personality in PSY
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CHAPTER 12—PERSONALITY
I. Personality: What It Is and How It Is Measured
A. Describing and Explaining Personality
1. What People Are Like
a. There is often similarity across descriptions when one person describes many others
b. There is often distinction when several people describe one person
2. Why People Are the Way They Are
a. Prior events can shape personality
b. Anticipated events can motivate a person to reveal personality characteristics
B. Measuring Personality
1. Personality Inventories
a. SelfReports – Individuals rate themselves on a variety of dimensions
i. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI2) is one wellknown example.
2. Projective Techniques
a. People comment on the content of ambiguous stimuli
i. Rorschach inkblot test – test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent’s inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure
(a) Scored for content, location, and determinants
ii. Thematic Apperception Test – test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people
(a) usually scored for underlying motives
b. New personality measurement use hightech methods
i. “EAR” – electronically activated recorder captured random snippets of peopletalking
ii. Women and men equally talkative, averaging 16,000 words per day
II. The Trait Approach: Identifying Patterns of Behavior
A. Traits as Behavioral Dispositions and Motives
1. Trait is a relatively stable disposition to behave in a certain way
a. Multitude of traits has been studied in psychology
B. The Search for Core Traits
1. Classification Using Language
a. Factor analysis is often used to identify a core set of traits
i. The 16factor theory of personality took this approach, as did Eysenck’s model
2. The Big Five Dimensions of Personality
a. Current models of personality traits emphasize five core factors
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i. Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness to Experience,Extraversion (CANOE)
C. Traits as Biological Building Blocks
1. Genes, Traits, and Personality
a. Heritability estimates indicate genes may contribute roughly .4 of the variability inpersonality
2. Do Animals Have Personalities?
a. Yes, and they may represent successful adaptations to the environment
3. Traits in the Brain
a. The behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) havelong been implicated in personality
III. The Psychodynamic Approach: Forces That Lie Beneath Awareness
A. The Structure of the Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego
1. According to this approach, personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desireslargely operating outside of awareness
2. Id – follows the pleasure principle to satisfy wants, drives, desires, bodily needs,impulses
3. Ego – follows the reality principle to deal with the world effectively
4. Superego – follows the moral principle to represent authority and cultural rules
B. Dealing with Inner Conflict
1. Anxiety as a driving force of the dynamics among the id, ego, and superego
2. Defense Mechanisms – unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generatedby threats from unacceptable impulses
a. Repression, rationalization, reaction formation, projection, regression,displacement, identification, sublimation
C. Psychosexual Stages and the Development of Personality
1. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
2. Fixation at any stage is problematic
3. Oedipus Conflict – development experience in which child’s conflicting feelings towardthe oppositesex parent resolved by identifying with samesex parent
IV. The HumanisticExistential Approach: Personality as Choice
A. Human Needs and SelfActualization
1. Somewhere between anxiety and boredom lurks “flow”
a. We are happiest doing exactly what we are capable of doing.
2. Selfactualization through climbing the hierarchy of needs is a personal striving
B. Personality as Existence
1. Existential Approach – regards personality as governed by an individual’s ongoing
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choices and decisions in the context of realities of life and death
V. The Social Cognitive Approach: Personalities in Situations
A. Consistency of Personality Across Situations
1. Personality by itself can appear to be relatively undiagnostic in predicting behavior
2. Both personality and information about the situation are needed to predict behavior
B. Personal Constructs – dimensions people use to make sense of their experiences
1. People rely on personal constructs (“construals”) to make sense of their experiences
C. Personal Goals and Expectancies
1. Outcome expectancies – a person’s assumptions about the likely consequences of a
future behavior – guide behavior
2. Locus of control – a person’s tendency to perceive control of rewards as internal or
external – guides behavior
VI. The Self: Personality in the Mirror
A. SelfConcept – person’s explicit knowledge of their own behaviors, traits, and other
personal characteristics
1. SelfConcept Organization
a. Autobiographical memory is the information we store about ourselves
b. Self narrative is the story we tell about ourselves
c. Selfschemas are the traits we use to define ourselves
2. Causes and Effects of SelfConcept
a. SelfVerification – tendency to seek evidence that confirms our selfconcept
B. SelfEsteem – extent to which individual likes, values, and accepts the self
1. Sources of SelfEsteem
a. Comparisons to others
b. Unconscious perspectives on information
c. Personal belief in the diagnosticity of feedback
2. The Desire for SelfEsteem
a. Selfesteem contributes to perceptions of status, belonging, or mortality protection
b. The selfserving bias – the tendency to take credit for your successes, but downplay
the responsibility for your failures – carries selfesteem to an extreme
C. Implicit Egotism
a. nameletter effect – about 30% of people’s favorite letter of the alphabet is the first
letter of their name
b. People aren’t typically aware of this.