History quiz.

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CONCLUSION

Despite their crucial differences and bitter rivalries, the European colonies established in North America during the first half of the seventeenth century had much in common. Whether they came to trade, preach, mine, conquer, or farm, European migrants precipitated many of the same devastating changes and bitter conflicts. Strikingly, three large, disparate, and far-flung colonies all suffered violent upheavals in the few years between 1675 and 1680. King Philip's War, Bacon's Rebellion, and the Pueblo Revolt originated in separate circumstances and produced very different political consequences, but all three events were climactic explosions in the tense relations between colonists and natives. These wars culminated decades of accumulated resentment and misunderstanding and reflected powerful processes of economic, ecological, and biological havoc. For natives and newcomers alike, those processes had created a new world, increasingly oriented toward large patterns of global commerce.

Even by 1680, however, Europeans occupied only a small place in North America. Indians controlled most of the continent, and native religions and cultures continued to dominate. In retrospect, the steady growth of England's colonies, which now included the former New Netherland, may appear portentous. As the dust from the conflicts of the 1670s settled, English colonists outnumbered all other Europeans in North America, and their offspring and animals were moving westward and forming new communities on Indian lands. England's colonies did not form a shared world in the seventeenth century, however. The Chesapeake region and New England were in some respects as culturally and economically distinct in 1680 as Catholic New France and Protestant New Netherland had been in 1650. And one of the greatest divisions between those two English colonies was just beginning to emerge.

Page 57 STUDY TERMS

Ordinances of Discovery (p. 33)

New Mexico (p. 33)

Pueblos (p. 33)

Franciscans (p. 33)

royal colony (p. 34)

Pueblo Revolt (p. 35)

League of the Iroquois (p. 37)

wampum (p. 39)

Québec (p. 39)

the Netherlands (p. 40)

United Dutch East India Company (p. 40)

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New Netherland (p. 40)

West India Company (p. 40)

New Amsterdam (p. 41)

enclosure movement (p. 42)

House of Stuart (p. 42)

English Civil War (p. 43)

King James Bible (p. 43)

Puritans (p. 43)

Jamestown (p. 44)

Tsenacommacah (p. 44)

Opechancanough's War (p. 45)

House of Burgesses (p. 45)

proprietary colony (p. 46)

Bacon's Rebellion (p. 48)

Treaty of Middle Plantation (p. 49)

Pilgrims (p. 50)

Mayflower Compact (p. 50)

Plymouth (p. 50)

Great Puritan Migration (p. 50)

Massachusetts Bay Colony (p. 50)

meetinghouse (p. 51)

Congregationalism (p. 51)

Indian Library (p. 52)

witchcraft accusations (p. 53)

Rhode Island (p. 53)

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antinomians (p. 53)

Half-Way Covenant (p. 54)

Pequot War (p. 54)

praying towns (p. 55)

King Philip's War (p. 55)

TIMELINE

1598 Juan de Oñate leads expedition to settle New Mexico

1607 Jamestown founded

1608 Samuel Champlain settles Québec

1610 Santa Fe established

1612 Tobacco successfully cultivated in Virginia

1620 Mayflower lands in Plymouth

1624 First Dutch settlers arrive in New Netherland

1629 Massachusetts Bay Colony founded

1634 Maryland founded

1636 Roger Williams flees to Providence

1637 Pequot War

1638 New Sweden founded

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1642 English Civil War begins

1664 England's first conquest of New Netherland

1675 King Philip's War begins

1676 Metacom killed

1676 Nathaniel Bacon leads rebellion against Virginia

1680 Pueblo Revolt FURTHER READING

Additional suggested readings are available on the Online Learning Center at www.mhhe.com/becomingamerica1e.

Virginia DeJohn Anderson, Creatures of Empire (2004), highlights the role of domestic animals in the colonization of the Chesapeake and New England. Kathleen Brown, Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, & Anxious Patriarchs (1996), puts gender relations at the center of the emergence of Virginia's triracial society. William Cronon, Changes in the Land (1983), explores the environmental impact of European land uses in colonial New England. David Hackett Fischer, Albion's Seed (1989), traces four distinct colonial settlements in English North America to four different regions and cultures in England. Ramon Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away (1991), shows the centrality of disputes about marriage, gender, and sexuality to the history of Spanish-Indian relations in New Mexico. David D.Hall, A Reforming People (2011), emphasizes the political reforms enacted by New England's colonial leaders. Carol Karlsen, The Devil in the Shape of a Woman (1987), grounds the history of New England witchcraft accusations in the social history of gender relations. Andrew Knaut, The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 (1995), covers the dramatic uprising against Spanish authority in New Mexico. Jill Lepore, The Name of War (1998), stresses the role of language and writing in the cultural history of King Philip's War. Edmund Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom (1975), remains an influential interpretation of early Virginia society and the origins of Bacon's Rebellion. Daniel Richter, Facing East from Indian Country (2001), considers what the establishment of European

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colonies looked like from the perspective of Native Americans. Russell Shorto, The Island at the Center of the World (2004), presents the early history of New Amsterdam.