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abdullah_ahmad_s4470391_motivation_essay_plan.docx

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Motivation & the Reinforcement theory

Essay Plan

The Introduction (Paragraph 1):

· Broad Opening Statement: Some scholars including BF skinner, to help in the management within an organization, majorly established the concept of the motivational and Reinforcement theory.

· Define Motivation: “Bartol and Martin (1998) define motivation as a force that energizes behavior, gives direction to behavior, and underlies the tendency to persist.” (Islam Rafikul Ismail Ahmad Zaki Hj, 2008).

· Purpose/aim: The main purpose of this essay is to look at motivation within a workplace and explain the reinforcement theory, which includes positive, negative, punishment, and extinction reinforcement.

The Body Paragraphs

Positive Reinforcement (Paragraph 2)

· Define Positive Reinforcement

· Identify what/how is it used for

· Provide examples

Negative Reinforcement (Paragraph 3)

· Define Negative Reinforcement

· Identify what is it used for

· How it is used

· Provide examples

Punishment (Paragraph 4)

· Define Punishment reinforcement

· Identify what is it used for

· State how it operates

· Provide examples

Extinction (Paragraph 5)

· Define extinction reinforcement

· Identify what is it used for

· State how it operates

· Provide examples

Conclusion (Paragraph 6)

· Summarize essay

· Identify the importance of the reinforcement theory

· Restate definitions

· Reword aim of essay

Article 1

Title and article reference	Villere Maurice F. Hartman Sandra S, (1991),"Reinforcement Theory: A Practical Tool", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 12 Iss 2 pp. 27 - 31.
Aim / Purpose of article	Examines the reinforcement theory and explains each aspect of the theory and how they are applied in a work place. In addition, the implementation strategies of the theory are also included.
Sample, location, method of data collection and analysis	It is a research paper with information collected from numerous websites, books, and other research papers.
Findings/Interpretations reported in the article	The reinforcement theory motivates the staff in order to help a certain organization reaches their goals as productivity increase. There are four methods that can be used in a reinforcement theory, which they differ from each other but all aims to motivate the workers to reach their organizational goals.
Significance/contribution of the article in relation to your other articles and your topic	The significance of this article is that is well related to the topic essay and it provides strong evidence to prove the points of reinforcement theory in regards of the behavior and atmosphere within a taskforce.
Strengths of the article	Greatly examined and researched paper with powerful and detailed information.
Weaknesses of the article	It is made in America so there may be partiality in the certain parts of the research paper provided.
Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment	“Behavior which is positively reinforced has a greater probability of recurrence.” (Villere Maurice F. Hartman Sandra S, 1991).
Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment	“Negative reinforcement gains the desired response not by the attachment of desirable rewards to the behavior but by the removal of noxious or undesirable rewards.” (Villere Maurice F. Hartman Sandra S, 1991).

Article 2:

Title and article reference	Islam Rafikul Ismail Ahmad Zaki Hj, (2008),"Employee motivation: a Malaysian perspective", International Journal of Commerce and Management, Vol. 18 Iss 4 pp. 344 - 362
Aim / Purpose of article	The aim of this research paper is to explain the factors of motivation within a workplace, which is in a numerous Malaysian organizations.
Sample, location, method of data collection and analysis	A survey was conducted which was consisted of personal information of the people who were questioned and ranking the parts of the motivational theory. In addition literature research was conducted.
Findings/Interpretations reported in the article	In regards of ranking the factors, demographic factors had a large impact.
Significance/contribution of the article in relation to your other articles and your topic	The significance of the article is that it shows how the studies that are made help in guiding managers in setting motivational programs. This connects to the essay topic as it provides examples and support to the reinforcement theory.
Strengths of the article	The research made was very strong since it included both primary and secondary sources, which are the surveys and literature research.
Weaknesses of the article	The work is only focused on Malaysian organizations, which could lead to tendency.
Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment	“The reinforcement theories (originally proposed by B.F. Skinner) are actually the antithesis of cognitive theories in the sense that the theories do not relate with human thought process.” (Islam Rafikul Ismail Ahmad Zaki Hj, 2008).
Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment	“According, to the reinforcement theory, our behavior can be explained by consequences in the environment, and therefore, it is not necessary to look for cognitive explanations.” (Islam Rafikul Ismail Ahmad Zaki Hj, 2008).

Article 3:

Title and article reference	Campbell Stephen Kleiner Brian H, (1997),"New developments in re-engineering organizations", Work Study, Vol. 46 Iss 3 pp. 99 - 103
Aim / Purpose of article	Aim of this article to show how BPR requires motivation by using the reinforcement theory towards the employees in order to reach their goals.
Sample, location, method of data collection and analysis	Research paper that is conducted by analyzing books and literature.
Findings/Interpretations reported in the article	According to this article, an organization needs to follow the motivational theory including the reinforcement theory in order to motivate it’s employees and accomplish their goals.
Significance/contribution of the article in relation to your other articles and your topic	The importance of this article is that it is heavily related to the essay topic as it includes how the reinforcement theory was used in the BPR to motivate the employees.
Strengths of the article	Well-conducted research paper and literature was strongly analyzed and theories were tied to a real life example.
Weaknesses of the article	The whole article focuses on numerous things not just the essay topic which is motivation and the reinforcement theory.
Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment	“Reinforcement theory’s central tenets are: behaviour which is rewarded will be repeated.” (Campbell Stephen Kleiner Brian H,1997).
Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment	“In order for BPR to succeed, staff and management must be motivated to achieve the vision and goals of BPR.” (Campbell Stephen Kleiner Brian H,1997).
Quotes from the article that you plan to use in your assignment	“Behavior which is punished will result in unpredictable behavior. This is because punishment results in behavior which seeks to avoid the punishment.” (Campbell Stephen Kleiner Brian H,1997).