Pro Literature
rfz94
chapter_1_new.pptxInvitation to Public Speaking, Fifth Edition
Chapter 1:
Why Speak in Public?
By Cindy L. Griffin
We’ll, let’s back up a sec….
It is important to have an ethical underpinning to your speech. To speak in hopes of persuading without seeking a greater good is the essence of tyranny.
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Power of Ethical Public Speaking
Civility:
Care and concern for others
Thoughtful use of words and language
Flexibility to see many sides of an issue
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Power of Ethical Public Speaking
Public Dialogue:
Ethical and civil exchange of ideas and opinions among communities about topics that affect the public
Participation requires offering perspectives, sharing facts, raising questions and engaging others in stimulating discussions
Power of Ethical Public Speaking
Ethical Public Speaker: considers the moral impact of his or her ideas and arguments on others
From your professor:
“Sometimes we are faced with ethical dilemmas. For instance, is it ethical to demolish the habitat of a threatened species to make way for a factory that will provide good-paying jobs?”
You: “Okay, it’s cool…I get it, professor. If we are going to become effective at public speaking, we also have to think about doing the right thing. But do we REALLY need all this talk about ethics? I mean, doing the RIGHT thing is pretty easy. Just follow the rules and obey the law. Simple as that.”
Me: “Oh really?”
Sometimes, figuring out the “right thing to do” or say, is not easy. Ethics is not a code but a philosophy – a system to help us, perhaps, make the codes of our conduct. These change from place to place, over time, in a variety of circumstances.
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Culture and Speaking Style
Culture :
may derive from nationality, race, ethnicity, religion, work environment, peer group, or gender
influences the process of giving and listening to speeches
Five Sources of Communication
Intrapersonal: communication with ourselves
Interpersonal: communication with other people
Group Communication: communication among members of a team or a collective
Know these definitions…not word for word but grasp the concepts. “Intra” means within; “inter” means among or between. Group communication usually means a small group – 5 to 10 or so people.
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Five Sources of Communication
4. Mass Communication: communication generated by media organizations to reach large audiences
Television
Radio
The Internet
Print media and entertainment industry (especially movies).
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Five Sources of Communication
5. Public Communication: one person gives a speech to other people, most often in a public setting
predetermined goals
about a topic that affects the larger community
the speaker is responsible for all aspects of the speech including acting ethically and responding to audience questions and feedback
Public Speaking
Creates a community
Is audience centered
Encourages ethical dialogue
A Public Speaking Model
Speaker
Message
Audience
Channel
Noise
Feedback
Context
A speaker uses a channel (both his/her voice and vocal tones and bodily gestures and often some medium – such as radio or television) to convey a message. That message has a context (time, place, political climate, physical space/place) that often provides a reason for the speaker to feel the need to speak. That message may encounter noise (physical noise like a jackhammer or car alarm, or internal like the anxiety you feel hearing someone who seems to be giving you bad news) that interferes with how it is heard and understood. One such type of noise is caused by language. See page 22 of the text.
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A Public Speaking Model
Speaker: person who delivers oral message
Message: information conveyed by speaker to audience
Encode: to translate ideas and feelings into words, sounds, and gestures to convey a message
Audience: the complex and varied group of people the speaker addresses
Decode: to translate words, sounds, and gestures into ideas and feelings to understand the message
A Public Speaking Model
Channel: the means by which the message is conveyed
words
vocal tone
gestures
visual aids
Is also any media used to “transmit” the message.
A Public Speaking Model
Noise: anything that interferes with understanding the message being communicated
External noise: interference outside the speaker or audience
Internal noise: interference within the speaker or audience
A Public Speaking Model
Feedback: verbal and nonverbal signals the audience gives the speaker
Context: environment or situation in which a speech occurs
A Public Speaking Model
Overcoming Nervousness
Communication apprehension: fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another person or persons
Communication Apprehension
Trait anxiety: apprehension about communicating with others in any situation
State or situational anxiety: apprehension about communicating with others in a particular situation
Public Speaking Anxiety (PSA): when we learn we have to give a speech or take a public speaking course and find ourselves fearful.
Building Your Confidence as a Public Speaker
Do research
Practice speech
Have realistic expectations
Practice visualization and affirmations
Connect with audience
Sample Affirmations
| NEGATIVE | POSITIVE |
| I’ll never find an interesting topic. | I can find an interesting topic. I am an interesting person. I have creative ideas. |
| I don’t know how to organize this material. | I can find a way to present this effectively. I have a good sense of organization. I can get help if I need it. |
| I’m too scared to look at my audience. | I’ll make eye contact with at least five people in the audience. |
| I’ll be the worst in the class! | I’ll give my speech well and am looking forward to a fine presentation. We are all learning how to do this. |
elizabeth () - Content edited for clarity/pedagogical coherence
