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c. Validity of argument ( Through the use of substantiated facts, use of assumptions, and argument and analysis, a logical is presented and supported. ECO ANALYSIS IS A PRIMARY must include some level of cost analysis or cost-to-benefit compari
d. References (10%):An number and type of references were and used
e. Instructor lmpression (20%): defensible and convincing recom is stated.
wRlTlNG MERIT (75 Points) ft - a. Communication Skills (30%): Use of
language to communicate clearly. Writing is
Tunderstandable and the tone is professional and objective. Avoids informal, colloquial
Tlanguage. b. Subject Mastery (0o/o). Paper
demonstrates lively interest in chosen topic, critical thinking, and conscientious effort.
c. Title of Paper. (10%) Describes accurately and specifically what the paper is about.
and (10%o)
Spelling and (10%)
e. Text cites and Bibliography (30%): Correct documentation and attribution. Follows th" .!!ryg4!g!in* in Pu blishing Journals with ASCE (excerpted and posted on Blackboard under Course Content)
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the assignment requirements fo|font, type size, spacing, word count (13001*l- SO words), and use of headings.
I b. Thesis (20%): Clearly sthted and
paper effectively discusses the lnerits of the thesis proposition i
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! ""' '*^7P Faviolet Verses ct ,
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O.I apfi Ultraviolet Verses Chlorine Disinfectior
t lntroduction ^ _ Domestic water should be free oflarmful microorganisms to prevent the
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\ Domestic water should be free ofAarmful microorganisms to prevent the /eolt\ ) outbreak of waterborne diseas". Py.!l,r{il\. A number of ways to sanitize water exists.,\ ,/ Chlorine is the most popular sanitize(/dfilizeA in the treatment of water. There have
been concerns that the chemical has a negative effect on the consumers, water treatment operators, and the environm^e4lr[n this regard, other water treatments have
been prefene( over chlorine. Another-nbt prefened water treatment method is ultraviolet disinfecjion. The treatment utilizes the UV Iight to kill the microorganisms in
4ot"\)@.DisinfectionofwaterusingtheUVisremarkablyeffectiveand.vo-- ' ecologically safd'dompared to the use of chlorine and hypochlorite in small-scale water b.rft'
io, alraes. Chlorine killsAChlorine has been utilized as.water disinfFctant$ for ddcades. Chlorine kills illness-causing microorganisms in tAe water. Cr/rrentfyine y'se of chlorine in water
o n t1 purification has resulted in heated debates (Xrflraue(/$. Cfilorine kills disease-causing2' "t organisms in the water. For the reason that chlbrine iYa p/isonous gas, there is a riskorganrsms ln me waler. For me reason tr ol v * :::":#: "'i"Tl;i?l'l1il1"i;ll Hlli
1 safe!'dompared to the use of chlorine and hypochlorite in small-scale water fb1Jf ln large-sgle, chlorine treatment is economical compared with UV treatm "Iq
is more affordable than UV
"rrtion ,nd *rint"nrn"" "ortr. s:"r,y sre1,,f\ .)Me nucrLr-?
carbon-lcased
compounds in watello form potentially dangMus organic bylcroducts (Kline(p. The ,/ oevelopment ot thdibo,re by-product, ,"yi" reduclo uy eYimination of carbXn-based I
?ro lo products in water before being treated with chlorinlEyen though chlorine treatment is .-..'loo veryefficientintheeliminationofmicroorganismS@ithaslimited\^.^<"\ d;y.:'}:::::}il"#il"'.L:+TlCr00rgarllsrr|5%lt]la5llllllttiu.{*'.&
f,^ Compar_ed with chlorine treatment, the treatment is very efficient at disarming microorganisnlin water",,with less turbidity. UVs decontamination efficiency declines as
u t \ lT?l1Y r ": Iy : y 10. 11"_'_"1:,:,':: l i:::i"I":, llY :: :1 11 :::::"1 : ^, ^ " w
absorption, dusting, an"d tailing resulting from the particles present in water. A major drawback associated with the use of UV light is that it leaves no enduring decontaminator in the water. ln this respect, it is necessary to supplement the treatment with a lasting decontaminator after the UV disinfection process is undertaken.
Analysis
,,*\' )y
-as the capacity of water increases1)\, ,fn''
,h k)'L
per liter dose for a water treatment plant with
ater daily (Achari 5). For smaller water
treatment plants, ffit is more costly. As such, it would cost $0-75 per cubic meter for a water treatment plant with a capacity to treat 90 cubic meters of water
daily Sn\W-' tc,.'\e- t^xk'/ \tJ-n!++
Due to additional aPPlication of decontaminators, the use of (U.S Environmental Protection meter for a Smg Per liter dose for a
ultraviolet treatment is not economi Agency 2). The Product Prices are
Lotj water treatment plant with capacity meters of water dailY. For smaller water treatment plants, UV treatment is instance, it would cost $0.07 perWalgf IIgatIIlgI lL Plal l[Ur \J V Ll t,a[l I lsl lL lo rJr rscrPsr ' I vr rr
cubic meter for a water treatment plant with a capacity to treat 90 cubic meters of water
dai ly. Theeb,eve llgures
Disinfection TyPe Average Cast
function
Predicted cost(U$ $) for a ptant with caPacifY t CI0
ff13
UV Dase 40 mJlcm? y = CI,422$r0.4411 / 0.s4s Chl*rination Do$e SmgJL y= S2,32"|0;-1'0a?? s.676
i I
t
Fig 1: estimated cost function for UV and chorinq >ource: Costs and The Choice of
Dinking Water Treatment 2
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o"250
o.20s
0.1so
o.100
B,U5O
il.oso tBs 1893
GaPaeitY in cubic ilretras 3785
n $zone g Chlorire Dioxide r Cht*rination a UV
FIG 2'. total production cost in UV and chlorine, tource: CostS and Th,e Qhoicqof'
prinkins waterrreatment N zrl fl, lr(:" i. -)il
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*il J 5s Capacity in cubic mstre r day
, *Chlerine Only
Fig 3: Cost of chlorine and uv for small sytems in year 2008,(source: cs-sS And The Chaice af Drinking Water Treatwtt
7t't G
@aboveanalysis, lt is appa water using chlorineltarge scale compared,l
that it is more economical to treat use of UV light. The cost of using
UV light increases as the capacity of On the other hand, the cost of -,- increases. ln this respect, large ,4chlorine treatment decreases as
An extra cost will be incuned in UV treatment o"uur.Hl{,{Ll iilrrJ*irr n" required to operate the plant. Water treatment plants utilizing UV treatment are more complex than water treatment plants utilizing chlorine. Technicians are required to install and carry out regular maintenance on UV light systems.€wingat6'-th-tq the cost of UV treatment is expected to increase. {o-zrW lvofu.t
Equally, water treatment plants utilizing chlorine are very economical because they are simple and easy to monitor. When the exchange tanks are gauged in accordance with the flow rate, a simple free-chlorine gauge with low-cost test equipment can point out if the water is disinfected. Therefore, chlorine treatment plants can be automated with ease unlike UV treatment plants saving on the cost of operation.
Recommendations
Regardless of the method of treatment chosen, the home water should be free of disease-causing organisms. Equally, the water should be affordable. ln the future, water sources are expected to be more contaminated with toxic substances as the number of industries and population increases (Wegenet 3). Therefore, in the future efficient and
water treatment plants should ept ldrtftnffi[nrent. on the otrlqr har1d, UV;Jreatment \ it ] shourd be adopted in domestic water treatment. N- Snl], *P { 7r*
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economical methods of treatment should be developed (Wegenet 3). Because both chlorine treatment and UV treatment have their pros and cons, they should be e-o,-A
ffitodeterminethemostappropriateproceSSwithrespecttothersobFet
Similarly, researchSshould be conducted on how to improve the two water treatment methods. Through the researcheYmeans of minimizing environmentalharms alaovS< resulting from the use of chlorine treatment may be identified. The research may also come up with a meanqof ensuring chlorine kills all the disease-causing organisms in the water. Researchffin UV light will come up with ways of increasing the treatment's
r*f o\c*u
ds'
efficiency (Wegenet 3). More studies should be done onp* to eliminate to absorption. and scattering challengl$ resulting from the suspended ,T'"i ror:r"Xfi";rw
c o rr""t n o i n g rilrt" rn "t
irl m ettrus or w ateilo-affentffd, r o dlhtr ""5
[ determine their cost and than two methods of water
f;gatmen$are combined in water to ensure that the domestic water is fit for human consumption. For instance, a number of water treatment plants combine the use of in their facilities. ln this respect, more
to identify other treatment methods that should be combined with UV treafment to make it economical (Bulfiryf ).! addition, the water treatment plants shoulfl automate their operations to reducep!)labor cost. By doing so, the plants will be a.ne
[o mrnimizefol]the cost of operatioTtef,surinO that the consumer
gets affordable water;L+e r, ,IfuGonclusion's- "
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In conclusion, I chlorine treatment is more affordable than UV treatment with respect t"@ operation and maintenance costs. Chlorine kills illness-causing microorganisms in the water. During the water treatment process, chlorine is appliedJeither[in gaseous form. Chlorine kills disease-causing organisms in the water. AnothelWat#treatment method utilized other than chlorine treatm enl i5 ultraviolet disinfection. The ultraviolet treatment utilizes the UV light to kill the microorganisms in the water. Disinfection of water using the UV is remarkably effective and ecologically safe compapd tg the use of chlorine and hypochlorite when treating water in small scafflffifaBfo"ri,itn chlorine treatment, UV treatment is very efficient at ./ disarming microorgianism in low turbidity water. UVs decontamination efficiency v'" declines as turbidity rises. ys c-
It is more economicalto treat water using chlorin@t large scalelompared to the use of UV light. The cost of using UV light increases as the capacity of water increases. On the other hand, the cost of chlorine treatment decreases as the capacity of water increases. ln this respect, large water treatment plants should opt for chlorine treatment. Contrastingly, UV treatment should be adopted in domestic water treatment (Greenemeier 1). Through this, water treatmentrwill minimize on operation costs.
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Works Cited
Achari Gopal 2012. Costs ard rhe Chaice of Drinkirg wrte, Treat*ent.w.b 2015.http:l/www.env.gov.nl.calenv/water.er ohamme d_Dore.pdf
-duFin, Gerry 2a1/.. chlorine vs. tJV Light. we6\tiar.2o1s. <http://support.cleanwaterstore .corr#6qlchlorine-vs-uv-light-which-is-right-for- you/>.
1/Darby, Julian 2014. uV Disinfection . \Neb.2f|lllar.2O1S. <http://www. atguv. com/ultraviolffiisinfection>.
Greenemeier, Larry 2014. Want Clean Water? Turn on the Lights WeLp.tvl ar.2O1S. <http:/lwww.scientif icamerican.com/article/clean-watertechn6l6-gyF
Kline, Gerald 2015- Drinking Water Disinfection Systems: Chlorine & UV Systems. Web. 29 Mar. -
- 2015-<http://www.hudsonvalteywatenesources.com/disinfection_system.html>.
Krakauer, Peter 2019. Chlorine as Disinfectant for water. web. 2g Mar. 2015.<http:/lwww.lenntech.com/processes/disinfection/chemical/disinfectants chlorine.htm>.
Leinberger, Jackie 2013. Disinfection of Drinking Water with tJltraviolet Light. Web_2{Mar.2015. /- <http://www. sswm. info/sites/defaulUfiles/reference_attachmentsllE
I N B E RGE R% 2OUV o/o2OD is i nfecti on. pdf>.
Morgan, James 2011. Ultraviotet (UV) Disinfection in Drinking Water Treatment. Web.29 Mar. 2015.<http:/lwww.prairiedusac.neUvertical/sites{9B4AD2sB -14TO412g- 8A1 E-ODB 4o7 sa1D87/uptoads/UVD isinfectionwaterAprl 0. pdf>.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2Afi. Ultraviolet Disinfection. Web. 29 Mar. 2O15. <http://www.nesc.wvu.edu/pdfAAM//publications/eti/UV_Dis_tech.pdf>.
Wegenet, Linda 2AO4. Ultraviotet Radiation for Disinfecting Househotd Dinking Water. Web. 29 Mar. 2a15. <http://waterquality.cce.cornel[edu/pubtications/CdeWO-t o- UVWaterTrtforD isinfection. pdf>.
