all i need is references

Term

Definition

Function

(if applicable)

Physical layer

Transmits bits throughout the network’s physical medium. Performs services requested by the data link layer.

Changes data packets to physical signals which symbolize 1’s and 0’s and later sends the physical signal to the destination

Data link layer

The data link layer is in charge of transmitting data error free and to set up local links between two computers.

Splits data that is obtained from the network layer into frames the physical layer can transmit. It also has packages data into frames which are workable by the network layer.

Network layer

Handles and routs procedures which allow data to be transferred from one network to another.

Creates keeps and closes network links between networks. Makes routing selections and relays data from one network to another.

Transport layer

Ensures error free delivery from one end to another.

Tackles mistake correction, splitting data into small packets. Also reorders packets if they arrive out of order.

Session layer

Used to complete administrative tasks and deals with safety.

Allows users to setup control and end a link. Also builds up checkpoints in data streams in an attempt to avoid the need to resend data packets. Lastly, this layer is in charge of user authorization.

Presentation layer

Changes data from the application layer to typical formats and semantics

The main objective for this layer is to change. Guarantees applications on different ends of a network link can communicate.

Application layer

Responsible for the assistance of end user application process.

The application layer starts connection requests and offers an interface to access file transfer services, printer access, and email.

Signaling

Method for utilizing electrical, light, energy, or radio waves to convey data in between networked computers.

Electrical signals are possibly the most typical. They can understand data by the current state or the transition method.

Synchronous

Uses a clock signal to arrange communications in between devices.

Asynchronous

Doesn’t rely on a clock signal,

Utilizes a start signal, the payload of the datagram or frame, and a stop signal to convey their details

Bandwidth

The amount of details which can be carried on a given transmitting medium.

Point-to-point topology

Means when two nodes on a network are linked together directly.

Utilized when the devices are meant to monopolize the transmitting medium between them.

Multipoint connection

Three or more devices are connected by a single transmitting medium.

Every individual device needs to have a method to identify it self and the goal machine to which it desires to convey.

MAC

Stands for Media Access Control which makes sure routing devices on a network transmit data to the intended location.

Exclusive to each unit on a network.

LLC

Rational Link Control which controls data link between two or more computers on a single subnet.

The LLC or rational link control layer is a sub-layer of the data link layer.

SAP

Service Access Point used on a multiprotocol LAN.

SAPs let the LLC to recognize which protocol is being utilized.

Access method

Principles which define how a computer places data onto a network wire and how it receives data from the identical wire.

This procedure decreases data collisions which cause damaged data packets. This is some times also known as arbitration.

CSMA/CD

Carrier Sense Multiple Access having crash recognition.

Utilized in Ethernet and IEEE802.3, this type of contention evaluates network traffic to observe crashes and begin retransmissions.

Gateway

A Software program or Hardware which links two different kinds of network by changing data from one network to a different or from one operating system to a different one

Gateways are typically recognized with upper layers simply because they should communicate with an application, set up and control sessions, convert encode ddata, and interpret rational and physical addressing data; but they can be utilized at any layer of the OSI model.

Hubs

Multiport link point utilized to link network devices through a wire segment.

Transmits data packets or duplicates them to each one of the ports, so that all the networked units can easily see them. Found in a star topology

Bridges

Connect two LAN’s, making them appear as one. Also can be used to connect two portions as a single signal.

Can link a ring network to a bus network.

Token passing

Method of arbitration which uses a particular data packet transferred around a network.

Only the unit featuring the “token” may transfer data over the network’s transmiting medium.

Polling

Method of arbitration which has a single device serving as a channel access administrator.

Allows authorization to units to transmit data on the communication channel by the channel access administrator.