Pro Literature
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chapter_6_ppt.pptxChapter 6:
Developing and Supporting
Your Ideas
Invitation to Public Speaking, Fifth Edition
By Cindy L. Griffin
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Developing and Supporting Ideas
Claim: assertion that must be proven
Evidence: materials that speakers use to support their ideas
Claim: It is more than your opinion.
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Supporting Material
Examples
Narratives
Statistics
Testimony
Definitions
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Examples
Specific instances used to illustrate a concept, experience, issue, or problem
real example: an instance that actually occurred
hypothetical example: an instance that did not take place but could have
When to use examples:
Use examples to clarify concepts
Use examples to reinforce points
Use examples to bring concepts to life or to elicit emotions
Use examples to build your case or make credible generalizations
Using Examples Ethically and Effectively
Is the example relevant?
Is the example appropriate?
Is the hypothetical example ethical?
Are there enough examples to support your claim?
Have you accounted for the counterexamples?
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Narratives
Tell a story that recounts or foretells real or hypothetical events
brief narratives, sometimes called vignettes, illustrate a specific point
extended narratives make an evolving connection with a broader point
intertextuality is when stories reference other stories
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Narratives
Use narratives to personalize a point
Use narratives to challenge an audience to think in new ways
Use narratives to draw an audience in emotionally
Use narratives to unite with your audience
Tips for Using Narratives Ethically and Effectively
Does your narrative make a specific point?
Is the length appropriate?
Is the language vivid?
Is the delivery appropriate to the story?
Is the story appropriate for my audience?
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Statistics
Numerical summaries of facts, figures, and research findings
Mean: the average of a group of numbers
Median: the middle number in a series or set of numbers arranged in a ranked order
Mode: the number that occurs most often in a set of numbers
Visual Representation of Mean, Median, and Mode
Statistics
Use statistics to synthesize large amounts of information
Use statistics when the numbers tell a powerful story
Use statistics when numerical evidence strengthens a claim
Visual Representation of Statistics (Number of immigrants admitted to the United States in 2007-2008)
Tips for Using Statistics Ethically and Effectively
Evaluate your statistics carefully
Display statistics visually
Round your numbers up or down and create categories for easier understanding
Translate statistics into relatable numbers
Testimony
The opinions or observations of others
expert testimony: testimony of someone considered an authority in a particular field
peer testimony: testimony of someone who has firsthand knowledge of a topic
personal testimony: testimony that you use to convey your point
Testimony
Use testimony to provide expert’s voice
Use testimony to illustrate differences or agreements
Use own testimony when your experience says it best
Paraphrase testimony to improve listenability
Tips for Using Testimony Ethically and Effectively
Is the source of your testimony credible?
Is the testimony biased?
Have you paraphrased accurately?
Is the testimony connected to your point?
Definitions
Statement of the exact meaning of a word or phrase
denotative definition: the objective definition you find in a dictionary
connotative definition: the subjective meaning of a word or a phrase based on personal experiences and beliefs
Definitions
Clarify and create understanding
Clarify an emotionally or politically charged word
Illustrate what something is not
Trace the history of a word
Tips for Using Definitions Ethically and Effectively
Is the source of the definition credible?
Have you avoided proper meaning superstition?
Have you actually defined the term?
Narratives
Watch a video clip of student speaker Chelsey Penoyer as she uses narratives to bring emotion to her speech.
How effective are Chelsey’s narratives?
Do they draw you into her speech?
