A-Plus Writer Only Research Methods FINAL PROJECT: Introduction, Literature Review, and Methods Section

Running head: EXTRAVERSION AND MARITAL BLISS 1

EXTRAVERSION AND MARITAL BLISS 2

( Add page number. ) ( Use header. Note the phrase “Running head” is uppercase-lowercase, but the short title is all capital letters. Short title should be different from the main title, no more than 50 letters including spaces. Make sure the font type and size through out the document is the same, this includes headers. )

Extraverts and Not Introverts Secure Marital Bliss

Jason Williams

Argosy University

( Add the main title in the middle of the page; your name in the second line and the university’s name in the third line. )

( Add “Author Note”. Observe the word “Note” is singular. Use your name and email address in the note. )

Author Note

This research was carried out as partial fulfillment towards experimental methods course by Jason Williams.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Jason Williams, Department of Psychology, Argosy University, Phoenix 2233 West Dunlap Avenue, Phoenix, AZ 85021 Email: Email: [email protected]

( Put main title of the study here. )Extraverts and Not Introverts Secure Marital Bliss

The introduction and literature review should address your research question: why it is important, and how prior research does or does not support your hypothesis, as well as providing a background on what we know about this topic. An introduction and literature review includes the following topics, in that order.

1. A research question (What is your research question?)

2. A statement regarding the importance of the research topic,

3. Background information and a review of the literature regarding the topic (see below)

Emotional response signals how an individual is processing an environmental situation. If the environment is bad or negative, emotions also reflect such negativity. Tamir, Robinson, & Clore (2002) carried out four experiments in their investigation and found that when extraverts and introverts were correlated with positive and negative moods based on reaction time (RT) measures; extraverts were faster than introverts on positive mood task, and introverts were faster with negative mood tasks. For both type of individuals, RT slowed down if they performed the opposite mood tasks. After the first experiment Tamir et al., (2002) carried out three other experiments manipulating mood conditions and found essentially the same results. They propose that introversion and extraversion as traits regulate mood, unlike environmental situations, other investigators believe as a cause of emotional regulation.

Why is it that extraverts associate with positive moods and introverts with negative? Lischetzke, and Eid (2006) propose that extraverts can maintain better moods than introverts. Wherever extraverts confront an ambivalent situation they maintain a positive mood for longer period of time than introverts; thus are able to handle emotionally difficult situations better than introverts. The three experiments in this study also suggest, like Tamir et al., (2002) that inherent trait of extraversion is linked to positive mood.

What kind of behavior is likely to make introverts so negatively moody? Gudjonsson, Sigurdsson, Bragason, Einarsson, and Valdimarsdottir (2004) think it is compliance. They purpose that compliance, which is an individual’s tendency to go along with “propositions, requests or instructions, for some immediate instrumental gain”, pressurizes him or her to remain congenial with another individual, by avoiding confrontation and providing pleasure. Although immediate gains of such compliant behavior are obvious, however its long-term effect strains relationships. This correlational study showed that compliant behavior was positively associated with introversion, and negatively with extraversion.

Could couple’s similarity in personality lead to better marital adjustment and happiness? Barelds (2005) believe that personality of couples can be different, yet they can enjoy marital bliss and happiness. They, like the studies above, found that extraversion was related to marital happiness and introversion to neuroticism.

In a cross-culturally different perspective, Chen, Tanaka, Uji, Hiramura, Shikai, Fujihara, and Kitamura (2007) found that neuroticism of the husband leads to marital satisfaction for the wife; and wife’s extraversion to husband’s marital satisfaction. Unlike Barelds (2005), Chen et al., (2007) propose that personality traits of couples do affect marital adjustment.

(Five additional references that could be used for your research paper and include a 1-2 sentence description for each of the five additional references, explaining how they fit with the research topic and the research question proposed. Make sure that these references come from scholarly sources using Argosy's library resources). Continue with your new five studies here making a total of ten. Make sure that you put their references on the reference page in APA style and not the way you did them on the M1A3 assignment. After you are done putting all your ten studies in this section submit a revised hypothesis for your paper.

4. A proposed set of hypotheses (What is your hypothesis or hypotheses? What is the null hypothesis?)

( The word is “Method” and NOT “Methods”, and is bold. ) ( Revised Hypothesis ) In many developed and rapidly developing countries, men and women in martial relationships suffer on account of heavy involvement with their jobs and stress. Where some psychologists are interested in abating such factors by helping couples devise ways to spend quality time with each other and reduce stress by relaxation and meditation; other psychologists are investigating inherent personality traits to ascertain which marriages last midst stress and long working involvements. Many such psychologists believe that trait of extraversion in both husband and wife may be a determining factor in long-term relationships; and that introversion could jeopardize longevity and stability in marital relationship. The following ten studies serve as backdrop to our hypothesis, which states that, “higher levels of extraversion will lead to marital bliss, and that marital nightmare will result from higher levels of introversion.”

Method

Participants

In this section write about your participants. (How many participants would you like to use and why? What are the inclusion characteristics, i.e., what must they have in order to be included in your study (for example, gender, diagnosis, age, personality traits, etc.)? Are there any exclusion characteristics, i.e. are there certain characteristics that would exclude them from being in your study? Does the sample need to be diverse? Why or why not?)

How are your participants sampled? (What sampling technique will be used to collect your sample? What population does your sample generalize to?)

Instruments

In this section talk about what kind of instruments (questionnaires, computers, software etc.) and materials, you would use to carry out the experiment. Answer this question at large: What technique will be used for data collection (e.g., observation, survey, interview, archival, etc.)

Design and Procedure

This section outlines the design of the study. Address the following questions;

1. What are the variables in your study? HINT: Refer back to your hypothesis or hypotheses.

2. Provide operational definitions for each variable.

3. How will you measure each variable? Discuss the reliability and validity of these measures in general terms.

4. What type of research design is being used?

5. Discuss the procedure that would be followed when conducting the research (steps of carrying out research).

Ethical Issues

Describe ethical issues and note any ethical issues that need to be considered, as well as how they would be handled (What are some POTENTIAL ethical issues? How might they be addressed?)

( The word “Reference” is NOT BOLD, and is centered. ) ( Alphabetize references list using author’s last name. )References

American Psychological Association. (2002). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 57 (12), 1060-1073. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.57.12.1060

Barelds, D. H. (2005). Self and partner personality in intimate relationships. European Journal of Personality, 19(6), 501-518. doi:10.1002/per.549

Chen, Z., Tanaka, N., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Shikai, N., Fujihara, S., & Kitamura, T. (2007). The role of personalities in the marital adjustment of Japanese couples. Social Behavior and Personality, 35(4), 561-572. doi:10.2224/sbp.2007.35.4.561

Gudjonsson, G. H., Sigurdsson, J., Bragason, O. O., Einarsson, E., & Valdimarsdottir, E. B. (2004). Compliance and personality: The vulnerability of the unstable introvert. European Journal of Personality, 18(5), 435-443. doi:10.1002/per.514

Lischetzke, T., & Eid, M. (2006). Why extraverts are happier than introverts: The role of mood regulation. Journal of Personality, 74(4), 1127-1162. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00405.x

Tamir, M., Robinson, M. D., & Clore, G. L. (2002). The epistemic benefits of trait-consistent mood states: An analysis of extraversion and mood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 663-677. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.663

( Include all your 10 or more references here in APA format. )