ARTH 422 B ~ Muralism?

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The Mexican Muralist Movement, 1920s-30s

Arth 224: Colonial to Contemporary Latin American Art

Dr. Mey-Yen Moriuchi

Spring 2015

Los 3 Grandes

Diego Rivera

José Clemente Orozco

David Alfaro Siqueiros

Diego Rivera (1886-1957)

Jacques Lipchitz, 1914

Creator: Diego Rivera, Mexican, 1886-1957 Title: Jacques Lipchitz (Portrait of a Young Man) Work Type: Painting Date: Paris 1914 Material: Oil on canvas Measurements: 25 5/8 x 21 5/8" (65.1 x 54.9 cm) Repository: The Museum of Modern Art Repository: Gift of T. Catesby Jones Accession Number: 412.1941 Collection: The Museum of Modern Art: Painting and Sculpture ID Number: 79633 Source: Image and original data provided by the The Museum of Modern Art Source: http://www.moma.org Rights: Your use of this image is restricted to those permitted uses specified in the ARTstor Digital Library Terms and Conditions of Use (http://www.artstor.org/info/about/terms_conditions.jsp). To request permission for any other use within North America, please contact Art Resource, 536 Broadway, New York, NY 10012; phone: 212-505-8700; fax: 212-505-2053; email: [email protected]; website: http://www.artres.com/c/htm/StaticPage2.aspx?page=ContactUs. To request permission for any other use outside North America, please contact Scala Archives: Scala Group, S.p., 62 via Chiantigiana, 50011 Antella/Firenze, Italy. Phone 39 055 6233 200, fax 39 055 641124, email [email protected]; http://www.scalarchives.com/web/contatti.asp. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

The Café Terrace, 1915

Creator: Diego M. Rivera, 1886-1957 Title: The Café Terrace (La Terrasse du Café ) Work Type: Paintings Date: 1915 Material: Oil on canvas Measurements: 60.5 x 49.5 cm Description: Cubist; small cafe table, upon which sets a glass-like vessel, and a spoon at right foreground; at left sets a larger vessel which also appears as a side-view of a man with a cigarette; at right is a large white vertical rectangle overlaid with smaller darker geometric shapes, possibly a newspaper being read by the man. Signed lower left: D M R. Collection: Detroit Institute of Arts: Diego Rivera ID Number: P-117 Source: Image and original data provided by Detroit Institute of Arts Credit Line: Alfred Stieglitz Collection 1949, Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. Dirk Bakker, Photographer for The Detroit Institute of Arts Rights: © 2010 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Rights: Contact info: Robert Hensleigh, Associate Director of Photography, Detroit Institute of the Arts, 5200 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48070, Tel: (313) 833-1391, Fax: (313) 833-9177, Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Zapatista Landscape, 1915

Creator: Rivera, Diego, Mexican, 1886-1957 Title: Zapatista Landscape Work Type: Painting Date: 1915 Material: oil on canvas Measurements: 144 x 123cm Repository: Museo Nacional de Artes e Industria, Mexico City Related Item: Reyero, Manuel. Diego Rivera, 1983., pl.45 Collection: Modern Latin American Art (Jacqueline Barnitz, Art and Art History Department, University of Texas, Austin) ID Number: 01-03700 Source: Image and original data provided by The University of Texas at Austin. Contact information: Sydney Kilgore, Media Coordinator, Visual Resources Collection, Fine Arts Library, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box P, Austin, Texas, 78713-8916, (512) 471-4337 (ph), [email protected]. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Diego Rivera, Creation, 1922-23, encaustic and gold leaf. National Preparatory School, Mexico City.

Giotto, Lamentation, 1305

Diego Rivera, Day of the Dead, 1923-28, fresco. Secretary of Public Education.

Diego Rivera, History of the Conquest, 1929-30, Palacio Nacional de México

Creator: Diego M. Rivera, 1886-1957 Title: History of Mexico: From the Conquest to the Future Work Type: Paintings Date: 1929-30 Material: Fresco Measurements: 859 x 1287 cm Description: Left half of west wall. Five part historical pageant, two parts presented in this image (the arch at right is the center of the entire mural and is discussed at file M-47): beneath the middle arch are various scenes: the upper portion represents the 1910 revolution led by Francisco I. Madero (portrayed at right of center wearing the Mexican red/white/green sash across his chest) against the dictatorial government (1876-1911) of Gen. Don Porfirio Diaz (portrayed at upper left in full military uniform complete with the colorful Mexican sash and numerous medals across his chest); surrounding these figures, at left are scientists, intellectuals, government ministers, at right are revolutionaries of the Liberal Party. Portrayed at midground is the Holy Inquisition as it prevailed in Mexico 1571 to 1815. Entire lower register (both walls) contains battle scenes of encounters between Aztec Indian warriors (some wearing jaguar costumes) and Spanish invaders led by Cortes. Represented beneath the leftmost arch (south wall) is the execution of Emperor Maximilian, June 19, 1867: Maximilian is portrayed at far right, distinguished by his unique red-blond beard, alongside his faithful generals Miguel Miramon and Tomas Mejia, also executed; above the heads of the assembled is an eagle wearing the royal crown, flying back to Europe, signifying the end of his short lived (3 year) Empire in Mexico. Midground portrays the Indian slaves forced by the Spanish conquerors to construct the National Palace. Lower left is the red-haired Cortes General, Pedro de Alvarado, branding the first of the female slaves; at right the large flame represents the burning of all Aztec records in 1529 by the first Archbishop of Mexico, Fray Juan de Zumarraga, on order from the Pope, destroying not only their history but nearly all their scientific records as well. (See also M-47, M-54, M-55.) Related Item: 1) Diego Rivera: A Retrospective. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1986. 2) Silva E., R.S. Official Guide Book to Diego Rivera's Frescoes in the National Palace and Elsewhere in Mexico City. Mexico City: Sinalomex Editorial, 1964. Related Item: Diego Rivera: A Retrospective. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1986. fig. 384, p. 260 Collection: Detroit Institute of Arts: Diego Rivera ID Number: M-53 Source: Image and original data provided by Detroit Institute of Arts Credit Line: Palacio Nacional, Stairway, Mexico City. Dirk Bakker, Photographer for The Detroit Institute of Arts Rights: © 2010 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Rights: Contact info: Robert Hensleigh, Associate Director of Photography, Detroit Institute of the Arts, 5200 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48070, Tel: (313) 833-1391, Fax: (313) 833-9177, Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Sugarcane, 1931, portable fresco

Enslavement of the Indians, Palacio de Cortés, Cuernavaca, 1930

Creator: Rivera, Diego, Mexican, 1886-1957 Title: The History of Cuernavaca and Morelos: Enslavment of the Indian Title: Sugar Plantation in Morelos Work Type: Painting Date: 1929 Material: fresco Repository: Palacio de Cortes, Cuernavaca Related Item: La pintura mural de la Revolucion Mexicana, 1921-1960, 1960, p.119 Collection: Modern Latin American Art (Jacqueline Barnitz, Art and Art History Department, University of Texas, Austin) ID Number: 80-09297 Source: Image and original data provided by The University of Texas at Austin. Contact information: Sydney Kilgore, Media Coordinator, Visual Resources Collection, Fine Arts Library, The University of Texas at Austin, P.O. Box P, Austin, Texas, 78713-8916, (512) 471-4337 (ph), [email protected]. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Battle of the Aztecs and Spaniards, Palacio de Cortés, Cuernavaca, 1930

Creator: Diego M. Rivera, 1886-1957 Title: View of loggia showing Battle of the Aztecs and Spaniards Work Type: Paintings Date: 1930 Material: Fresco Measurements: 435 x 3178 cm Description: This mural was commissioned by Dwight W. Morrow, US Ambassador to Mexico (1927-1930), as his gift to the people of Cuernavaca. This image, beginning at the north wall (furthest from the viewer) and continuing along the west wall to the dividing pier, portrays scenes from April, 1521: the Spaniards in their shining European armor, aided by their Tlaxcalan and Texcocan allies, engage the Aztecs, dressed in their colorful ceremonial battle dress, in hand-to-hand combat; Spaniards cross a ravine, over which all bridges have been destroyed to protect Cuernavaca, through the branches of a large tree overhanging the ravine; Cortes and his lieutenants inventory the gold supply while Conquistadores loot the village and bring in Indian captives. Left foreground is a Portrait of Morelos (300 x 120 cm) painted on the outward facing edge of the central dividing pier, west wall. (Note: Measurement above is overall; height varies from 420.0 cm to 435.0 cm; width excludes central pier, which is 127.0 cm wide.) Related Item: Diego Rivera: A Retrospective. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1986. fig. 386, p. 268 Collection: Detroit Institute of Arts: Diego Rivera ID Number: M-58 Source: Image and original data provided by Detroit Institute of Arts Credit Line: Palacio de Cortes, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Dirk Bakker, Photographer for The Detroit Institute of Arts Rights: © 2010 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Rights: Contact info: Robert Hensleigh, Associate Director of Photography, Detroit Institute of the Arts, 5200 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48070, Tel: (313) 833-1391, Fax: (313) 833-9177, Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Creator: Diego M. Rivera, 1886-1957 Title: View of loggia showing Battle of the Aztecs and Spaniards Work Type: Paintings Date: 1930 Material: Fresco Measurements: 435 x 3178 cm Description: Long view to the North wall, and arches overlooking the city. April, 1521: Cortes undertakes expedition to Cuernavaca with a detachment of 330 Spanish footsoldiers and horsemen supported by Tlaxcalan and Texcocan allies to reconnoiter the area preparatory to a final assault on the Aztec capital. (Note: Measurement above is overall; height varies from 420.0 cm to 435.0 cm; width excludes central pier, which is 127.0 cm wide.) Related Item: Diego Rivera: A Retrospective. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1986. fig. 386, p. 268 Collection: Detroit Institute of Arts: Diego Rivera ID Number: M-57 Source: Image and original data provided by Detroit Institute of Arts Credit Line: Palacio de Cortes, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. Dirk Bakker, Photographer for The Detroit Institute of Arts Rights: © 2010 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Rights: Contact info: Robert Hensleigh, Associate Director of Photography, Detroit Institute of the Arts, 5200 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48070, Tel: (313) 833-1391, Fax: (313) 833-9177, Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Felix Parra, Massacre at Cholula, 1877

Diego Rivera, Liberation of the Peon, 1931, fresco

Caravaggio, Entombment, c. 1602

Emiliano Zapata, 1931, portable fresco

José Guadalupe Posada, Zapata and Calavera Revolucionaria,

c. 1910-12

Creator: Diego Rivera, Mexican, 1886-1957 Title: Agrarian Leader Zapata Work Type: Painting Date: 1931 Material: Fresco Measurements: 7' 9 3/4" x 6' 2" (238.1 x 188 cm) Repository: The Museum of Modern Art Repository: Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Fund Accession Number: 1631.1940 Collection: The Museum of Modern Art: Painting and Sculpture ID Number: 80682 Source: Image and original data provided by the The Museum of Modern Art Source: http://www.moma.org Rights: Your use of this image is restricted to those permitted uses specified in the ARTstor Digital Library Terms and Conditions of Use (http://www.artstor.org/info/about/terms_conditions.jsp). To request permission for any other use within North America, please contact Art Resource, 536 Broadway, New York, NY 10012; phone: 212-505-8700; fax: 212-505-2053; email: [email protected]; website: http://www.artres.com/c/htm/StaticPage2.aspx?page=ContactUs. To request permission for any other use outside North America, please contact Scala Archives: Scala Group, S.p., 62 via Chiantigiana, 50011 Antella/Firenze, Italy. Phone 39 055 6233 200, fax 39 055 641124, email [email protected]; http://www.scalarchives.com/web/contatti.asp. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Detroit Industry, 1932, Detroit Institute of Fine Art

Man Controller of the Universe, 1934, Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico.

Recreation of the mural Man at the Crossroads, originally located at Rockefeller Center, New York but subsequently destroyed

Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda, 1946-47

Creator: Diego M. Rivera, 1886-1957 Title: Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Work Type: Paintings Date: 1947-48 Material: Fresco Measurements: 480 x 1500 cm Description: Single rectangular area, presenting a sequence of images in extended continuous time that flows from left to right in the manner of a Chinese scroll. The child standing slightly left of center, at the right hand of the skeleton (Calavera Catrina) in a white dress, is Diego Rivera; behind him stands Frida Kahlo; the fashionable woman at Rivera's right is the wife of Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico; at her right is Rivera's aunt, Vicenta, a supporter of the Porfirian establishment; the frowning man at the skeleton's left is the artist and childhood mentor of Rivera, Jose Guadalupe Posada. (See also File M-24-1, M-24-2, M-24-3, M-24-4, M-24-5, M-24A-Z/AA, CC, DD, EE.) Related Item: Diego Rivera: A Retrospective. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1986. fig. 403, p. 316 Collection: Detroit Institute of Arts: Diego Rivera ID Number: M-24 Source: Image and original data provided by Detroit Institute of Arts Credit Line: Hotel del Prado, Mexico City. Dirk Bakker, Photographer for The Detroit Institute of Arts Rights: © 2010 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Rights: Contact info: Robert Hensleigh, Associate Director of Photography, Detroit Institute of the Arts, 5200 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48070, Tel: (313) 833-1391, Fax: (313) 833-9177, Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Creator: Diego M. Rivera, 1886-1957 Title: Dream of a Sunday Afternoon in the Alameda Work Type: Paintings Date: 1947-48 Material: Fresco Measurements: 480 x 1500 cm Description: Various details of Dream of a Sunday Afternoon... (See File M-24 for complete mural.) Collection: Detroit Institute of Arts: Diego Rivera ID Number: M-24 A-Z/AA-EE Source: Image and original data provided by Detroit Institute of Arts Credit Line: Hotel del Prado, Mexico City. Dirk Bakker, Photographer for The Detroit Institute of Arts Rights: © 2010 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Rights: Contact info: Robert Hensleigh, Associate Director of Photography, Detroit Institute of the Arts, 5200 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48070, Tel: (313) 833-1391, Fax: (313) 833-9177, Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

José Clemente Orozco (1883-1949)

José Clemente Orozco, Destruction of the Old Order (detail), 1926, National Preparatory School, Mexico City.

José Clemente Orozco, The Trench, 1926. Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City.

José Clemente Orozco, Catharsis, 1934, fresco. Palace of Fine Arts, Mexico City.

José Clemente Orozco, Miguel Hidalgo, 1936-39. Palacio de Gobierno, Guadalajara, Mexico.

José Clemente Orozco, Cortés and Malinche, 1926, Antiguo Colegio de San Ildefonso, Mexico City

David Alfaro Siqueiros (1896-1974)

David Alfaro Siqueiros, Torment and Apotheosis of Cuauhtémoc (detail), 1950-51. Palace of Fine Arts, Mexico City.

Leandro Izaguirre, Torture of Cuauhtémoc, 1893

David Alfaro Siqueiros, Portrait of the Bourgeoisie, 1939. Mexican Electrician’s Union, Mexico City

David Alfaro Siqueiros, People in Arms, 1957. Museo Nacional de Historia, Mexico City

David Alfaro Siqueiros, Revolutionary on a Horse, 1957. Museo Nacional de Historia, Mexico City

David Alfaro Siqueiros, Collective Suicide, 1936, lacquer on wood with applied sections

David Alfaro Siquieros, Echo of a Scream, 1937, enamel on wood

Discussion Questions

Summarize the Manifesto written by David Alfaro Siqueiros, et al in 1923. What was their objective? What were they advocating? Give specific quotes to support your answer.

Describe some of the artistic influences of Diego Rivera, José Clemente Orozco, and David Alfaro Siqueiros. Were there commonalities? How did they differ?

What political ideologies influenced Mexican Muralism? Describe how this impacted its development.

Do you think Rivera’s Rockefeller mural should have been destroyed? Why or why not?

Do you agree with Rockefeller’s assertion that “art which is not propaganda is not art at all”? Why or why not?

Creator: Diego M. Rivera, 1886-1957 Title: Distributing Arms Work Type: Paintings Date: 1928 Material: Fresco mixed with nopal juice Measurements: 203 x 398 cm Description: Distributing arms to Mexican peasants and urban workers who have joined together to attack the estalished order. They are led by white soldiers with Slavic features wearing overalls with red stars, reflecting the then current idealistic view of the Soviet revolution. Portraits of Frida Kahlo, David Siqueiros and Tina Modetti are included in this panel. Related Item: Diego Rivera: A Retrospective. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1986. fig. 377, p. 244 Collection: Detroit Institute of Arts: Diego Rivera ID Number: M-72 Source: Image and original data provided by Detroit Institute of Arts Credit Line: Secretaría de Educación Pública, Court of Fiestas, Corrido of the Proletarian Revolution (third level, south wall), Mexico City. Dirk Bakker, Photographer for The Detroit Institute of Arts Rights: © 2010 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Rights: Contact info: Robert Hensleigh, Associate Director of Photography, Detroit Institute of the Arts, 5200 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48070, Tel: (313) 833-1391, Fax: (313) 833-9177, Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Creator: Diego M. Rivera, 1886-1957 Title: History of Mexico: Mexico Today and Tomorrow Work Type: Paintings Date: 1935 Material: Fresco Measurements: 749 x 885 cm Description: South wall. Top center is the world on fire, symbolic of future nuclear wars; beneath stands Karl Marx pointing to the ideal state and urging the formation of a new society. At right a worker in blue overalls exhorts his counterparts beneath a red flag while fellow workers raise hammer-and-sickle; the square left of the speaker contains Mexico's ex-President Gen. Calles flanked by his Chief of Staff and a priest; the square directly below contains European investors, while at left New York financiers engage in Wall Street activities, a money pipe connecting all three squares. Beneath Wall Street is portrayed the corruption of the clergy by alcoholic beverages and immoral women, while the small square below portrays the clergy excitedly watching the contents of the money pipe flowing directly into their coffers as well. At left foreground are the workers, welding and carrying bricks, already organized and earning better wages. A worker carrying a Karl Marx book points above to the exploiters wearing Derby hats. The Mexican professor in the classroom above confirms the promise of civil rights to his students, all of differing ethnicity. Below and right sit two women surrounded by children, representing education for all so as to eradicate poverty; the standing woman wearing a black blouse is Frida Kahlo, wife of the artist, while the seated woman, wearing a red jacket, is her sister, Cristina Kahlo. At the right are laboring peasants, some of which are being threatened for their association with the Agrarian political party, while two men have been hung from a tree for their Agrarian and Communist ties. Left of them are the police in tear gas masks breaking up a worker's strike (huelga). (See also M-47, M-53, M-55.) Related Item: 1) Diego Rivera: A Retrospective. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1986. 2) Silva E., R.S. Official Guide Book to Diego Rivera's Frescoes in the National Palace and Elsewhere in Mexico City. Mexico City: Sinalomex Editorial, 1964. Related Item: Diego Rivera: A Retrospective. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1986. fig. 384, p. 260 Collection: Detroit Institute of Arts: Diego Rivera ID Number: M-54 Source: Image and original data provided by Detroit Institute of Arts Credit Line: Palacio Nacional, Stairway, Mexico City. Dirk Bakker, Photographer for The Detroit Institute of Arts Rights: © 2010 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York Rights: Contact info: Robert Hensleigh, Associate Director of Photography, Detroit Institute of the Arts, 5200 Woodward Ave., Detroit, MI 48070, Tel: (313) 833-1391, Fax: (313) 833-9177, Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

José Clemente Orozco, Man of Fire, 1936-39, Instituto Cultural Cabañas, Guadalajara, Mexico.