Drawing Hydraulic Circuit Using AutoCad

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Set Up Basic Hydraulics Circuits

Eng.Muath N.BaniSalim

[email protected] 1

What is fluid power ?

• Fluid power is the technology that deals with the

generation , control ,and transmission of power using

pressurized fluids. It can be said that fluid power is the

muscle that moves industry. This is because fluid power

is used to push , pull ,regulate or drive virtually all the

machines of modern industry.

• Fluid power is subdivided into hydraulics using a liquid

such as mineral oil or water, and pneumatics using a gas

such as air or other gases

On this hydraulic excavator, not only all working movements (linear drives) but also the propulsion of the vehicle (rotary drive) are hydraulically powered. 5

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Start from the 35th sec

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ts=1422327029&v=W7v4gLFSQsY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=pla

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Advantages of fluid power

• 1-Ease and accuracy of control • By the use of simple levers and push buttons, the operator of

a fluid power system can readily start , stop speed up or slow down and position forces that provides any desired horsepower with tolerance as precise as one ten- thousand of an inch

Ref: fluid power with applications 4th edition, Anthony esposito

• 2-Multiplication of force • A fluid power system (without using cumbersome gears,

pulleys , and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from a fraction of an ounce to several to several hundreds tons of output.

• 3-Constant force or torque • Only fluid power systems are capable of providing constant

force or torque regardless of peed change. This is accomplished whether the work output moves a few inches per hours.

• 4-Simplicity ,safety, economy • In general , fluid power systems use fewer moving parts than

comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus , they are simpler to maintain and operate . This ,in turn, maximize safety ,compactness, and reliability.

The available Power Source for the mechanical machines (Actuators)

• 1- Diesel engines

• 2-Electical Drive

• 3-Pnumatic actuators

• 4-Hydrulic actuators

• The choice of using electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic motion systems is a fundamental decision that affects performance, costs, maintainability, safety, ease of use, flexibility, and reliability the needs of the application and the capabilities of the technology must be carefully evaluated—and then balanced with a cost-benefit analysis.

Small note before the comparison

• As systems, neither one is better than the other. There is no "Better", only "More suitable for a specific purpose." Car tyres are Pneumatic... they're full of air. Air is compressible, which is why it's used. If you filled your car tyres with Hydraulic fluid (which is incompressible) you would not only increase the weight of the tyres dramatically (and hence increase the relative tread-wear), but also make them hard, decreasing their ability to absorb shock.

Ref :

http://www.boschrexroth.com.tr/country_units/america/united_states/en/C

reative_Diversions/TopTenLists/TopTen_WhitePapers/BRUS_-

_Elec_Hyd_Pneu.pdf

Power

• Is the rate or speed at which the work is done. It is divided by time.

• Expressed in watt (W) or horsepower (hp)

• 1hp=746 watts

• 1 hp = 550 ft lb of work done per second

• 1 hp = 33,000 ft lb of work per minute

• Whenever work is done energy is used

Power transmission

• If a force F_1 is applied to an area A_1 of a liquid, a pressure p results. If, as in this case, the pressure acts on a larger surface A_2, then a larger counter-force F_2 must be maintained. If A_2 is three times as large as A1, then F_2 will also be three times as large as F_1.

• Hydraulic power transmission is comparable to the mechanical law of levers.

Components for the hydraulic system

 Pump

 Actuator: linear or motor

 Lines

 Pressure relief valve

 Directional valves

 Flow control valve

 Pressure control valve

 Tank

 Reservoir

 Filters

 Heat exchanger

Structure of a hydraulic system

• This simplified block diagram shows the division of hydraulic systems into a signal control section and a hydraulic power section. This signal control section is used to activate the valves in the power control section.

Hydraulic power section • The diagram of the hydraulic

power section is complemented in this case by a circuit diagram to allow correlation of the various function groups; the power supply section contains the hydraulic pump and drive motor and the components for the preparation of the hydraulic fluid. The energy control section consists of the various valves used to provide control and regulate the flow rate, pressure and direction of the hydraulic fluid. This drive section consists of cylinders or hydraulic motors, depending on the application in question.

Interaction of components

• The animations show the sequences in a basic hydraulic circuit in simplified form - the actuation and spring return of the final control element (4/2- way valve), the advance and return of the drive component (double acting cylinder) and the opening and closing of the pressure relief valve.

Interaction of components (Animation)

Hydraulic Actuators

Double acting cylinder

• In the case of double acting cylinders, both piston surfaces can be pressurized. A working movement can thus be performed in both directions.

• With double acting cylinders with a single-sided piston rod, different forces and speeds are obtained on the advance and return strokes due to the difference in area between the piston surface and annular piston surface.

Single acting cylinder

• In the case of a single acting cylinder, only the piston side is pressurized with hydraulic fluid. The cylinder can thus carry out work only in one direction. The fluid which flows into the piston chamber causes a pressure to build up the surface of the piston. The piston travels into its forward end position. The return stroke is effected by a spring, the dead weight of the piston rod or an external load.

Double acting cylinder with end position cushioning

• Cylinder with end position cushioning are used to brake high stroke speeds smoothly and prevent hard impacts at the end of the stroke. Shortly before the end position is reached, the cross- section for the outflow of fluid is reduced by the built-in cushioning pistons and then finally closed. The hydraulic fluid is then forced to escape through a flow control valve.

End position cushioning (Animation)

• The illustration shows first the advance of the piston rod from a mid-position to the forward end position, with cushioning at the end of the advance movement. The non-return valve is open during the return stroke.

• The animation shows the opening of the pressure limiter after a certain pressure has been built up on the outlet side by the cushioning piston.

End position cushioning

• The piston is a short distance before its end position; the hydraulic fluid on the piston-rod side must escape via the adjustable flow control valve above the piston rod

• This type of end position cushioning is used for stroke speed between 6 m/min and 20 m/min. At higher speed, additional cushioning or braking devices must be used.

Telescopic cylinder

• This type contains multiple cylinders that slides inside each other. They are used where long work strokes are required.

Cylinder with double end positions

• Here the rod extends out of the cylinder at both ends. For such cylinders, the word extend and retract have no meaning

Hydraulic motors

• 1- Continues rotation

• 2- Limited rotation

Hydraulic

Motor

Single acting

cylinders Double acting

cylinders

Hydraulic power unit

• The hydraulic power unit (power supply unit) provides the energy required for the hydraulic installation. Its most important components are the reservoir (tank) , drive (electric motor), hydraulic pump, pressure relief valve (safety valve), filter and cooler. The hydraulic power unit may also act as a carrier for other devices (gauges, directional control valves). 44

Hydraulic power unit: Reservoir

• The hydraulic reservoir contains the hydraulic fluid required the operate the installation. Within the reservoir, air, water and solid matter are separated out of the hydraulic fluid.

• The size of the reservoir will depend on the practical application involved; for stationary systems, the volume of fluid delivered by the pump in 3 to 5 minutes can be taken as a guide. In mobile hydraulic systems, on the other hand, the reservoir contains only the maximum quantity of hydraulic fluid required.

Externally toothed gear pump

• Develops flow by carrying fluid between the teeth of two meshing gears. One of the gears is connected to a drive shaft connected to the prime mover. The second gear is driven as it meshes with the drive gear. The suction side is where teeth come out of mesh , and it is here where the volume expands, bringing about a reduction in pressure to below atmospheric pressure. Fluid is pushed into this void by atmospheric pressure because the oil supply tank is vented to the atmosphere

Internally toothed gear pump

• The inner gear is driven by a motor. The teeth of the inner wheel drive the outer gear wheel. The rotary motion creates a vacuum in the gaps between the teeth, causing hydraulic fluid to be sucked in. On the other side, the teeth engage once more and oil is displaced from the tooth chambers.

• The design can deliver pressures of up to approx. 175 bar. Hydraulic motors represent the reverse of the function principle.

Circuit diagram: Return flow filter

• An oil filter situated in the return line to the tank has the advantage that the filter is thus easy to maintain. A disadvantage, however, is that contamination is removed from the hydraulic fluid only after it has passed through the hydraulic components.

• This configuration is often used.

Circuit diagram : Pump inlet filter

• With this configuration, the pump is protected from contamination. The filter is, on the other hand, less easily accessible.

• If these filters have a too fine mesh, suction problems and cavitation effects may occur. Additional coarse filters upstream of the pump are recommended.

Circuit diagram: Pressure line filter

• Pressure filters can be installed selectively upstream of valves which are sensitive to contamination; this also enables smaller mesh sizes to be used.

• A pressure-resistant housing is required, which makes this configuration more expensive.

Circuit diagram: Contamination indicator

• It is important that the effectiveness of a filter can be checked by a contamination indicator. The contamination of a filter is measured by the pressure drop; as the contamination increases, the pressure upstream of the filter increases. The pressure acts on a spring- loaded piston. As the pressure increases, the piston is pushed against a spring.

• There are a number of different display methods. Either the piston movement is directly visible or it is converted into an electrical or visual indication by electrical contacts.

Water cooler

• With this design of cooler, hydraulic fluid is fed through tubes over which coolant (water) flows. The heat which is discharged can be re-used.

• The operating temperature in hydraulic installations should not exceed 50 - 60ºC, since this would cause an unacceptable reduction in viscosity, leading to premature aging of the fluid. In comparison with air cooling, operating costs a higher due to the required coolant and the susceptibility to corrosion. Temperature difference of up to approx. 35ºC can be handled.

Air cooler

• Hydraulic fluid from the return line flows through a coiled pipe which is cooled by a fan.

• The advantages here are simplicity of installation and low operating costs. The noise of the fan may be a nuisance

Heating element

• Heaters are often required to ensure that the optimum operating temperature is reached quickly. Heating elements or flow preheaters are used for heating and pre-heating hydraulic fluid.

• If the viscosity is to high, the resulting increase in friction and cavitation leads to greater wear.

Circuit diagram: Hydraulic power unit

• The illustration shows the detailed circuit symbol for a hydraulic power unit.

• Since this is an combination unit, a dot/dash line is placed around the symbols representing the individual units.

Properties of hydraulic oil

• The single most important material in a hydraulic fluid

itself. Hydraulic fluid characteristics have a crucial effect

on equipment performance and life.

• Essentially, hydraulic fluid has four primary functions:

1) To transmit power

2) To lubricate moving parts

3) To seal clearness between mating parts

4) To dissipate heat

To accomplish properly these primary functions and be

practical from a safety and cost point of view, a hydraulic

fluid should have the following properties:

 Good lubricity

 Ideal viscosity

 Chemical and environmental stability

 Compatibility with system materials

 Large bulk modulus

 Fire resistance

 Good heat transfer capability

 Low density

 Nontoxic

 Foam resistance

 Inexpensive

 Readily available 59

This is a challenging list

, and no single hydraulic

fluid possesses all of

these desirable

characteristics. The fluid

power designer must

select the fluid that

comes the closest to

being ideal overall for a

particulate application

Pressure relief valve

• In this design incorporating a poppet valve, a seal is pressed against the inlet port P by a pressure spring when the valve is in its normal position.

• In this situation, for example, an unloaded piston rod is executing an advance stroke and the entire pump delivery is flowing to the cylinder.

Circuit diagram: Pressure relief valve

• As soon as the force exerted by the inlet pressure at A exceeds the opposing spring force, the valve begins to open.

• In this situation, for example, the piston rod is fully advanced; the entire pump delivery is flowing at the preset system pressure to the tank.

PRV used to limit system pressure

• This illustration shows a pressure relief valve within a basic hydraulic circuit (used to control a double acting cylinder).

• The resistances at the outlet (tank line, filter) must be added to the force of the spring in the pressure relief valve. See also the animation “Interaction of components” (topic 5).

PRV used to limit system pressure

• This illustration shows the same circuit as the previous illustration, but with the cut-away view of the PRV replaced by the appropriate circuit symbol.

Two-way pressure regulator

• This valve is normally open. The outlet pressure (A) acts via a pilot line on the left- hand surface of the pilot piston against an adjustable spring force.

• Pressure regulators reduce the inlet pressure to an adjustable outlet pressure. It is appropriate to use these in hydraulic installations only if different pressures are required.

Two way pressure regulator

• In the circuit illustrated, the piston rod of the cylinder is executing an advance stroke. The pressure at the outlet A of the pressure regulator is less than the system pressure at P and constant.

Circuit diagram: 2-way pressure regulator

• The illustration shows the same circuit as the previous illustration, but with the 2-way pressure regulator in the form of a circuit symbol.

Directional Control Valves

2/2-way valve

• The 2/2-way valve has a working port A, a supply port P and a leakage-oil port L. In the case of the valve shown here, of slide design, flow from P to A is closed in the normal position.

• A relief line leading to the leakage-oil port is provided to prevent a build-up of pressure in the spring and piston chambers.

2/2-way valve (2)

• The 2/2-way valve is actuated and the passage from P to A is open.

• 2/2-way valves are also available which are normally open from P to A.

2/2-way valve as by-pass valve

• This example shows a 2/2-way valve used as a by-pass valve; when the 2/2-way valve is actuated, the flow control valve 0V3 is by- passed, causing the piston rod of the cylinder to advance at maximum speed.

Circuit diagram: 2/2-way valve as by-pass valve

• The illustration shows the same circuit as the previous illustration, but with the functional representation of the 2/2-way valve replaced by a circuit symbol.

Circuit diagram: 2/2-way valve as final control element

• In its initial position, the cylinder is advanced. If the 2/2- way valve 0V1 is actuated, the entire volumetric flow passes to the tank and piston rod of the cylinder is reset by the external load m. If 0V1 is not actuated, the system pressure set on the pressure limiter 0V2 builds up and the piston rod advances.

• In the initial position, the pump operates against the preset system pressure, which has an unfavorable effect on the power balance of the circuit shown.

2/2-way valve as final control element (Animation)

• The animations show the actuation and release of the 2/2-way valve, which causes the piston rod of the cylinder to advance and retract.

2/2-way valve as final control element (Animation)

Directional control valves can be classified according to:

• Number of ports

• Number of positions

• Actuating methods (later on)

Example: A 3/2 directional control valve would have three ports and two spool positions. Ports No. / Position No.

• Number of Ports

According to total number of entries or exits connected to the valve through which fluid can enter the valve or leave the valve there are types like two way, three way, four way valves.

• Number of Positions

Including the normal and working positions which a valve spool can take there are types like two position, three position and proportional valves.

Ports labels in the directional control valves

• The pressure port is designated P and the return port R or T (for tank). The two other ports are designated A and B. Also, you can use numbers to label the ports, the pressure port is numbered (1) and the exhaust port (3). The other two are numbered (2) and (4)

3/2-way valve

• The 3/2-way valve has working port A, a supply port P and a tank port T. Volumetric flow can be routed from the supply port to the working port or from the working port to the tank port. The third port in each case is closed. In the normal position shown, P is closed and flow released from A to T.

3/2-way valve

• The 3/2-way valve is actuated; flow is released from P to A, the outlet T is closed.

• 3/2-way valves which are normally open from P to A and T closed are also available.

3/2-way valve (Animation)

• The animations show the actuation and release of the manual pushbutton for a 3/2- way valve, which causes the piston rod of the cylinder to advance and retract.

3/2-way valve as final control element

• The circuit shows the 3/2- way valve in a functional representation as a final control element of a single acting cylinder.

• The non-return valve protects the pump in cases where the 3/2-way valve is actuated and the piston rod is subject to an external load.

3/2-way valve (Animation)

Circuit diagram: 3/2-way valve as final control element

• The illustration shows the same circuit as the previous illustration, but with the circuit symbol for the 3/2-way valve.

3/2-way valve (Animation)

3/2-way valve

• The 3/2-way valve has a working port A, a supply port P and a tank port T. The volumetric flow can be routed from the supply port to the working port, or from the working port to the tank port. The third port in each case is closed. In the normal position shown, P is closed and flow is released from A to T.

3/2-way valve

• The 3/2-way valve is actuated; flow is released from P to A, and the outlet T is closed.

• 3/2-way valves which are normally closed from P to A and T are also available.

3/2-way valves as diverter

• In addition to their application as final control elements, 3/2- way valves can also be used as diverters. In this case, port T is connected to a further device, to which a switch-over can then be made. The part circuit diagrams show the facility to switch between the flow control valves with different settings and between heating and cooling.

• The circuit symbol is drawn reversed to simplify the representation of the circuit diagram.

4/2-way valve

• The 4/2-way valve has two working ports A and B, a supply port P and a tank port T. The supply port is always connected to one of the working ports, while the second working port is routed to the tank. In the normal position, there is flow from P to B and from A to T.

• In contrast to valves with three pistons, 4/2-way valves with two pistons do not require a leakage-oil port (see topic 74).

4/2-way valve

• The 4/2-way valve is actuated, and there is flow from P to A and from B to T.

• 4/2-way valves are also available which are normally open from P to A and from B to T.

4/2-way valve

• This 4/2-way valve has two working ports A and B, a supply port P and a tank port T. The supply port is always connected to one of the working ports, while the second working port is routed to the tank. In the neutral position, there is flow from P to B and from A to T.

• 4/2-way valves with three pistons require a leakage-oil port, since hydraulic fluid would otherwise be trapped within the valve.

4/2-way valve

• The 4/2-way valve is actuated, and there is flow from P to A and from B to T.

4/2-way valve

• The circuit shows the 4/2-way valve in functional representation as a final control element of a double acting cylinder.

• The non-return valve protects the pump in cases where the piston rod of the cylinder is subject to an external load.

Circuit diagram: 4/2-way valve

• The illustration shows the same circuit as the previous illustration, but with the 4/2-way valve as a circuit symbol.

4/3-way valve with pump bypass

• From the logic point of view, 4/3-way valves are 4/2- way valves with an additional mid- position. There are various versions of this mid-position (in the mid-position in the example shown, the supply port P is directly connected to the tank T, see next illustration). In the switching position shown, there is flow from P to B and from A to T.

• 4/3-way valves are easy to construct as slide valves and of complex design as poppet valves.

4/3-way valve with pump bypass

• The 4/3-way valve is in its mid- position; there is flow from P to T, while A and B are closed. Since the output from the pump flows to the tank, this switching position is called pump bypass or also pump recirculation.

• In the case of pump bypass, the pump needs to operate only against the resistance of the valve, which has a favorable effect on the power balance.

4/3-way valve with pump bypass

• The valve is in its left- hand switching position; there is flow from P to A and from B to T.

4/3-way valve with pump

bypass (Animation) • The animations show the

switching of the 4/3-way valve into the three switching positions and the corresponding cylinder movements. During the advance stroke, movement can be halted by switching to the mid- position.

• As appropriate to the application in question, a circuit of this kind must be equipped with a brake valve to prevent damage to the installation when the valve is switched to the mid-position.

4/3-way valve with pump bypass

• The circuit shows the 4/3-way valve in functional representation as a final control element of a double acting cylinder. The valve is in its mid-position; the pump delivery flows via the by-pass line within the pilot piston to the tank.

• The non-return valve protects the pump in cases where the piston rod of the cylinder is subject to an external load.

4/3-way valve with pump bypass (Animation)

100

Circuit diagram: 4/3-way valve with pump bypass

• The illustration shows the same circuit as the previous illustration, but with the 4/3-way valve as a circuit symbol.

101

4/3-way valve with pump bypass (Animation)

102

4/3-way valve with pump bypass (Animation)

103

4/3-way valve with pump bypass (Animation)

104

4/3-way valve with pump bypass (Animation)

105

4/3-way valve with closed mid- position

• From the logic point of view, 4/3-way valves are 4/2- way valves with an additional mid-position. There are various versions of this mid- position (in the mid- position in the example shown, all ports are closed in the mid- position, see next illustration). In the switching position shown, there is flow from P to B and from A to T.

106

4/3-way valve with closed mid- position

• The 4/3-way valve is in its mid-position; all ports apart from the leakage-oil port are closed.

• In this mid-position, the pump is operating against the system pressure set on the pressure relief valve.

107

4/3-way valve with closed mid- position

• The valve is in its left- hand switching position; there is flow from P to A and from B to T.

108

4/3-way valve with closed mid- position

• The circuit shows the 4/3-way valve in functional representation as a final control element of a double acting cylinder. The valve is in its mid- position; the pump is operating against the system pressure set on the PRV.

• If, with an operational installation, it is desired to switch to pump recirculation, this can be achieved by using an additional 2/2-way valve as a changeover valve

109

Circuit diagram: 4/3-way valve with closed mid-position

• The illustration shows the same circuit as the previous illustration, but with the 4/3-way valve as a circuit symbol.

110

4/3-way valve: overlap positions

• The illustration shows the left- hand overlap position of a 4/3- way valve with positive overlap in the mid-position (closed mid- position). This overlap position is a mixture of positive and negative overlap; P is connected to A, B and T are closed.

• With 4/3-way valves, the types of overlap positions is generally specified in the data sheet.

111

4/3-way valve: overlap positions

• The illustration shows the “right-hand” overlap position of a 4/3-way valve with positive overlap in the mid- position (closed mid- position). This overlap position, too, is a mixture of positive and negative overlap; P is connected to B, A and T are closed.

112

Directional control valve

• Actual photograph of a directional control valve with lever actuation.

113

4/3-way module

• This 4/3-way module with hand-lever actuation is used in vertical interconnection systems (“modular hydraulics”).

114

Actuating Methods: Manually Operated Mechanically Operated Hydraulically or Pneumatic Operated Electrical (Solenoid) Operated Combined

115

116

117

118

Non-return valve

• Non-return valves block flow in one direction and allow free flow in the other. In the direction of flow shown, the sealing element is pressed against a seat by a spring and the hydraulic fluid.

• These valves are also available in designs without springs. Since there must be no leaks in the closed position, these valves are generally of poppet design.

119

Non-return valve

• In the direction of flow shown, the valve is opened by the hydraulic fluid, which lifts the sealing element from the seat.

120

Circuit diagram: Pump

protection • In this circuit, the non-

return valve is used to protect the pump. This prevents a load pressure from driving the pump in reverse when the electric motor is switched off. Pressure peaks do not affect the pump but are discharged via the pressure relief valve.

121

• Pump Protection using

Non-return valve

122

123

Flow Control Valve

124

Flow control

Valve

125

• One way Flow control

Valve

126

Control the

cylinder

speed in

both

directions

127

It may required high force to actuate the directional control valve . For that a manual switch (similar to the directional control valves) have been used to actuate the directional control valve ,with less force

128

OR / Shuttle Valve

Activated when

any of its sides

activated

129

AND/Dual Pressure Line

Activated

when both of

its sides

activated

130

131

Conductors/Pipe • Steel pipe is commonly used as a fluid conductor when

large volumes of fluid are involved, or where its lower

cost relative to tubing is a factor.

• For general hydraulic purposes, seamless carbon steel

pipe is recommended. It must be free from dirt, rust ,

scale and any machine debris before being installed into

any hydraulic system.

• Standard finish given to steel pipe is a lacquer coating

that is intended to prevent corrosion during shipping and

storage. This is referred to as “black iron pipe. Best is

pickled and oiled or just pickled only. Galvanized pipe

should never be used on pressure lines it is accepted on

return lines

132

• If we double the size of the conductor we quadruple the area and the flow will be quartered

• When changing conductors pay particular attention to size

133

Examples: Crane • Hydraulic motors

have been used in the hydraulic cranes.

• In these cranes metallic rope is used to carry the heavy loads. Draw the hydraulic circuit required control the hydraulic motor motion?

134

Hydraulic Motor

4/3 directional

control valve

One way Flow

control

Heat Exchanger

Filter Pump

Reservoir

Pressure

Relief Valve

Tank 135

136

Look to the following hydraulic circuit ?. Also , try to find how its work and what are the main components in this circuit ?

Hydraulic conductors

• Steel pipe

• Flexible hoses

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Input and output power

• Various losses occur at the individual devices within a hydraulic control chain. These consist essentially of mechanical, electrical and volumetric losses.

• After an installation has been in service for some time, there will be a change in particular in the volumetric efficiency of the pump, as the result, for example, of cavitation

138

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Hydraulic circuit drawing using AUTOCAD

140

AutoCAD is one the best software's that you can use to draw the hydraulic circuits.

You have three different methods to that. The firstly you can draw all of the hydraulic

symbols manually. Its good way but let use the other methods. The second method

depend on the AutoCAD design center tool. This is a build in library and inside it you

Can find different types of symbols. The following figures show you how to use it.

Click on Insert Then click on the

Design Center icon

141

Click on DesignCenter

Then click on

Hydraulic

Pneumatic icon

142

Then click on the required

symbol and drag it to the

AutoCAD screen

Unfortunately, you cannot find all hydraulic components in the last method. There is external AutoCAD libraries that you can use with AutoCAD. Just extract the symbols library on your desktop. After that you can insert these symbols inside the AutoCAD screen.

143

144

Click on insert, then Block.

After that the AutoCAD ask

you to browse to the

required symbol file.

145

All symbols' that we

have here in this

library were saved as

DXF files. For that ,

you have to change

the File of type to

DXF. After that you

can see the symbols.

Just click on the

symbol then open

then OK.

After that you can

place the symbol in

the required position.

You may need to make zoom for

the AutoCAD screen

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The basic calculations in the Hydraulic systems

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Other applications