two short essays
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Module 9
The Phonology of English, Teaching Pronunciation and the Phonemic Script
9.2 The Phonology of English and the Phonemic Script Students learning any new language have to get used to its sounds. As you have just read, there are some sounds in English that may not exist in a student's native language and vice versa. Any language can be broken down into its individual sounds, or phonemes , that strung together, compose the words of a language. But are these sounds necessarily represented by the language's alphabet? In some languages, the answer is yes. Spanish and Thai are good examples of phonetic languages where one letter usually represents just one sound.
Is this true for English, as well? You saw in Module III some information about the spelling of the English language. Our conclusion then was that the spelling of English, for a number of reasons, is somewhat erratic in its assignment of sounds to letters. The result is that English with (approximately) 44 phonemes, or distinctive sounds, has only 26 letters in its alphabet to represent all 44 of these sounds. This means that some letters (or combination of letters) will have more than one, perhaps several sounds, associated with them so that a student who is unfamiliar with the English language will have to learn, for example, that the "c" in "cat", and the "c" in "watch", and the "c" in "face" all have different pronunciations.
There are many examples in English of a single letter, or a group of letters, representing a variety of sounds. Here are just a few:
The "th" sound of "bath" is considered a voiceless sound (not produced with the vocal cords but with the tongue and front teeth), and the "th" of "bathe" is voiced. Put your hand on your throat and pronounce both of these words to feel the difference in the articulation. You should be able to feel your vocal chords vibrate with the voiced sounds and not with the voiceless sounds.
Another example with a consonant cluster (a group of two or more consonants) is "church" and "choir" in which the cluster “ch” is pronounced in two completely different ways.
The long "e" vowel sound is heard in "beat" and the short "e" vowel sound in "bet", but in "deed" and "dead" the spellings for the same sounds are different.
Thus, we can conclude that the letters of the alphabet, whether a vowel like "e", a consonant like "c" or a consonant cluster like "ch" are not necessarily also phonemes because these in fact often have more than one sound associated with them (or may not be pronounced at all as the "b" in "comb"!).
How can we deal with this problem? The Phonemic Chart is one way to clearly express the sounds of the English language to your students. Each of the symbols below represents one of the (approximately) 44 sounds, or phonemes, of the English language. The International Phonetic Association (IPA) publishes perhaps the most generally accepted chart but there are many variations. You can also rely on the phonemic symbols used in any standard dictionary with which you are familiar. Whatever system you prefer, getting used to employing phonemic script in the classroom will greatly aid in explaining pronunciation to your students.
If the idea of using a Phonetic Chart looks daunting at first, you'll soon see that most
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of the consonants are represented by their alphabet letter. Even the symbol for the 'ng' sound is easily recognizable. It may take some study before you begin to associate the vowels, diphthongs (two vowels where one glides into another, like "boy") and consonant clusters (like "th", "ch", "sh", etc.) with their phonetic script symbol, but it's really relatively easy with just 20 or more of these to learn. Some symbols, such as the upside down "e" of the schwa, you may already know. Click in the boxes below to hear the sounds represented in the chart.
The unofficial standard accent of the United States is usually called General American (GA). This is the accent of much of the Midwest and the West and the most frequent accent for US newscasters, though, interestingly, only six of the last 12 US Presidents have spoken with it! (Bush Sr., Reagan, Ford, Nixon, Eisenhower and Truman have/had G.A. accents. Bush Jr., Clinton, Carter, Johnson, Kennedy and Roosevelt have/had accents from the South and the Northeast.)
In England, differences of how people spoke English had historically developed along geographic lines: North, West and East Midlands, Southwest and Southeast. After 1500 the English of London gradually emerged as the dominant form and today the London or Southern accent is usually accepted as the Standard English accent and is sometimes referred to "BBC English" or RP "Received Pronunciation" English. Announcers on the BBC are still required to use this accent when broadcasting!
What do you think?
1. Pronouncing English clearly enough for effective communication is a major challenge for many EFL students.
TRUE
FALSE
2. ‘Thin’ and ‘then’ are good examples of pronunciation of the
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voiceless ‘th’ and the voiced ‘th’ respectively.
TRUE
FALSE
3. In English, the letter "e" has only one pronunciation.
TRUE
FALSE
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Teaching Phonology & The Phonemic Script
Describe a pronunciation problem you had in learning a foreign language. How did you overcome that difficulty? What did your teacher do to help you with pronunciation?
Explain why the English alphabet alone is not a very good guide to the pronunciation of English. Give examples beyond those we included here.
What are some of the advantages of using the Phonetic Chart in class to help your students with their pronunciation problems? Describe a specific student/teacher interaction in which it would be used.
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