact, she explains by stating that Anorexia Nervosa is learned behavior usually upheld by positive reinforcement. In fact, an individual who diets so as to lose weight is praised by his or her peers in addition to the society. On the other hand, persons that remain overweight are harshly criticized, looked down at and even at times face derision due to their bodily look. As a matter of actuality, the author annunciates that positive reinforcement for loss of weight is so powerful that person sustains the anorexic behavior in spite of the threats to his or her health which may result to death.

Weissman, R. S. (2010). Causes and Effects of Eating Disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 135-206.

The author of the Journal Article avers that, of the numerous addictions that people face, eating disorders are the most recalcitrant to cure through treatment. Actually, this is because, food is a fundamental for the sustenance of life. According to the article, there are three major types of eating disorders; anorexia nervosa which is caused by a refusal to ingest sufficient amounts of food for the proper functioning of the body, bulimia nervosa over and above overeating. Likewise, the author claims that, overeating results to obesity. Moreover, the Article enumerates that there exists a category of eating disorders that are instigated by drug and substance abuse.

In additional, some of the short-term consequences of eating disorders include but are not limited to rapid loss of weight in the instance of anorexia , speedy gaining of weight where it is a case of obsessive overeating, confusion , dizziness or other alterations of the subject’s mental state, as well as aspiration-pneumonia as a result of fortuitous gasp of vomit. The author says that prolonged eating disorders may result to scurvy, rickets, depression, obesity, hypertension, tooth decay on top of stroke. Besides, the article provides important information to the effect that eating disorders and especially anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are treatable (Weissman, 2010).

All in all, the above enumerated journal articles provide indispensably reliable information on the two disorders. This is dint of the fact that the information, thus research findings espoused in them is conducted by leading researchers in the purview of medicine. Consequently, the information contained in the peer reviewed journals is not only reliable but it is also recent. As a result of the fact that the summarized journals are recent articles, the information contained in them is relevant to contemporary times, and accordingly applicable to various provinces of learning as worthy validated records.

References

Boritz, T., Banhart, R., & McMain, S. (2011). Personality Disorder: A Review. Journal of Personality Disorders (J PERS DISORD , 143-231.

Bulik, C. (2010). Eating Disorders: A Review. London Eating Disorders Review Journal , 97- 176.

Hay, P., & Touyz, S. (2014). Eating Disorders. Journal of Eating Disorders , 64-98.

Kendell, R. E. (2012). Origins of Personality Disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 34-108.

Krueger, F. R., & Livesley, W. J. (2012). Personality Disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders: Official Journal of International Society for the Study of Personality Disorders , 120-178.

Weissman, R. S. (2010). Causes and Effects of Eating Disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders , 135-206.