I need a 6 Sixma project

Instructor: These cells contain some hints, tips, and self-checks. If you would like to print any of the tips, right click the cell containing the tip and select Edit Comment. Highlight the text, copy and paste in a any text document like WORD for printing.

Instructor: EXCEL 2003 or earlier Click on the TOOLS tab in the top bar of Excel. If your computer already has the “Data Analysis” option listed, you are ready to go. Your Data Analysis tools have already been added. Under the Data Analysis Function you will find some of the more advanced functions that we will be discussing such as ANOVAs, and t tests. If you do not see Data Analysis listed under the TOOLS tab, I encourage you to go to the Help function in Excel for specific instructions on how to load “the Data Analysis Toolpak” in your version of Excel. Here are the easy standard instructions for Excel 2003 if you need to load the Add-Ins. 1) On the Tools menu, click Add-Ins. 2) In the Add-Ins available box, select the check box next to Analysis Toolpak, and then click OK. 3) When you load the Analysis Toolpak, the DATA ANALYSIS command is automatically added to the TOOLS menu. If your version if slightly different than the above, refer to your HELP function for details on loading Tookpak. See the next spreadsheet at the bottom of this worksheet entitled EXCEL EXAMPLES for an illustration. Remember that the Data Analysis function is NOT necessary for the course, but it is helpful.

Villanova instructor: Excel 2007 The Analysis Toolpak is a Microsoft Office Excel add-in program that is available when you install Microsoft Office or Excel. To use it in Excel, however, you need to load it first. 1. Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Excel Options at the bottom. 2. Click Add-Ins, and then in the Manage box, select Excel Add-ins. 3. Click Go. 4. In the Add-Ins available box, select the Analysis Toolpak check box, and then click OK. If you get prompted that the Analysis Toolpak is not currently installed on your computer, click Yes to install it. 5. After you load the Analysis ToolPak, the Data Analysis command is available in the ANALYSIS group on the DATA tab. See the next spreadsheet EXCEL EXAMPLES for an illustration. Remember that the Data Analysis function is not required for the course.

Instructor: It is beyond the scope of this Black Belt course to teach students how to perform all of the functions of Excel. The Microsoft web site has excellent FREE tutorials for both Excel 2003 or Excel 2007. Excel 2007 http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/training/CR100479681033.aspx Excel 2003 http://office.microsoft.com/en-us/training/CR061831141033.aspx Or, ask a business colleague, who is proficient in Excel to show you how to do some of the basic things such as copying, cutting, pasting, copying from sheet to sheet, etc. Please do not expect your Black Belt class instructor to teach you how to use Excel software. That is not the objective of this course. This course will highlight specific Excel commands that are unique to Six Sigma, but it is not the objective of this course to teach basic Excel commands. Please use the suggested resources listed above.

Instructor: EXCEL 2003 or earlier Click on the TOOLS tab in the top bar of Excel. If your computer already has the “Data Analysis” option listed, you are ready to go. Your Data Analysis tools have already been added. Under the Data Analysis Function you will find some of the more advanced functions that we will be discussing such as ANOVAs, and t tests. If you do not see Data Analysis listed under the TOOLS tab, I encourage you to go to the Help function in Excel for specific instructions on how to load “the Data Analysis Toolpak” in your version of Excel. Here are the easy standard instructions for Excel 2003 if you need to load the Add-Ins. 1) On the Tools menu, click Add-Ins. 2) In the Add-Ins available box, select the check box next to Analysis Toolpak, and then click OK. 3) When you load the Analysis Toolpak, the DATA ANALYSIS command is automatically added to the TOOLS menu. If your version if slightly different than the above, refer to your HELP function for details on loading Tookpak. Remember that the Data Analysis function is NOT necessary for the course, but it is helpful. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Villanova instructor: Excel 2007 The Analysis ToolPak is a Microsoft Office Excel add-in program that is available when you install Microsoft Office or Excel. To use it in Excel, however, you need to load it first. 1. Click the Microsoft Office Button , and then click Excel Options at the bottom. 2. Click Add-Ins, and then in the Manage box, select Excel Add-ins. 3. Click Go. 4. In the Add-Ins available box, select the Analysis ToolPak check box, and then click OK. If you get prompted that the Analysis ToolPak is not currently installed on your computer, click Yes to install it. 5. After you load the Analysis ToolPak, the Data Analysis command is available in the ANALYSIS group on the DATA tab. Remember that the Data Analysis function is not required for the course. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: Additional information about project charters can be found in your Online Textbook. I also HIGHLY recommend reviewing week #2 archived virtual class session for additional information and helpful hints for the assignment!

Instructor: Acting as your real-world sponsor, I would need to be sold on why we need to do this project. I wouldn't have time to read long explanations. I would need to know what this project is all about and how it impacts the strategic objectives of the organization. I would need a short, to-the-point compelling reason why we need to do this.

Instructor: In the problem statement, we 'sell' the need for the project with specific and measureable data. One or two sentence description of the symptoms arising from the problem to be addressed. It will often parallel the Business Case, but will be more specific and focused. Answer; What’s wrong? Where is the problem appearing? How big is the problem? What is the impact of the problem on the business?

Instructor: The Goal Statement and Problem Statements are a matched pair. What is your target improvement for this project, including a target date? George Eckes mentions a 50% improvement as a possible target for Six Sigma projects. Is a 50% improvement enough in this case?

Instructor: Outline the project scope in process terms ( where does it start and stop - ie. within the DSST including dealing with software complaints, hardware issues, and moving workstations), and identify any constraints and assumptions. How much of our work time can be devoted to project per week? Do we have any authority to spend money? Who (what) are our internal/external resources? Also be sure to review week #2 archived virtual class session for additional information and helpful hints! What the scope is not: -It is not merely a timeline (i.e., when the Six Sigma project is to begin and when it is expected to end.) -It is not restating the problem being attacked.

Instructor: Using the information provided in the 'The project' tab you can calculate the DPMO and use the table above. Also please refer to Week #3 virtual class session for additional information and examples on how to use the table above.

Instructor: Step 1. Click in the adjacent blank cell and enter an equal (=) sign. Step 2. Click on the cell with the 79. Step 3. Type in a division sign (/). Step 4. Click in the cell with the 394. Step 5. Click enter

Instructor: Step 1. Click in the adjacent blank cell and enter an equal (=) sign. Step 2. Click on the cell with the 20% in it. Step 3. Type + and a parenthesis sign Step 4. Click on the cell with the 52. Step 5. Type in a division sign (/). Step 6. Click in the cell with the 394. Step 7. Type a close parenthesis sign Step 8. Click enter

Instructor: Instructions for creating a pareto chart in Excel 2003 1. Create a table that looks like the practice problem (above), but with the project data (not the practice data). One column is the counts and the second column is the cumulative percentages. 2. Highlight both columns of data without the labels 3. Click INSERT on the top tab bar 4. Click Chart 5. Click Custom types (one of the tabs) 6. Choose Line - Column on 2 axes (scroll down to find it) 7. Finish to create the chart 8. 'Right click' on left Y axis 9. Click on Format Axis 10. Click Scale 11. Change max to 25 and min to zero 12. OK 13. 'Right click' on right Y axis 14. Click Scale 15. Change max to 1 and min to zero 16. OK 17. Now you have a pareto chart. The cumulative percentage line begins at the top of the first column and rises to 100%. When your pareto follows this standard business format, it will enhance communication and presentations to management. If you would like to PRINT these instructions, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENTS. Then just highlight the text, copy and paste into a document to print.

Instructor: Excel 2007 1. Create a table that looks like the practice problem (above), but with the project data (not the practice data). One column is the counts and the second column is the cumulative percentages. 2. Highlight both columns of data without the labels 3. Click INSERT on the top tab bar 4. Click Chart 5. Right click the columns that represent the percentages (smaller columns) 6. On the top Format tab, click Format Selection. 7. Under Plot Series On, click Secondary Axis and then click Close. 8. On the Layout tab, in the Axes group, you may modify the Secondary Vertical Axis. 9. Right click on the percentage columns, Select Change Series Chart type to LINE 10. 'Right click' on left Y axis 11. Click on Format Axis 12. Set Axis Options for MAX and MIN to FIXED 13. Change max to the total of all counts from all columns and a min to zero 14. OK 15. 'Right click' on right Y axis 16. Set Axis Options for MAX and MIN to FIXED 17. Change max to 1.0 (100%) and min to zero 18. OK 19. Now you have a pareto chart. The cumulative percentage line begins at the top of the first column and rises to 100%. When your pareto follows this standard business format, it will enhance communication and presentations to management. If you would like to PRINT these instructions, just right click the cell, and choose EDIT COMMENT. Then, highlight the text, copy and paste into a document to print.

Instructor: You will need to create a histogram to answer this question.

Instructor: Want to use Excel 2003 to find the mean and standard deviation? 1. Click Tools in the top bar 2. Click Data Analysis (If you don't see Data Analysis as an option on the TOOLS menu, go to the 'EXCEL EXAMPLES' tab at the bottom of this spreadsheet for instructions to load the Data Analysis Tookpak.) 3. Click Descriptive statistics 4. OK 5. Drag with mouse to capture the 'wait times' data 6. New Workbook Ply 7. Summary statistics 8. OK (You probably will need to resize your column widths to fully see the chart) You may also reset the number of decimal values that are visible, by clicking FORMAT - CELLS - NUMBER and setting the decimal place. Note: You can also do this on a simple scientific calculator. If you want to learn how to do it on a calculator, refer to the bonus lecture MATH PRIMER. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: Want to use Excel 2007 to find the mean and standard deviation? 1. Click the DATA tab in the top bar 2. In the ANALYSIS category, click on Data Analysis (If you don't see Data Analysis as an option go to the 'EXCEL EXAMPLES' tab at the bottom of this spreadsheet for instructions to load the Data Analysis Tookpak.) 3. Click Descriptive statistics 4. OK 5. Drag with mouse to capture the 'wait times' data 6. New Workbook Ply 7. Check Summary statistics 8. OK (You probably will need to resize your column widths to fully see the chart) You may also reset the number of decimal values that are visible, by going to the NUMBER category on the HOME page. Click on the drop down menu and select MORE NUMBER FORMATS. Select number and specify the number of decimal points that you want to view in your spreadsheet. Remember Excel stores the entire value in the cell. You are just designation how many decimal places are displayed in the cell. Note: You can also do this on a simple scientific calculator. If you want to learn how to do it on a calculator, refer to the bonus lecture MATH PRIMER. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: Excel 2003 - 2 Options Option #1 (Quick and Dirty draft of a histogram) 1) Click TOOLS in the Excel toolbar 2) Click Data Analysis 3) Select HISTOGRAMS and then click OK 4) The cursor should be blinking in the "Input Range" box 5) Highlight your data 6) Click "New Worksheet Ply" 6) Skip the bin range option, and all other options 7) Check the "Chart Output" box 8) Click OK, and your histogram will appear. 9) You may drag your mouse over the corner of the histogram graph to enlarge it. 10) Do NOT delete the MORE category if there are data values in it. Option #2 (A more polished copy where you determine the bin ranges, rather than Excel) 1) Click TOOLS in the Excel toolbar 2) Click Data Analysis 3) Select HISTOGRAMS and then click OK 4) Determine the range of the data set, from your smallest to your largest data value 5) Add one value (in the unit you are measuring) for 'range with inclusion' (Example: .14 (range) + .01 = .15) 6) Determine the appropriate number of bars for your sample size (Example: < 50 data points use 5, 6 or 7 bars) 7) Calculate both the beginning and ending point of each cell and list the beginning and ending points of each bin in separate cells. For example, if you have a range of .15, you could have 5 cells with .03 data value per cell. 8) Now you have an idiosyncrasy of Excel. Excel will give you the option of designating the bin ranges. But, you should give Excel the ENDING value of each bin rather than the beginning value. Highlight the cells that include the ending value of each bin under the BIN RANGE option. 9) Highlight your complete data set under the INPUT RANGE option 10) Check on CHART OUTPUT and where you want the histogram chart located. (New worksheet or imbedded) 11) Click OK 12) You may drag your mouse over the corner of the histogram chart to enlarge it. 13) When Excel drafts histograms, the bars do not adjoin. Ideally, we want the bars of a histogram to adjoin because we are graphing continuous data. To make the bars adjoin, right click on top of bars and choose FORMAT DATA SERIES. In Excel 2003, you will have to select OPTIONS. Then set the GAP to Zero. 14) To change the color scheme of the histogram, right click somewhere outside of the bars in the graph and choose FORMAT PLOT AREA. You can choose many color formats. 15) When you plan the cell intervals, there are no data points in the MORE category, so you may delete it, because the MORE category is often confusing to people. DO NOT delete the MORE category if it has data points in it. 16) Only go through these more detailed steps if you are interested in a polished Histogram. Otherwise run a quick draft of the histogram with Option #1. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: Excel 2007 - 2 Options Option #1 (Quick and Dirty draft of a histogram) 1) Click DATA tab 2) Go to ANALYSIS category on the DATA tab 3) Click on DATA ANALYSIS (If you do not see DATA ANALYSIS, refer to the EXCEL EXAMPLES tab at the bottom of this spreadsheet for instructions in loading the DATA ANALYSIS features.) 4) Select HISTOGRAMS and then click OK 5) The cursor should be blinking in the "Input Range" box 6) Highlight your data 7) Click in "New Worksheet Ply" 8) Skip the bin range option, and other options 9) Check the "Chart Output" box 10) Click OK 11) You may drag your mouse over the corner of the graph to enlarge it. Option #2 (A More polished copy where you determine the bin ranges) 1) Click DATA tab 2) Go to ANALYSIS category on the DATA tab 3) Click on DATA ANALYSIS (If you do not see DATA ANALYSIS, refer to the EXCEL EXAMPLES tab at the bottom of this spreadsheet for instructions in loading the DATA ANALYSIS features.) 4) Select HISTOGRAMS and then click OK 5) Determine the range of the data set, from your smallest to your largest data value 6) Add one value (in the unit you are measuring) for 'range with inclusion' (Example: .14 (range) + .01 = .15) 7) Determine the appropriate number of bars for your sample size (Example: < 50 data points use 5, 6 or 7 bars) 8) Calculate both the beginning and ending point of each cell and list the beginning and ending points of each bin in separate cells. For example, if you have a range of .15, you could have 5 cells with .03 data value per cell. 9) Now you have an idiosyncrasy of Excel. Excel will give you the option of designating the bin ranges. But, you should give Excel the ENDING value of each bin rather than the beginning value. Highlight the cells that include the ending value of each bin under the BIN RANGE option. 10) Highlight your complete data set under the INPUT RANGE option 11) Check on CHART OUTPUT and where you want the histogram chart located. (New worksheet or imbedded) 12) Click OK 13) You may drag your mouse over the corner of the histogram chart to enlarge it. 14) When Excel drafts histograms, the bars do not adjoin. Ideally, we want the bars of a histogram to adjoin because we are graphing continuous data. To make the bars adjoin, right click on top of bars and choose FORMAT DATA SERIES. In Excel 2007, you go directly to setting GAP WIDTH to zero. 15) To change the color scheme of the histogram, right click somewhere outside of the bars in the graph and choose FORMAT PLOT AREA. You can choose many color formats. 16) When you plan the cell intervals, there are no data points in the MORE category, so you may delete it, because the MORE category is often confusing to people. DO NOT delete the MORE category if it has data points in it. 17) Only go through these more detailed steps if you are interested in a polished Histogram. Otherwise run a quick draft of the histogram with Option #1. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: What is expected variation? We know that 68% of data from a normal process is expected to fall + or - 1 sigma from the mean. We know that 95% of data from a normal process is expected to fall + or - 2 sigma from the mean. We know that 99.7% of data from a normal process is expected to fall + or - 3 sigma from the mean. So, the expected variation that we would likely see in the data will fall + or - 3 sigma.

Instructor: If you want your histogram to have the appropriate number of bin ranges (also known as cell intervals), you will need to enter some bin ranges in the dialogue box in DATA ANALYSIS for making Histograms. Let's say that the largest value you have is 10.77. The smallest is 10.63. So, the range is 0.14. Add +1 for 'inclusion' (as mentioned in the lecture on cell intervals) = 0.15. The recommended number of cell choices for n = 35 is 5 to 7. I pick 5 to make the math easier. That means I will have 5 cells with 0.03 in each. So, for the first data set the cell intervals are: 10.63-10.6, 10.66-10.68 10.69-10.71 10.72-10.74 10.75-10.77 Enter the 'maximum' value (or ending value) from each cell interval into a separate place in this worksheet - location is not important. (i.e., 10.65, 10.68, 10.71, 10.74, 10.77). Then you will be able to drag the cursor across them to satisfy the bin range box in DATA ANALYSIS. Confused? Re-watch the lecture on histograms and cell intervals. If you would like to print these instructions, just highlight and copy, then paste into a document for printing.

Instructor: What is expected variation? We know that 68% of data from a normal process is expected to fall + or - 1 sigma from the mean. We know that 95% of data from a normal process is expected to fall + or - 2 sigma from the mean. We know that 99.7% of data from a normal process is expected to fall + or - 3 sigma from the mean. So, the expected variation that we would likely see in any normally distributed data will fall + or - 3 sigma. The Expected Variation limits are established by setting boundaries 3 standard deviations each side of the mean. Any value above +3 standard deviations or below - 3 standard deviation is considered to be "assignable-cause" variation and needs to be dealt with according. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Be sure to report the result to at least 3 decimal places, DO NOT ROUND TO WHOLE NUMBERS!

Instructor: You need to make a stem-and-leaf diagram. What is that? If you do not know, you need to re-watch the lecture on Stem-and-Leaf diagrams. You will be using the peach-colored boxed area to make the diagram. The 'stem line' is the bold red line. You will building it from left to right.

Instructor: The red line is the stem. The leaves…you need to make.

Instructor: To use the sorting function in Excel 2007 1) Click on the Data tab at the top 2) Click on the Sort category 3) Follow menu steps

Instructor: Excel 2003 Highlight the "leaves" numbers in any one row. -Click Data -Sort -Continue with current selection -Sort -Options -Sort left to right -Ok This will put your numbers in rank order.

Instructor: Staff size (-) should be 10 - 20 minutes.

Instructor: Staff size (+) should be 10 - 20 minutes.

Instructor: Order of responding (-) should be 0 - 30 minutes.

Instructor: Order of responding (+) should be 0 - 30 minutes.

Instructor: Method (-) should be 0 and 10 minutes.

Instructor: Method (+) should be 20 - 30 minutes.

Instructor: Software (-) should be 0 and 20 minutes.

Instructor: Software (+) should be 0 and 30 minutes.

Instructor: Op Sys (-) should be 20 - 30 minutes.

Instructor: Op Sys (+) should be 0 and 20 minutes.

Instructor: Leave a blank cell between the factors in your Excel 2003 spreadsheet. 1. Click INSERT on the top tab bar 2. Click Chart 3. Select the LINE graph with "line with markers displayed at each data value" Example of your spreadsheet layout with blank cell between factors: Staff Size - 16.75 Staff Size + 17.50 SKIP CELL Order - Order + SKIP CELL

Instructor: Excel 2007 1. Highlight your data sets and labels leaving a blank cell between the factors as illustrated below. 2. Click INSERT on the top tab bar 3. In the Chart category, Select the LINE graph with "line with markers displayed at each data value" Example of your spreadsheet layout with blank cell between factors: Staff size - 16.75 Staff size + 17.50 SKIP CELL Order - Order + SKIP CELL

Instructor: 1) Click on Chart icon on top task bar, OR Click on the INSERT menu option at the top menu bar. 2) Click on SCATTER from the Standard Types tab 3) Click Next 4) Highlight both columns of data and finish according to the directions. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: 1) Highlight both rows of data 2) Click INSERT tab at the top 3) Go to CHART category 4) Click on SCATTER and your scatter diagram appears If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: 1) Click on the fx in the top bar and CORREL, or click on INSERT, function, CORREL. 2) Highlight each column of data as an ARRAY 3) Click Okay. 4) Excel will calculate the correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient ranges between zero and one. Zero is no correlation and '1' is a perfect correlation. __________________________________________ -1.0 to -0.7 strong negative association. -0.7 to -0.3 weak negative association. -0.3 to +0.3 little or no association. +0.3 to +0.7 weak positive association. +0.7 to +1.0 strong positive association. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: 1) Click on the fx in the top bar and CORREL, or click on FOMULAS, INSERT function, CORREL. 2) Highlight each column of data as an ARRAY 3) Click Okay. 4) Excel will calculate the correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient ranges between zero and one. Zero is no correlation and '1' is a perfect correlation. __________________________________________ -1.0 to -0.7 strong negative association. -0.7 to -0.3 weak negative association. -0.3 to +0.3 little or no association. +0.3 to +0.7 weak positive association. +0.7 to +1.0 strong positive association. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: You don't need software to create a control chart. In the back of your notebook are control chart blanks. It is good to learn control charts by going through the steps of building it. It is like learning math…you didn't learn to add and subtract by using a calculator.

Instructor: It is best to start off with calculating the control limit for the range. This is because you need the average moving range number for your calculations. Remember, there will not be a lower control limit for the range with a small subgroup size. (only an upper control limit). Still lost? Re-watch the lecture on XmR charts.

Instructor: UCL for the range should be between 40 and 50.

Instructor: UCL for the individuals should be between 60 and 70.

Instructor: 1. Click on chart icon in top menu, OR click on INSERT in menu bar and select CHART. 2. Select LINE chart. 3. Follow menu-driven steps and highlight the data. 4. When the line chart is complete, add the mean, the average moving range, and your control limits with the drawing tools. TOOLBARS - Drawing If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: Steps for drafting a control chart in Excel 2007 1. Highlight the data. 2. Click on INSERT tab at top of bar. 3. Find the CHARTS category 4. Click on LINE 5. Add control limits and the mean and average moving range with the drawing tools. (INSERT - SHAPES) If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: The formulas for the control limits of the XmR chart are found on pages 681-685 of Book 4 of 4 of your white manuals. Do you understand why we are using a XmR chart in this assignment versus an X-barR chart? ANSWER - We only have individual data points. We do not have rational subgroups. We need rationale subgroups to use the X-barR chart.

Instructor: Remember the six steps to control charts? 1. Gather data in the order of production. We have given you the data for that. 2. Calculate subgroup averages and ranges. 3. Calculate control limits. 4. Plot the control limits. 5. Plot the points. 6. Act upon what the control chart is telling you. You don't remember that? Re-watch the lectures on control charting. The formulas for the control limits of the XmR chart are found on pages 681-685 of Book 4 of 4 of your white manuals.

Instructor: Whether or not a measurement system is discriminate is covered in the lecture in two places. It is covered in the control chart section and it is also covered in the 'Measurement System Evaluation" lecture. We want to see at least 6 possible (keyword) points under the UCL of the range chart. Look at your raw data. What are the closest measurement intervals? (ie. data points 5, 6 or 1 hour intervals) You are measuring at 1 hour intervals. We may not have data points at each hour interval, but we are measuring fine enough to detect variation at each interval (it is possible!). For example, if the UCL of your range chart is 44.xx and you are measuring fine enough to distinguish hour intervals in the data, then your measurement system is discriminate. It would be possible to have 45 (44+1 for zero) 'possible' points under the UCL of the range chart. Based on the UCL of the range chart, would you have more than 6 possible points under the UCL of the range chart? Adequate discrimination just means that we are measuring fine enough to detect variation if it exists.

Instructor: Is it possible to have a negative wait time? LCL for the individuals should be 0. The value you got was probably -8.3, but you cannot have a negative wait time, so you just go with zero as your lower control limit. I HIGHLY recommend attending (reviewing) the Control Chart virtual class session for additional information and helpful hints for the assignment!

Instructor: Specifically which THREE out-of-control rules have been violated? Please refer to the lecture AND the Online Textbook. We will review the rules in detail during the Control Chart virtual class session.

Instructor: Be careful not to jump to a presumed root cause, which TOOL(s) would you recommend to identify the POTENTIAL root causes?

Instructor: Excel 2003 - 2 Options Option #1 (Quick and Dirty draft of a histogram) 1) Click TOOLS in the Excel toolbar 2) Click Data Analysis 3) Select HISTOGRAMS and then click OK 4) The cursor should be blinking in the "Input Range" box 5) Highlight your data 6) Click "New Worksheet Ply" 6) Skip the bin range option, and all other options 7) Check the "Chart Output" box 8) Click OK, and your histogram will appear. 9) You may drag your mouse over the corner of the histogram graph to enlarge it. 10) Do NOT delete the MORE category if there are data values in it. Option #2 (A more polished copy where you determine the bin ranges, rather than Excel) 1) Click TOOLS in the Excel toolbar 2) Click Data Analysis 3) Select HISTOGRAMS and then click OK 4) Determine the range of the data set, from your smallest to your largest data value 5) Add one value (in the unit you are measuring) for 'range with inclusion' (Example: .14 (range) + .01 = .15) 6) Determine the appropriate number of bars for your sample size (Example: < 50 data points use 5, 6 or 7 bars) 7) Calculate both the beginning and ending point of each cell and list the beginning and ending points of each bin in separate cells. For example, if you have a range of .15, you could have 5 cells with .03 data value per cell. 8) Now you have an idiosyncrasy of Excel. Excel will give you the option of designating the bin ranges. But, you should give Excel the ENDING value of each bin rather than the beginning value. Highlight the cells that include the ending value of each bin under the BIN RANGE option. 9) Highlight your complete data set under the INPUT RANGE option 10) Check on CHART OUTPUT and where you want the histogram chart located. (New worksheet or imbedded) 11) Click OK 12) You may drag your mouse over the corner of the histogram chart to enlarge it. 13) When Excel drafts histograms, the bars do not adjoin. Ideally, we want the bars of a histogram to adjoin because we are graphing continuous data. To make the bars adjoin, right click on top of bars and choose FORMAT DATA SERIES. In Excel 2003, you will have to select OPTIONS. Then set the GAP to Zero. 14) To change the color scheme of the histogram, right click somewhere outside of the bars in the graph and choose FORMAT PLOT AREA. You can choose many color formats. 15) When you plan the cell intervals, there are no data points in the MORE category, so you may delete it, because the MORE category is often confusing to people. DO NOT delete the MORE category if it has data points in it. 16) Only go through these more detailed steps if you are interested in a polished Histogram. Otherwise run a quick draft of the histogram with Option #1. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: Excel 2007 - 2 Options Option #1 (Quick and Dirty draft of a histogram) 1) Click DATA tab 2) Go to ANALYSIS category on the DATA tab 3) Click on DATA ANALYSIS (If you do not see DATA ANALYSIS, refer to the EXCEL EXAMPLES tab at the bottom of this spreadsheet for instructions in loading the DATA ANALYSIS features.) 4) Select HISTOGRAMS and then click OK 5) The cursor should be blinking in the "Input Range" box 6) Highlight your data 7) Click in "New Worksheet Ply" 8) Skip the bin range option, and other options 9) Check the "Chart Output" box 10) Click OK 11) You may drag your mouse over the corner of the graph to enlarge it. Option #2 (A More polished copy where you determine the bin ranges) 1) Click DATA tab 2) Go to ANALYSIS category on the DATA tab 3) Click on DATA ANALYSIS (If you do not see DATA ANALYSIS, refer to the EXCEL EXAMPLES tab at the bottom of this spreadsheet for instructions in loading the DATA ANALYSIS features.) 4) Select HISTOGRAMS and then click OK 5) Determine the range of the data set, from your smallest to your largest data value 6) Add one value (in the unit you are measuring) for 'range with inclusion' (Example: .14 (range) + .01 = .15) 7) Determine the appropriate number of bars for your sample size (Example: < 50 data points use 5, 6 or 7 bars) 8) Calculate both the beginning and ending point of each cell and list the beginning and ending points of each bin in separate cells. For example, if you have a range of .15, you could have 5 cells with .03 data value per cell. 9) Now you have an idiosyncrasy of Excel. Excel will give you the option of designating the bin ranges. But, you should give Excel the ENDING value of each bin rather than the beginning value. Highlight the cells that include the ending value of each bin under the BIN RANGE option. 10) Highlight your complete data set under the INPUT RANGE option 11) Check on CHART OUTPUT and where you want the histogram chart located. (New worksheet or imbedded) 12) Click OK 13) You may drag your mouse over the corner of the histogram chart to enlarge it. 14) When Excel drafts histograms, the bars do not adjoin. Ideally, we want the bars of a histogram to adjoin because we are graphing continuous data. To make the bars adjoin, right click on top of bars and choose FORMAT DATA SERIES. In Excel 2007, you go directly to setting GAP WIDTH to zero. 15) To change the color scheme of the histogram, right click somewhere outside of the bars in the graph and choose FORMAT PLOT AREA. You can choose many color formats. 16) When you plan the cell intervals, there are no data points in the MORE category, so you may delete it, because the MORE category is often confusing to people. DO NOT delete the MORE category if it has data points in it. 17) Only go through these more detailed steps if you are interested in a polished Histogram. Otherwise run a quick draft of the histogram with Option #1. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: If you want your histogram to have the appropriate number of bin ranges (also known as cell intervals), you will need to enter some bin ranges in the dialogue box in DATA ANALYSIS for making Histograms. Let's say that the largest value you have is 10.77. The smallest is 10.63. So, the range is 0.14. Add +1 for 'inclusion' (as mentioned in the lecture on cell intervals) = 0.15. The recommended number of cell choices for n = 35 is 5 to 7. I pick 5 to make the math easier. That means I will have 5 cells with 0.03 in each. So, for the first data set the cell intervals are: 10.63-10.6, 10.66-10.68 10.69-10.71 10.72-10.74 10.75-10.77 Enter the 'maximum' value (or ending value) from each cell interval into a separate place in this worksheet - location is not important. (i.e., 10.65, 10.68, 10.71, 10.74, 10.77). Then you will be able to drag the cursor across them to satisfy the bin range box in DATA ANALYSIS. Confused? Re-watch the lecture on histograms and cell intervals. If you would like to print these instructions, just highlight and copy, then paste into a document for printing.

Instructor: Refer to your online textbook reading assignments for more details.

Instructor: Want to use Excel 2007 to find the mean and standard deviation? 1. Click the DATA tab in the top bar 2. In the ANALYSIS category, click on Data Analysis (If you don't see Data Analysis as an option go to the 'EXCEL EXAMPLES' tab at the bottom of this spreadsheet for instructions to load the Data Analysis Tookpak.) 3. Click Descriptive statistics 4. OK 5. Drag with mouse to capture the 'wait times' data 6. New Workbook Ply 7. Check Summary statistics 8. OK (You probably will need to resize your column widths to fully see the chart) You may also reset the number of decimal values that are visible, by going to the NUMBER category on the HOME page. Click on the drop down menu and select MORE NUMBER FORMATS. Select number and specify the number of decimal points that you want to view in your spreadsheet. Remember Excel stores the entire value in the cell. You are just designation how many decimal places are displayed in the cell. Note: You can also do this on a simple scientific calculator. If you want to learn how to do it on a calculator, refer to the bonus lecture MATH PRIMER. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: Want to use Excel 2003 to find the mean and standard deviation? 1. Click Tools in the top bar 2. Click Data Analysis (If you don't see Data Analysis as an option on the TOOLS menu, go to the 'EXCEL EXAMPLES' tab at the bottom of this spreadsheet for instructions to load the Data Analysis Tookpak.) 3. Click Descriptive statistics 4. OK 5. Drag with mouse to capture the 'wait times' data 6. New Workbook Ply 7. Summary statistics 8. OK (You probably will need to resize your column widths to fully see the chart) You may also reset the number of decimal values that are visible, by clicking FORMAT - CELLS - NUMBER and setting the decimal place. Note: You can also do this on a simple scientific calculator. If you want to learn how to do it on a calculator, refer to the bonus lecture MATH PRIMER. If you would like to print this tip, right click on the cell and select EDIT COMMENT. Then just highlight and copy the text, and paste in a document for printing.

Instructor: Is it possible to calculate the Pp index with only one specification limit (Unilateral Tolerance)? Processes with a unilateral tolerance only report a Ppk value!

Instructor: Since this is a 'smaller is better' quality characteristic we are only concerned with the distance to the USL! Ppk: Some value between 2 and 3.

Instructor: Construct a histogram and determine if the distribution is normal (random).

Instructor: If the Ppk index is greater than 1.50 the process is considered 'acceptable'.