psychology worksheet 3 For Researcher_D only
mid_19
psychologicaldisordersm15_2.pptAbnormal Behavior
Behavior that causes people to experience distress and prevents them from functioning in their daily lives.
Part 2…
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Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
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Mood Disorders are made up of one or more different kinds of “episodes.”
- Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive episode
- Bipolar Disorder
Major depressive episode
Manic episode
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Major Depressive Episode
- Depressed mood or anhedonia + 3 more symptoms for at least 2 weeks
- Cognitive symptoms
Worthlessness or excessive guilt
Poor concentration
Recurrent thoughts of death/suicide
- Somatic symptoms
Weight or appetite changes
Sleep problems
Loss of energy
Psychomotor agitation or retardation
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Manic Episode
Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, for 1 week, plus 3 of the following:
- Grandiosity
- need for sleep
- Pressured speech
- Racing thoughts
- Distractibility
- goal-directed activity
- pleasurable but high risk activities
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Major Depressive Disorder
- 1 or more MDE without manic symptoms
- Runs in families; more common in women
- Course – onset ~ age 20, and usually recurrent
- Prognosis – 2/3 completely recover; 1/3 partially
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Bipolar Disorder
- Manic episodes usually accompanied by one or more Major Depressive episodes
- Much less common than depression
- Runs in families
- Rapid cycling = poor prognosis
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Mood Disorder: Case Studies
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Etiology & Treatment of
Mood Disorders
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Etiology of Mood Disorders
- Genes
- Neurochemical imbalance (norepinephrine, serotonin)
- Cognitive Factors: negative thoughts
- Conditioning: not enough positive reinforcement
- Stressors
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Treatments for Mood Disorders
- Major Depressive Disorder
Antidepressant medications
Psychotherapy
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Cognitive: challenge negative thoughts
Behavioral: schedule activities
Combination is most effective
- Bipolar Disorder
Medications (mood stabilizers)
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Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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What is anxiety?
- A negative mood state with bodily symptoms of physical tension and concern about the future
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Panic Attack:
NOT a mental disorder
- Sudden onset of intense fear often associated with feelings of impending doom
- Shortness of breath, palpitations, chest pain, choking or smothering sensations, and fear of "going crazy," dying, or losing control
- Can be uncued or situational
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A discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, in which four (or more) of the following symptoms developed abruptly and reached a peak within 10 minutes
. palpitations, pounding heart, or accelerated heart rate
2. sweating
3. trembling or shaking
4. sensations of shortness of breath or smothering
5. feeling of choking
6. chest pain or discomfort
7. nausea or abdominal distress
8. feeling dizzy, unsteady, lightheaded, or faint
9. derealization (feelings of unreality) or depersonalization (being detached
from oneself)
10. fear of losing control or going crazy
11. fear of dying
12. paresthesias (numbness or tingling sensations)
13. chills or hot flushes
Uncued - does not immediately associate with a situational trigger (i.e., "out of the blue").
Situational triggers can include stimuli that are either external (e.g., a phobic object or situation) or internal (e.g., physiological arousal) to the individual
situationally predisposed Panic Attacks (i.e., those more likely to occur on, but not
invariably associated with, exposure to a situational trigger). Situationally bound attacks
(i.e., those that occur almost invariably and immediately on exposure to a situational
trigger) can occur but are less common.
Panic Disorder
- Recurrent unexpected panic attacks
- At least one of the following:
Persistent concern about future attacks
Worry about the implications of the attack or its consequences
A significant change in behavior related to the attacks
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Panic Disorder
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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Obsessions
Persistent, unwanted thoughts or ideas that keep recurring
E.g., A man is driving along and fears that he hit someone. He cannot shake the thought that he hit someone.
- Compulsions
Irresistible urges to repeatedly carry out an act that seems strange or unreasonable to them.
The person experiences extreme anxiety if they cannot carry out the action.
E.g., The man above will feel extremely anxious if he doesn’t pull his car over every 5 minutes.
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OCD Case Studies:
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn1OYlYzgm8
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x4sadYeLHKU&feature=related
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Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder (PD)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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Causes & Treatments
Anxiety Disorders
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Etiology of Anxiety Disorders
- Biological Factors
Genetics
If one identical twin has it, the other has a 30% chance
Neurotransmitters
norepinephrine
Overactive limbic system
- Learning - Classical Conditioning
- Cognitive Factors - catastrophic thinking
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Exposure Therapy for
Anxiety Disorders
(Behavior Therapy)
- Have the patient face what it is they fear
Do so in a GRADUATED order using a FEAR HIERARCHY.
- Help them sit with their anxiety until it naturally begins to go away
- Treatment is ruined if they escape before their anxiety has significantly dropped
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Start easy and progress upwards…
How would you expose a person with germ-related OCD?
Have them think about germs until the anxiety decreases.
Have them touch the sole of their shoe and then not wash it until the anxiety decreases.
Have them touch the sole of their shoe and then wash their hand 5 minutes later.
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How would you expose a person with Panic Disorder?
Ride in an airplane with them and have them watch movies about plane crashes.
Have them ride in an elevator and secretly arrange to have it get stuck.
Have them run up and down the stairs, causing their heart rate to increase, and keep it up until their anxiety decreases.
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What did we just cover?
- Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Etiology & Treatment of Mood Disorders
- Anxiety Disorders
Panic Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Etiology & Exposure Therapy
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Case Studies
Mood & Anxiety Disorders
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What are the symptoms & diagnosis?
- Kenneth is 11-years-old. He is failing in school because he cannot concentrate. Instead of listening to the teacher, Kenneth feels an urge to count and recount the ceiling tiles. Kenneth does this everywhere he goes. He tries to resist the urge but cannot. He often counts the ceiling tiles over 100 times per class period.
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What’s your diagnosis?
Panic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
No disorder present
0
3
12
0
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His ceiling tile counting is an example of what?
obsession
psychosis
compulsion
habit
10
0
5
0
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What are the symptoms & diagnosis?
- Frances is a 43yo Caucasian woman who refuses to ride in elevators because she is afraid of having a panic attack in one. She has had 4 unexpected panic attacks in the last month. Frances’s job requires that she frequently go to various floors in her 15-story office building, so avoiding elevators is interfering with her work.
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Which is the main symptom?
A fear of elevators
Anxiety about everything
Obsessions
A fear of experiencing panic
4
0
9
0
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What’s your diagnosis?
Panic Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Phobia
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What are the symptoms & diagnosis?
- Chris was brought in by his parents after he did not return their calls for one week. Chris had been attending a local university. His roommates report that he has not left his room in several weeks. He no longer plays basketball with them, which he used to enjoy. He has stopped attending classes. Chris reports that he sleeps nearly 21 hours a day. He has lost 20 points over the past 2 months. Chris feels like his life will never get better.
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What disorder best fits Chris?
Bipolar Disorder
Panic Disorder
Schizophrenia
Major Depressive Disorder
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The presence of which of the following symptoms would NOT cause you to change your diagnosis?
Anhedonia
Hearing voices
A history of mania
Disordered thoughts
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Write your diagnosis.
- Sara and her husband, Dave, come in for couples counseling. Dave complains that Sara has put them into bankruptcy with her gambling and excessive spending. He reports that a couple of times a month she stays out all night and engages in reckless behavior. Additionally, Sara goes through periods where she barely leaves her bed. She cries uncontrollably. Dave says that she has very high highs and very low lows.
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What’s your diagnosis?
Major Depressive Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Schizophrenia
Bipolar Disorder
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Which is not a symptom of a manic episode?
Decreased need for sleep
Reckless behavior
Staying in bed
Spending sprees/gambling
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Thank you!
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