Pro Literature
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chapter_7.pptxThere is more to citing sources than merely the accurate transcription or recitation of someone’s words.
Invitation to Public Speaking, Fifth Edition
Chapter 7: Organizing and Outlining your Speech
By Cindy L. Griffin
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Organize for Clarity
Organization: the systematic arrangement of ideas into a coherent whole, makes speeches listenable
Main Points
Main points; the most important, comprehensive ideas you address in your speech.
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Main Points
Identify main points
Use an appropriate number of main points
Order main points
Ordering Main Points
Chronological – Good for when the idea about which you are speaking extend over a period of time.
Spatial – An arrangement of ideas by location or direction.
Causal – A pattern that describes cause-and-effect relationships between ideas and events.
Problem-Solution – Identifies first a problem, then a solution.
Topical – Allows you to divide your topic into sub-topics and even sub-sub-topics.
Tips for Preparing Main Points
Keep each main point separate and distinct
Word your main points consistently
Devote the appropriate coverage to each main point
Ineffective and Effective Main Points
| Ineffective main points | Effective main points |
| 1. Drivers need to know who has the right of way, and a stop sign tells us that. | 1. Stop signs assign the right of way to vehicles using an intersection. |
| 2. Stop signs slow down drivers who are traveling at unsafe speeds. | 2. Stop signs reduce the problem of speeding in certain areas. |
| 3. Sometimes, pedestrians need protections from vehicles, and stop signs give them that protection | 3. Stop signs protect pedestrians in busy intersections of near schools. |
Connectives
Connectives: words and phrases we use to link ideas in a speech
Transitions: phrases that indicate you are finished with one idea and are moving on to a new one
Internal previews: a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes what you’ve said
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Connectives
Internal summary: a statement in the body of speech that summarizes a point already discussed
Signpost: a simple word or statement that highlights an important idea or that indicates your location within your speech
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The Preparation Outline
Outline that includes:
Title
Specific purpose
Thesis statement
Introduction
Main points
Subpoints
Connectives
Conclusion
Source citations
Tips for the Preparation Outline
Use complete sentences
Label the introduction, body, conclusion, and connectives
Use a consistent pattern of symbols and indentation
Divide points into at least two subpoints
Check for balance
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Preparation Outline
Main Points
The Speaking Outline
Speaking outline (speaking notes): a condensed form of the preparation outline that is used as a memory aid when speaking
Tips for the Speaking Outline
Use keywords and phrases
Write clearly and legibly
Add cues for delivery
Note Cards
Use keywords and phrases on no more than six lines per note card
Write clearly and legibly
• Use only one side of the card
Number each card
Put cues for delivery
Try not to gesture with them
Sample Note Cards
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