i need you to answer the attached Questions using this book: People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory (13th edition).

Be very familiar with the meaning and importance of the following terms and names:

Band, tribe, chiefdom, state The Chaco Phenomenon City-state

Territorial state

Reciprocity and redistribution Ascribed status and achieved status The “Urban Revolution” Cuneiform

Ubaid period Uruk period Lugal

The standard of Ur bullae

Ziggurat

Sumerian

Palette (tablet) of Narmer Shaduf

Erich von Daniken Ivan Van Sertima Bronze

Kush

Xia

Shang

Zhou

Fu Hao

Shihuangdi (and variations thereof in spelling)

Erlitou culture

Scapulimancy

Rammed earthen fortifications

The terracotta army in China

Olmec horizon

Pacal

Were-jaguar

Ball courts

Chinampa

Pyramid of the Sun

Know why these sites are important, what was found there, and roughly where they are located:

Chaco Canyon

Pueblo Bonito

Eridu

Uruk

Ur

Mohenjo-daro

Hierakonpolis (Nekhen)

Saqqara

Memphis

Kerma

Meroe

Aksum

Cascajal

Paso de la Amada

Chiapa de Corzo

Cancuén

Sanxingdui

An-yang

La Venta

Tikal

Palenque

Dos Pilas

Teotihuacan

Be able to answer these questions:

What distinguishes a state from a chiefdom and a chiefdom from a tribe? How do we know Chaco Canyon was a chiefdom?

Why did the Chaco culture disappear?

What characteristics could be used to define an early "civilization", according to Gordon Childe?

What are Wittfogel’s, Rathje’s and Carneiro’s theories of state formation?

How do city-states differ from territorial states? Give one or two examples of each (e.g. Egypt = territorial state)

What resources were available within Mesopotamia? What characterized the Ubaid period?

When and for what purposes were bronze, the wheel, and the plow first used in Mesopotamia?

What was the main function of the earliest writing in the civilizations that we have discussed?

When did writing develop in Mesopotamia? What do we know about the Indus Valley writing?

What was the role of the temple in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC? What happened to Mesopotamian agriculture over time?

What changes occurred in Mesopotamia during the Early Dynastic and what evidence is there for these changes?

What characterizes the Indus Valley civilization?

What are the major differences between the Mesopotamian and Indus Valley civilizations?

What are the major differences between the Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilizations? What were the three kingdoms in Upper Egypt at 3500 BC?

When and where was the first royal pyramid built in Egypt?

Which of the civilizations that we have discussed had lavish (rich) burials? What marked Longshan elite status?

What characterizes Shang civilization?

Which Chinese philosophy was adopted by the first emperor?

In what ways is early Chinese civilization different from those to the west? Compared to the Old World civilizations, what did Mesoamerican civilizations lack? Where was the earliest evidence for writing in Mesoamerica discovered?

How did the Maya increase their agricultural output? What crops formed the basis of the Mesoamerican diet? What was the basis of Tikal’s wealth?

Why was the water lily a symbol of authority and wealth among the Maya?

Why do you think that so many early civilizations destroyed luxury items by burying them in tombs?

From an archaeological perspective, why do you think that so many early civilizations engaged in human sacrifice?