answer the question by reading paragraph

Facebook: It’s About the Money Source: Laudon, KC & Laudon, JP 2014, Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 13

th Edn, Pearson Education

Limited, England

Over the course of less than a decade, Facebook has morphed from a small, niche networking site

for mostly Ivy League college students into a publicly traded company estimated to be worth at least

$50 billion. Facebook boasts that it is free to join and always will be, so where’s the money coming

from to service 1 billion subscribers? Just like its fellow tech titan and rival Google, Facebook’s

revenue comes almost entirely from advertising. Facebook does not have a diverse array of hot new

gadgets, a countrywide network of brick and mortar retail outlets, or a full inventory of software for

sale; instead, it has your personal information and the information of hundreds of millions of others

with Facebook accounts.

Advertisers have long understood the value of Facebook’s unprecedented trove of personal

information. They can serve ads using highly specific details, like relationship status, location,

employment status, favourite books, movies or TV shows and a host of other categories. For

example, an Atlanta woman who posts that she has become engaged might be offered an ad for a

wedding photographer on her Facebook page. When advertisements are served to finely targeted

subsets of users, the response is much more successful than traditional types of advertising. A

growing number of companies both big and small have taken notice: in 2011, Facebook made $3.2

billion in advertising revenue, which constituted 85% of its total revenue. The rest comes from the

sale of virtual goods and services, principally Zynga games.

That was good news for Facebook, which launched its IPO (Initial Public Stock Offering) in May 2012

and is expected to continue to increase its revenue in coming years. But is it good news for you, the

Facebook user? More than ever, companies like Facebook and Google, which made approximately

$36.5 billion in advertising revenue in 2011, are using your online activity to develop a frighteningly

accurate picture of your life. Facebook’s goal is to serve advertisements that are more relevant to

you than anywhere else on the Web, but the personal information they gather about you both with

and without your consent can also be used against you in other ways.

Facebook has a diverse array of compelling and useful features. Facebook’s partnership with the

Department of Labour helps to connect job seekers and employers; Facebook has helped families

find lost pets after natural disasters, such as when tornadoes hit the Midwest in 2012; Facebook

allows active duty soldiers stay in touch with their families; it gives smaller companies a chance to

further their ecommerce efforts and larger companies a chance to solidify their brands; and,

perhaps most obviously, Facebook allows you to more easily keep in touch wioth your friends.

These are the reasons why so many people are on Facebook.

However, Facebook’s goal is to get its users to share as much data as possible, because the more

Facebook knows about you, the more accurately it can serve relevant advertisements to you.

Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg often says that people want the world to be more open and

connected. It’s unclear whether that is truly the case, but it is certainly true that Facebook wants

the world to be more open and connected, because it stands to make more money in that world.

Critics of Facebook are concerned that the existence of a repository of personal data of the size that

Facebook has amassed requires protections and privacy controls that extend far beyond those that

Facebook currently offers.

Facebook wanting to make more money is not a bad thing, but the company has a checkered past of

privacy violations and missteps that raise doubts about whether it should be responsible for the

personal data of hundreds of millions of people. There are no laws in the United States that give

consumers the right to know what data companies like Facebook have compiled. You can challenge

information in credit reports, but you can’t even see what data Facebook has gathered about you,

let alone try to change it. It’s different in Europe: you can request Facebook to turn over a report of

all the information it has about you. More than ever, your every move, every click, on social

networks is being used by outside entities to assess your interests and behaviour, and then pitch you

an ad based on this knowledge. Law enforcement agencies use social networks to gather evidence

on tax evaders and other criminals; employers use social networks to make decisions about

prospective candidates for jobs, and data aggregators are gathering as much information about you

as they can sell to the highest bidder.

In a recent study, Consumer Reports found that of 150 million Americans on Facebook, at least 4.8

million are willingly sharing information that could be used against them in some way. That includes

plans to travel on a particular day which burglars could use to time robberies, or Liking a page about

a particular health condition or treatment which insurers could use to deny coverage. Thirteen

million users have never adjusted Facebook’s privacy controls, which allow friends using Facebook

applications to unwittingly transfer your data to a third party without your knowledge. Credit card

companies and other similar organisations have begun engaging in “weblining”, taken from the

phrase “redlining”, by altering their treatment of you based on the actions of other people with

profiles similar to yours.

Ninety three percent of people polled believe that Internet companies should be forced to ask for

permission before using your personal information, and 72% want the ability to opt out of online

tracking. Why, then, do so many people share sensitive details of their life on Facebook? Often it’s

because users do not realise that their data are being collected and transmitted in this way. A

Facebook user’s friends are not notified if information about them is collected by that user’s

applications. Many of Facebook’s features and services are enabled by default when they are

launched without notifying users. A study by Siegal and Gale found that Facebook’s privacy policy is

more difficult to comprehend than government notices or typical bank credit card agreements,

which are notoriously dense. Next time you visit Facebook, click on Privacy Settings and see if you

can understand your options.

Facebook’s value and growth potential is determined by how effectively it can leverage the personal

data that is aggregated about its users to attract advertisers. Facebook also stands to gain from

managing and avoiding the privacy concerns raised by its users and government regulators. For

Facebook users who value the privacy of their personal data, this situation appears grim. But there

are some signs that Facebook might become more responsible with its data collection processes,

whether by its own volition or because it is forced to do so. As a publicly traded company, Facebook

now invites more scrutiny from investors and regulators because, unlike in the past, their balance

sheets, assets and financial reporting documents are readily available.

In August 2012, Facebook settled a lawsuit with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in which they

were barred from misrepresenting the privacy or security of users’ personal information. Facebook

was charged with deceiving its users by telling them they could keep their information on Facebook

private, but then repeatedly allowing it to be shared and made public. Facebook agreed to obtain

user consent before making any change to that user’s privacy preferences and to submit to bi-annual

privacy audits by an independent firm for the next 20 years. Privacy advocate groups like the

Electronic Privacy Information Centre (EPIC) want Facebook to restore its more robust privacy

settings from 2009, as well as to offer complete access to all data it keeps about its users. Facebook

has also come under fire from EPIC for collecting information about users who are not even logged

into Facebook or may not even have accounts on Facebook. Facebook keeps track of activity on

other sites that have Like buttons or “recommendations” widgets and records the time of your visit

and your IP address when you visit a site with those features, regardless of whether or not you click

on them.

While US Facebook users have little recourse to access data that Facebook has collected on them,

users from other countries have made inroads in this regard. An Austrian law student was able to

get a full copy of his personal information from Facebook’s Dublin office, due to the more stringent

consumer privacy protections in Ireland. The full document was 1,222 pages long and covered three

years or activity on the site, including deleted Wall posts and messages with sensitive personal

information and deleted email addresses.

It isn’t just text based data that Facebook is stockpiling either. Facebook is also compiling a

biometric database of unprecedented size. The company stores more than 60 billion photos on its

servers and that number grows by 250 million each day. A recent feature launched by Facebook

called Tag Suggest scans photographs using facial recognition technology. When Tag Suggest was

launched, it was enabled for many users without opting in. This database has value to law

enforcement and other organisations looking to compile profiles of users for use in advertising. EPIC

also has demanded that Facebook stop creating facial recognition profiles without user consent.

In 2012, as part of the settlement of another class action lawsuit, Facebook agreed to allow users to

opt in to its Sponsored Stories service, which serves advertisements that highlight products and

businesses that your Facebook friends are using. Now, users can control and see which of their

actions on Facebook generate advertisements that their friends will see. Sponsored Stories are one

of the most effective forms of advertising on Facebook because they don’t seem like advertisements

at all to most users. Facebook had previously argued that users were giving “implied consent” every

time they clicked a Like button on a page. Users are now confronted with an opt in notice that

analysts speculate may cost Facebook up to $103 million in advertising revenue.

Additionally, in response to the increased scrutiny brought about by its IPO, Facebook has improved

its archive feature to include more categories of information that the company makes available to

users that request copies of their personal data. In Europe, 40,000 Facebook users have already

requested their data and European law requires that Facebook respond to these requests within 40

days. Still, even after Facebook’s improvements, they will offer users access to 39 data categories,

while the company supposedly maintains at least 84 categories about each users. Despite the

increased emphasis on privacy and data disclosure, European lawmakers are unlikely to hamper

Facebook’s ability to offer highly customised advertisements which is the backbone of Facebook’s

business model.

Perhaps sensing that privacy concerns represent a long term threat to its profitability, Facebook is

working to develop revenue streams beyond display advertising. Facebook is now a strong second

to Google in the United States in display advertising, with 28% of all display ads served on Facebook,

but the company hopes to become more of an online marketplace, facilitating the selling of goods

and services, potentially challenging Amazon and eBay. Still, it’s likely that the personal data of

hundreds of millions of users will always be Facebook’s most valuable asset. How responsibly it

manages that asset will guide its path into the future.

Questions 1. Investigate the terms “ethical analysis” and “ethical dilemma”. What is the ethical dilemma

presented in this case? Complete an ethical analysis of Facebook.

2. What is Facebook’s business model? What is the relationship of privacy to Facebook’s

business model?

3. Describe the weaknesses of Facebook’s privacy policies and features. What management,

organisation and technology factors have contributed to those weaknesses?

4. Will Facebook be able to have a successful business model without invading privacy? Are

there any measures Facebook could take to make this possible?

5. Facebook has come under criticism for its ethical standards. What are the three most serious

allegations made in the past five years?