Corrections for Assignment 2

Media’s Influence on Aggression

Tunesia D. Ross

Argosy University

Title of Paper

Studies in the field of experimental analysis of behavior show that aggressive behavior is a response influenced by environmental stimuli. The environmental stimuli can form functional relationships between certain events such as this phenomenon and the medium. There are two main classes of aggressive behavior: 1) causal events, or history of aggressive behavior that is learned from the media and 2) events occurring subsequent to the assault that may influence their future occurrence (Anderson et al., 2010).

Early studies on aggression took place within the laboratory with the assistance of animals. Based on the research result presentation of aversive stimulation was discovered. As the intensity, frequency, and constancy duration increases the probability of aggressive response appears to increases. The sex of subjects was irrelevant during the aggressive responses within the experimental subjects. The space available and the number of subjects instead influence the occurrence of the responses. There were however similarities, found within the response such as extremely fatigue aggressive resistant. Moreover experimental subjects isolated to maturity showed fewer reactions than those who grew in the community.

Literature Review

The aggressive response elicited by the media that precedes behavior can be conditioned by the classical paradigm (Pavlovian) a neutral stimulus such as sounds or experimental environment can eventually lead to the same answer (Authors last name, copyright year).

Aggressive behavior is also influenced by consequent events. It is possible to shape and maintain the aggressive behavior within various species by using traditional techniques for the analysis of operant behavior. The use of reinforcement has been useful to teach aggressive responses. However the use of punishment to reduce these behaviors cannot be regarded as a fully effective procedure for control, besides causing collateral behaviors. When the experimental subjects were punished for biting a device an aggressive alternative decrease is increased therefore the use of aversive control to suppress aggression is not a unwise exercise. Moreover the opportunity to attack has resulted in some studies as reinforcing a subject exposed to aversive stimulation as a chance to repeat the idea (Ferguson & Kilburn, 2010) .

The focus of the experimental analysis allows us to see more than an inherent in human nature, as medium controlled environmental causes that can be identified and objectively studied phenomenon and its controlled aggression opportunity aspect. The effect on the behavior of the medium is mediated by motivational factors, i.e., the aggression occurs or apparently not dependent on the presence of states of starvation, averseness, etc. proficient in a situation where appropriate stimuli occur (Authors last name, copyright year).

The results of analysis of human aggression in the laboratory confirm what could be predicted from the results of research involving animals: aversive situations produce aggressive behavior. The social learning theory provides two ways to acquire general behavior: observation (modeling) and by direct experience. In modern societies are considered to be three main sources from which aggressive behaviors are acquired: family, social groups and the media (Authors last name, copyright year).

In the case of offenders, subject exists in your family within a larger molding influence and reinforcing aggressive behavior than in normal subjects. It has also been noted over time that the exercise of aggressive disciplinary practices to control children's behavior exemplifies them to employ such tactics to control the behavior of their peers. Regarding the influence of social group has found a higher incidence of aggressive behaviors in social group members where this behavior is considered desirable and valuable, depending on the status of the individual within the group. Bandura and Mitchel showed some could be learned patterns of behavior by graphical and / or verbal observation (Fischer, Greitemeyer, Kastenmüller, Vogrincic, & Sauer, 2011). Exposure to televised violence also promotes interpersonal aggression .

The styles of aggression are learned by observation and practice perfected by the enhanced also observed that it is possible to learn to attack by direct experience. Many children can become passive to aggressive children as a result of aggressive encounters success in their childhood especially from the media (Greenfield, 2014). In the theory of social learning are recognized as instigators of aggressive behavior:

· Exposure to models: Aversion therapy, which creates a state of activation that can facilitate a variety of behaviors.

· Mobile or incentives: The instructional control, i.e., tracking orders taught in the socialization process. Product orders even an illusory or symbolic control, as a divine command or duty.

Regarding the conditions that maintain this type of behavior, this theory considers that like other forms of social behavior, aggressive behavior is controlled by its consequences and can be induced, removed and restored with just alter the effects it produces, distinguishing three forms of control of reinforcement: direct reinforcement, vicarious or observed and self-reinforcing (Authors last name, copyright year).

For behavior analysts behavior aggressive in humans should be considered not as an individual phenomenon but as a social phenomenon that also originates in the social system and not within the individual. Assuming that the conditions that generate aggression are the termination or reduction in the frequency of reinforcement, administration of aversive stimulation and positive reinforcement can be considered socially necessary changes to reduce these behaviors are the homogeneous distribution of social wealth, elimination of aversive systems of social control and suppression of the social conditions that make legitimate aggression or violence as forms of appropriation of wealth (Huesmann & Eron, 2013).

Need to include in your literature review your research question and hypothesis.

Methodology

In this case, we will use the judgment sampling method. It means that we will pick a certain group out of all these age groups, and put much more emphasis on it. This research will place keen interests on primary school children. This emphasis is because children represent a common part of everybody’s lives. It is also easier to monitor the development of physical aggression at this age.

Participants

This research is going to look at a wide range of participants. The number of people who use the many types of media is very large. There are people who watch and those who listen (Krahé & Möller, 2010). Our study will look at a broad category of people . The main focus will be on the various age categories which include, primary age children, adolescents and young adults.

Special attention will be given to the gender aspect of it too. We will see how differently the two genders respond to media influences. The sample of our study needs to be as diverse as possible. The main reason for diversity is because it enables us to get more input on a particular issue. When the sample is diverse we are able to get different views from different categories of people. It enables us to get a clearer picture of our hypothesis.

Procedure

Case and Field- it is a research design also known as ethnographic research. It utilizes direct observation to give the researcher a clear view of the case under study. It is useful in our case since very little information is available in other texts. Variables, dependent or independent, ought to be measurable in some way or the other. In the case of our dependent variable, we cannot measure exactly how much kids are affected by certain media articles or music. We cannot also determine how they will respond to any aggressiveness they pick up via the media. What we can do is measure the rate of response by comparing habits of different kids (those who are exposed to media influence and those who are not). By comparing, we are able to see the difference between the two and hence we can see how kids are really affected (Krahé & Möller, 2010).

Ethical Issues

Objectivity vs. Subjectivity- this is an important consideration. Your own personal opinions should not form part of your research. Both sides of a topic should be considered fairly.

Consent- it is another major ethical issue. The researcher must be permitted by the people he is studying in order to collect their information.

Safety- the methods used to collect data should not cause any harm to the subjects. Sensitive questions should be worded very carefully.

Anonymity- when conducting studies like interviews, you should let the subjects know whether the findings of the study will be anonymous or not.

References

Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., … Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 151.

Ferguson, C. J., & Kilburn, J. (2010). Much ado about nothing: the misestimation and overinterpretation of violent video game effects in eastern and western nations: comment on Anderson et al.(2010). Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2010-03383-002

Fischer, P., Greitemeyer, T., Kastenmüller, A., Vogrincic, C., & Sauer, A. (2011). The effects of risk-glorifying media exposure on risk-positive cognitions, emotions, and behaviors: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 137(3), 367.

Greenfield, P. M. (2014). Mind and media: The effects of television, video games, and computers. Psychology Press.

Huesmann, L. R., & Eron, L. D. (2013). Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. Routledge. Retrieved from http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=T0cSBL_PRRYC&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=MEDIA%27S+INFLUENCE+ON+AGGRESSION&ots=bJ5UDsOiCY&sig=QW3CfWhGWPyJkOrBTsJVhh5TbVo

Krahé, B., & Möller, I. (2010). Longitudinal effects of media violence on aggression and empathy among German adolescents. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(5), 401–409.

Assignment 2 Grading Criteria	Maximum Points
With clarity and good writing style and grammar, you presented your proposed methods section for your research paper. · participants (15 points) · instruments (15 points) · procedure (15 points) · ethical issues and how they would be handled (20 points)	59
You submitted an introduction and literature review that included a research question, a statement regarding the importance of the research topic, background information and a review of the literature regarding the topic, and a proposed hypotheses.	13
You wrote in a clear, concise, and organized manner; demonstrated ethical scholarship in accurate representation and attribution of sources; and displayed accurate spelling, grammar, and punctuation.	17
Total:	89

You did a good job on your assignment. In your paper you did a good job addressing your participants. Make sure to address how many you will include. You also addressed the instruments you will use. Make sure with the procedure, you explain how you will conduct the study from beginning to end. You did a good job addressing the ethical issues. Overall, good job.

You also did a good job including an introduction. You also did a good job including your literature view. Make sure to include your research question and hypothesis. Some of your paper needed to be more in paragraph form. Also, you needed to include more in-text citations. Good reference. Overall, good job.

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