psychology worksheet 3 For Researcher_D only
mid_19
intelligence_m15.pptAnnouncements
- No class Monday
- Final Exam Thursday – last day!
- Today’s class:
- Intelligence
- Definitions
- Intelligence Testing
- Race and IQ
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1. IQ score is mental age divided by what?
- A. height
- B. brain volume
- C. head circumference
- D. chronological age
2. Who developed the theory of multiple intelligences?
- A. Spearman
- B. Sternberg
- C. Salovey
- D. Gardner
3. The Wechsler scales are divided up into what?
- A. verbal and visual tasks
- B. verbal and nonverbal tasks
- C. visual and mathematical tasks
- D. verbal and performance tasks
4. The ________ is the observation that IQ scores rose 18 pts in the US between 1947 and 2002.
- A. nature versus nurture
- B. education effect
- C. Flynn effect
- D. Triarchic theory
5. According to Sternberg, the 3 types of intelligence are:
- A. logical, musical, emotional
- B. experimental, logical, verbal
- C. verbal, performance, problem-solving
- D. analytical, creative, practical
Eugenics Movement
- WHEN: 1900-1940
- GOAL: to create a superior human race by only allowing people with “good genes” to have children
- HOW: laws to keep racial and ethnic groups separate, to restrict immigration from southern and eastern Europe, and to sterilize people considered "genetically unfit."
- Related to “ethnic cleansing” – attempts to eliminate certain ethnic groups
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Intelligence
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What Is Intelligence?
The capacity to act purposefully, to think
rationally, and to deal effectively in the
environment.
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Intelligence is not a thing, it is a capacity
3 Other Definitions
of Intelligence to Know:
- Spearman’s 2-Factor Theory (1920s)
- Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences (1980s)
- Cattell’s Fluid v. Crystallized (1990s)
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Two Famous Definitions
- Spearman (1920s): 2-Factor Theory of Intelligence
- Intelligence is something you have or you don’t (called General Ability ‘g’), although you might have a less important “special ability” in one area
“g” was used to make cutoffs for voting rights, procreation
- Gardner (1980s): Multiple Intelligences
- Democratic view of intelligence
- There are 8 equally, important intelligences, and we are good in at least one of them
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*
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Michael Jordan Example
- Spearman’s 2-Factor Theory (1920s)
- MJ has an average “g”, but has a less important “special ability” in athletics
- Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences (1980s)
- MJ is a genius in bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (and maybe other areas as well)
Which of Gardener’s intelligences does Maya Angelou have?
Musical
Bodily Kinesthetic
Logical-Mathematical
Linguistic
0
0
0
30
I walk into a room
Just as cool as you please,
And to a man,
The fellows stand or
Fall down on their knees.
Then they swarm around me,
A hive of honey bees.
I say,
It's the fire in my eyes,
And the flash of my teeth,
The swing in my waist,
And the joy in my feet.
I'm a woman
Phenomenally.
Phenomenal woman,
That's me.
Maya Angelou
Phenomenal Woman
http://beemp3.com/download.php?file=1528604&song=Phenomenal+Woman
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Which of Gardener’s intelligences did these guys have?
Musical
Bodily Kinesthetic
Logical-Mathematical
Linguistic
29
0
0
0
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Which of Gardener’s intelligences did the physicist Marconi have?
Musical
Bodily Kinesthetic
Logical-Mathematical
Linguistic
0
0
28
0
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Which of Gardener’s intelligences does Frank Ghery have?
Spatial
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
15
0
3
3
Ghery’s Guggenheim in Bilboa, Spain
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Which of Gardener’s intelligences did Julia Child have?
Spatial
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Naturalistic
1
3
1
20
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Which of Gardner’s intelligences best describes you?
2
10
10
4
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Which do you think is most accurate?
Intelligence is a single construct that you have or you don’t.
Intelligence is mostly a single construct, but some people whose intelligence is generally low have special abilities in some less important areas.
There are many different kinds of intelligence that are equally important.
3
18
0
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One More Theory of Intelligence
- Cattell (1990s)
- Fluid Intelligence
- Information processing, reasoning, and memory
- Thinking, solving puzzles
- Requires little to no learned information
- Crystallized Intelligence
- Using learned information/strategies/skills to solve problems
- Related to your experience/culture/environment
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Solving a sudoku puzzle uses:
Fluid intelligence
Crystallized intelligence
15
3
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0
17
Solving a crossword puzzle requires:
- Fluid intelligence
- Crystallized intelligence
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Q. Why does solving a crossword puzzle use crystallized intelligence?
A. Because it involves applying learned facts in order to solve problems.
0
13
2
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Three theories of intelligence
Spearman’s 2-Factor Theory of Intelligence
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Cattell’s Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence
0
24
2
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A History of Intelligence Testing
Some psychologists define intelligence by how they measure it.
Intelligence = IQ test score
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Timeline of Intelligence Testing
- 1880 - Sir Frances Galton, Phrenology
- 1900 – Alfred Binet, Special Ed Testing
- 1914 – Robert Yerkes, WWI Army Tests
- 1939 - David Wechlser’s IQ Tests*
*still used today
Sir Frances Galton (1880s)
- Father of Eugenics (London)
- Motivation: to measure mental abilities for the purpose of eugenics
- Only the “fit” can breed
- Sterilization Laws
- Laws against interracial marriages
- Phrenology
- Feel bumps on people’s heads to figure out their mental abilities
- Not accurate
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Alfred Binet (1900)
- France
- Motivation: Public schools wanted a test to identify kids in need of special education
- IQ test
- Consisted of 30 simple tasks (counting coins, naming body parts, etc.)
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Robert Yerkes (1914)
Motivation: To classify new recruits for task assignment
Created intelligence tests
Army Alpha
Army Beta
For non-English speakers and illiterates
Instructions were pantomimed
Validity has been criticized
Robert Yerkes (1914)
- United States
- Motivation: Army wanted a test to give to groups of soldiers to sort them into job duties (e.g., officer v. combat; accused of wanting to discriminate against immigrants)
- 1st Group Intelligence Tests
- Army Alpha – verbal
Criticized for being biased again non-native English speakers (immigrants)
- Army Beta – nonverbal
Supposed to be less biased because non-verbal
Criticized for still being biased against people from other countries
Army Beta Test
Was this culturally biased for immigrants in the early 1900s?
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David Wechsler, IQ Tests
(1939-present)
Today’s IQ Test:
Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- Full Scale IQ
- Verbal IQ
- Information
- Similarities
- Performance IQ
- Block Design
- Matrix Reasoning
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Robert Yerkes (1914)
Motivation: To classify new recruits for task assignment
Created intelligence tests
Army Alpha
Army Beta
For non-English speakers and illiterates
Instructions were pantomimed
Validity has been criticized
Who was the 3rd President
of the United States?
4
7
1
10
Information
Subtest
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Who was Mother Theresa?
2
17
7
Information
Subtest
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2
25
1
Similarities
Subtest
In what way are cake and pie alike?
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In what way are smiling and frowning alike?
2
25
1
Similarities
Subtest
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Verbal IQ Subtests
- Information
- Learned facts
- Who was the 3rd President of the US?
- Similarities
- Verbal reasoning
- In what way are smiling and frowning alike?
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Performance IQ Subtests
- Block Design
- Visual problem-solving and motor skills
- Move colored blocks to match a given design
- Matrix Reasoning
- Visual problem-solving, motor-free
- Figure out the visual pattern
Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- Full Scale IQ
- Verbal IQ
- Information
- Similarities
- Performance IQ
- Block Design
- Matrix Reasoning
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In the early 20th century, intelligence was represented by a simple formula
A person’s mental age was divided by the person’s chronological age
Mental age was determined from the number of correct answers on a test
A problem with the formula is that young children’s answers to test items vary far more than do older children or adults
A greater variability of children’s scores makes prediction and comparison difficult
To simplify measures, deviation IQ is used (standard IQ score whose mean and standard deviation remain constant for all ages)
What do the different Full Scale IQ scores mean?
- > 130 = Very Superior (Gifted)
- 120-129 = Superior
- 110-119 = High Average
- 90-109 = Average
- 80-89 = Low Average
- 70-79 = Borderline
- 55-70 = Mild Mental Retardation
- 40-54 = Moderate Retardation
- <40 = Severe/Profound Retardation
*An MR diagnosis requires problems in life skills in addition to a low IQ.
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Timeline of Intelligence Testing
- 1880 - Sir Frances Galton, Phrenology
- 1900 – Alfred Binet, Special Ed Testing
- 1914 – Robert Yerkes, WWI Army Tests
- 1939 - David Wechlser’s IQ Tests*
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
*still used today
Race and Intelligence
The “nature v. nurture” debate
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Race and IQ
- IQ scores are associated with race.
- Caucasians/Asians score 15pts higher than African Americans/Hispanic. (Average IQ for Blacks=85)
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: J Clin Psychol. 1991 Mar;47(2):266-70.LinksBlack/white IQ differences: does age make the difference?･ Vincent KR.University of Houston, TX.Data are presented on racial differences from the norms of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, the recent renorming of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, the Stanford-Binet IV, and Raven's Progressive Matrices. The premise of the present article is that, while the one standard deviation IQ difference between Black and White adults has remained constant, IQ differences between Black and White children are declining. These data are discussed in the context of previous studies on possible racial bias of IQ tests, as well as marked changes in educational and economic opportunities that have occurred in the United States in the decades since Jensen's (1969) article.
Why are there race-related differences in IQ scores?
- Nature
- Genes? Probably not.
- ~50% of intelligence is determined by genes
- Nurture
- Stereotype threat
- Teacher-expectancy effect
- Environmental factors
NURTURE: Stereotype Threat
- When a person is reminded of a negative stereotype about him/her, that creates anxiety, and that causes poorer performance.
- Often, the person is not aware of this anxiety
Students in the ST group were asked to fill out a card indicating their race before taking a test.
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NURTURE: Stereotype Threat
- African American (AA) college students taking an IQ test
- When AA college students are told a test is an “IQ Test,” they perform worse than whites
- When AA college told the same test is just about their “opinions,” the difference between the AA and white scores decreases
- Also seen in:
- Student athletes and academic tests
- Women taking a math test
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Obama Effect
- When Obama was down
- African American students performed significantly worse than white students on GRE questions
- Obama doing well
- African American students who watched Obama’s nomination acceptance speech performed similar to white students on GRE questions.
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Stereotypes about the groups you belong to influence your performance.
NURTURE:
Teacher-Expectancy Effect
Rosenthal & Jacobson (1968)
- Elementary school teachers were told that a specific group of students in their class were about to begin an “intellectual growth spurt.”
- They did this to encourage the teachers to believe in these students
- At the end of the semester, these students showed significantly higher gains in their IQ scores.
- These students were chosen AT RANDOM!
- The students’ increases in intelligence were due to the TEACHER’S BELIEF IN THEM which influenced their intonation, eye contact, etc.!
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Yes, your teacher’s belief in you does matter!
"Simply put, when teachers expect students to do well and show intellectual growth, they do; when teachers do not have such expectations, performance and growth are not so encouraged and may in fact be discouraged in a variety of ways"
What happens when a teacher doesn’t believe in you, simply because of your accent, what part of town you live in, how you dress, or the color of your skin?
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Have you thought about becoming a teacher?
Nurture: Other Environmental Factors
- Race-related Environmental Factors
- A - Education - poor expectations from teachers, not all schools are equal in quality
- B - Culture – pro v. anti-intellectual attitudes
- C - Income – access to learning resources, quality daycare
- D - Maternal depression – harder to stimulate kid’s brain if mom is in bed and not fully functional
- E - Environmental toxins (e.g., lead) – effect brain growth
Which do you think is the BIGGEST factor of these?
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What are other factors?
WHAT ARE YOU GOING TO DO ABOUT IT?
It’s our responsibility as some of the most highly educated people in the world.
Summary of factors causing race-related differences in IQ test scores
- Nurture (environmental factors)
- Stereotype threat
- Teacher-expectancy bias
- Other environmental factors
- Education
- Culture
- Income
- Maternal depression
- Environmental toxins
Good news! Differences between ethnic groups are narrowing
- Does this fact support NATURE or NURTURE as the cause for race-related IQ differences?
- Could be due to…
- Intervention programs for at-risk children
Head Start
- More equal academic preparation for African American and Hispanic/Latino students
- Greater equal opportunity under the law
Affirmative Action
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What did we learn today?
- 3 definitions of intelligence
- Sternberg v. Gardener v. Cattell
- Intelligence Testing
- Galton, Binet, Yerkes, Wechsler (WAIS)
- Race and Intelligence
- Nature v. nurture: causes for race-related differences in IQ scores
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