Reflection paper - PSYCHOLOGY
lordksa
module_32_hunger.pdf
1
Module 32: Hunger
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1985
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14%
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1995
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2005
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2010
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
“…This generation of children will be the first to live shorter lives than their parents…”
Schwartz & Brownell (2007). Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics;
Olshansky et al. (2005). N Engl J Med.
2
Childhood Obesity
The proportion of U.S. children who are overweight has more than tripled in recent decades
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to this increase
Nature: Genes do affect our individual susceptibility to gaining weight and the amount of food consumed, but…
Nurture: Increases in portion sizes and the amount of time children spend in sedentary pursuits, such as playing video games, also contribute to the obesity epidemic
Overweight children and teens suffer a variety of social problems
Evolution & Food Selection
At the age of weaning (~4-5), most mammals lose the intestinal enzyme lactase, which is necessary for metabolizing lactose
Lactose is the sugar found in milk
Milk consumption after weaning can cause gas and stomach cramps
Most human adults have enough lactase to consume milk and other dairy products throughout their lifetime
Biology & Culture of Food Preferences
3
Brain Mechanisms When old biology meets new culture…
A combination of learned and unlearned factors contribute to hunger and eating behaviors
Drewnoski & Specter, 2004, Am J Clin Nutr; Brownell, Harvard School of Public Health, March 2008
The Cost of Calories % Increase in Costs from 1985-2000
Putnam et al., 2002, Food Rev
0
25
50
75
100
125
Soft Drinks Sugar &
Sweets
Fruits &
Vegetables
20%
46%
117%
2003: Average soda (20 ounces) = 250
calories
1980s: Average soda (6.5 ounces) = 85
calories
4
Mindless Eating (Your Stomach Can’t Count)
Refillable soup bowl
Chicken wing experiment Wing eaters with bones ate 28% less
than those with no bones in front of them.
Our lack of accurate food counting can affect our calorie intake & weight gain.
It takes about 20 minutes for you to start feeling full.
Brian Wansink (Mindless Eating, 2006)
Eating Disorders
Adolescent girls at greatest risk Anorexia nervosa
Weight drops <85% of normal Worry about being fat,
despite being underweight Loss of appetite Extreme dieting Some display binge-purge-depression cycle
Bulimia Binge eating followed by compensatory practices
(often purging through vomiting or laxative use, or else fasting or excessive exercise)
Unlike anorexia, bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal, making the condition easy to hide
Eating Disorders
Weight-loss is often difficult and specialists rarely agree Onset of eating disorders often occurs
through intention to “diet normally”
Successful weight maintenance includes change of lifestyle, increased exercise, and decreased eating Simply eating less to lose weight will
slow your metabolism Sleep Avoid soft drinks Be active, not just to regulate weight
but to regulate everything! Anticipate health challenges…
1
Module 32: Hunger
“…This generation of children will be the first to live shorter lives than their parents…”
Schwartz & Brownell (2007). Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics;
Olshansky et al. (2005). N Engl J Med.
Childhood Obesity
The proportion of U.S. children who are overweight has more than tripled in recent decades
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to this increase Nature: Genes do affect
our individual susceptibility to gaining weight and the amount of food consumed, but…
Nurture: Increases in portion sizes and the amount of time children spend in sedentary pursuits, such as playing video games, also contribute to the obesity epidemic
Overweight children and teens suffer a variety of social problems
Evolution & Food Selection
At the age of weaning (~4-5), most mammals lose the intestinal enzyme lactase, which is necessary for metabolizing lactose
Lactose is the sugar found in milk
Milk consumption after weaning can cause gas and stomach cramps
Most human adults have enough lactase to consume milk and other dairy products throughout their lifetime
2
Biology & Culture of Food Preferences
Brain Mechanisms When old biology meets new culture…
A combination of learned and unlearned factors contribute to hunger and eating behaviors
Drewnoski & Specter, 2004, Am J Clin Nutr; Brownell, Harvard School of Public Health, March 2008
The Cost of Calories % Increase in Costs from 1985-2000
Putnam et al., 2002, Food Rev
20%
46%
117%
3
2003: Average soda (20 ounces) = 250 calories
1980s: Average soda (6.5 ounces) = 85 calories
Mindless Eating (Your Stomach Can’t Count)
Refillable soup bowl
Chicken wing experiment Wing eaters with bones ate 28% less
than those with no bones in front of them.
Our lack of accurate food counting can affect our calorie intake & weight gain.
It takes about 20 minutes for you to start feeling full.
Brian Wansink (Mindless Eating, 2006)
Eating Disorders
Adolescent girls at greatest risk Anorexia nervosa Weight drops <85% of normal Worry about being fat,
despite being underweight Loss of appetite Extreme dieting Some display binge-purge-depression cycle
Bulimia Binge eating followed by compensatory practices
(often purging through vomiting or laxative use, or else fasting or excessive exercise)
Unlike anorexia, bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal, making the condition easy to hide
Eating Disorders
Weight-loss is often difficult and specialists rarely agree Onset of eating disorders often occurs
through intention to “diet normally”
Successful weight maintenance includes change of lifestyle, increased exercise, and decreased eating Simply eating less to lose weight will
slow your metabolism Sleep Avoid soft drinks Be active, not just to regulate weight
but to regulate everything! Anticipate health challenges…
1
Module 32: Hunger
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1985
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14%
2
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 1995
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19%
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2005
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
3
Obesity Trends* Among U.S. Adults BRFSS, 2010
(*BMI ≥30, or ~ 30 lbs. overweight for 5’ 4” person)
No Data <10% 10%–14% 15%–19% 20%–24% 25%–29% ≥30%
“…This generation of children will be the first to live shorter lives than their parents…”
Schwartz & Brownell (2007). Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics;
Olshansky et al. (2005). N Engl J Med.
4
Childhood Obesity
The proportion of U.S. children who are overweight has more than tripled in recent decades
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to this increase
Nature: Genes do affect our individual susceptibility to gaining weight and the amount of food consumed, but…
Nurture: Increases in portion sizes and the amount of time children spend in sedentary pursuits, such as playing video games, also contribute to the obesity epidemic
Overweight children and teens suffer a variety of social problems
5
Evolution & Food Selection
At the age of weaning (~4-5), most mammals lose the intestinal enzyme lactase, which is necessary for metabolizing lactose
Lactose is the sugar found in milk
Milk consumption after weaning can cause gas and stomach cramps
Most human adults have enough lactase to consume milk and other dairy products throughout their lifetime
6
Biology & Culture of Food Preferences
7
Brain Mechanisms
When old biology meets new culture…
A combination of learned and unlearned factors contribute to hunger and eating behaviors
8
Drewnoski & Specter, 2004, Am J Clin Nutr; Brownell, Harvard School of Public Health, March 2008
The Cost of Calories
% Increase in Costs from 1985-2000
Putnam et al., 2002, Food Rev
0
25
50
75
100
125
Soft Drinks Sugar &
Sweets
Fruits &
Vegetables
20%
46%
117%
9
2003: Average soda (20 ounces) = 250
calories
1980s: Average soda (6.5 ounces) = 85
calories
10
Mindless Eating (Your Stomach Can’t Count)
Refillable soup bowl
Chicken wing experiment Wing eaters with bones ate 28% less
than those with no bones in front of them.
Our lack of accurate food counting can affect our calorie intake & weight gain.
It takes about 20 minutes for you to start feeling full.
Brian Wansink (Mindless Eating, 2006)
11
Eating Disorders
Adolescent girls at greatest risk Anorexia nervosa
Weight drops <85% of normal Worry about being fat,
despite being underweight Loss of appetite Extreme dieting Some display binge-purge-depression cycle
Bulimia Binge eating followed by compensatory practices
(often purging through vomiting or laxative use, or else fasting or excessive exercise)
Unlike anorexia, bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal, making the condition easy to hide
Eating Disorders
Weight-loss is often difficult and specialists rarely agree Onset of eating disorders often occurs
through intention to “diet normally”
Successful weight maintenance includes change of lifestyle, increased exercise, and decreased eating Simply eating less to lose weight will
slow your metabolism Sleep Avoid soft drinks Be active, not just to regulate weight
but to regulate everything! Anticipate health challenges…
1
Module 32: Hunger
“…This generation of children will be the first to live shorter lives than their parents…”
Schwartz & Brownell (2007). Journal of Law, Medicine, & Ethics;
Olshansky et al. (2005). N Engl J Med.
2
Childhood Obesity
The proportion of U.S. children who are overweight has more than tripled in recent decades
Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to this increase Nature: Genes do affect
our individual susceptibility to gaining weight and the amount of food consumed, but…
Nurture: Increases in portion sizes and the amount of time children spend in sedentary pursuits, such as playing video games, also contribute to the obesity epidemic
Overweight children and teens suffer a variety of social problems
3
Evolution & Food Selection
At the age of weaning (~4-5), most mammals lose the intestinal enzyme lactase, which is necessary for metabolizing lactose
Lactose is the sugar found in milk
Milk consumption after weaning can cause gas and stomach cramps
Most human adults have enough lactase to consume milk and other dairy products throughout their lifetime
4
Biology & Culture of Food Preferences
5
Brain Mechanisms
When old biology meets new culture…
A combination of learned and unlearned factors contribute to hunger and eating behaviors
6
Drewnoski & Specter, 2004, Am J Clin Nutr; Brownell, Harvard School of Public Health, March 2008
The Cost of Calories
% Increase in Costs from 1985-2000
Putnam et al., 2002, Food Rev
20%
46%
117%
7
2003: Average soda (20 ounces) = 250 calories
1980s: Average soda (6.5 ounces) = 85 calories
8
Mindless Eating (Your Stomach Can’t Count)
Refillable soup bowl
Chicken wing experiment Wing eaters with bones ate 28% less
than those with no bones in front of them.
Our lack of accurate food counting can affect our calorie intake & weight gain.
It takes about 20 minutes for you to start feeling full.
Brian Wansink (Mindless Eating, 2006)
9
Eating Disorders
Adolescent girls at greatest risk Anorexia nervosa Weight drops <85% of normal Worry about being fat,
despite being underweight Loss of appetite Extreme dieting Some display binge-purge-depression cycle
Bulimia Binge eating followed by compensatory practices
(often purging through vomiting or laxative use, or else fasting or excessive exercise)
Unlike anorexia, bulimia is marked by weight fluctuations within or above normal, making the condition easy to hide
Eating Disorders
Weight-loss is often difficult and specialists rarely agree Onset of eating disorders often occurs
through intention to “diet normally”
Successful weight maintenance includes change of lifestyle, increased exercise, and decreased eating Simply eating less to lose weight will
slow your metabolism Sleep Avoid soft drinks Be active, not just to regulate weight
but to regulate everything! Anticipate health challenges…
- Module 32 Hunger (small) color
- Module 32 Hunger (small)
- Module 32 Hunger (large) color
- Module 32 Hunger (large)
