ASSET PRICING
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Homework: Three Ways to Price an Option (practice
version)
The due date for this exam is Sun 15 Feb 2015 5:00 PM PST.
This is a practice version of this assignment. You may attempt it two times, and it will grade your answers just as the actual assignment will. However, it is not graded for credit. You can find the actual assignment, which may only be attempted once, here.
We don't always use consumption growth to find a discount factor. In option pricing, we find a discount factor that prices the stock and bond ("what must consumption growth have been to make the stock and bond price what they are?") and use that discount factor to price an option. In this problem you get to see this approach, and compare it with arbitrage pricing and risk neutral pricing.
A stock right now ( ) has price . At time it will either rise to or decline to with equal probability. ( and are numbers, like 1.2 and 0.90. Assume and ) There is also a bond that pays .
For all numerical answer questions, use , , , and .
In accordance with the Coursera Honor Code, I (George Christopoulos) certify that the answers here are my own work.
Question 1
Find a discount factor which prices the stock and bond by construction. What this means is, find
a value for in the " up" state and in the "down" state so that
and Note: is a random variable, not a
number. When we "choose " that means, "choose the two numbers and ."
Derive a formula for and in terms of the givens of the problem , (you'll need
that later). Report the numerical value of and using , ,
. Report and separated by spaces, and use decimals not fractions.
Hint: Our earlier practice with the binomial model should come in handy! As in those cases,
setting up what you need and to do in matrix notation will help a lot.
t = 0 S0 t = 1 = = u S1 Su S0 = = d S1 Sd S0 u d
u > d u > 1, d < 1. Rf
= 1Rf u = 1.2 d = 0.9 = 100S0
m mu m md
= E(m ) = +S0 S1 1 2 mu Su
1 2 md Sd 1 = E(m ).R
f m
m mu md
mu md , u, d,R f S0
mu md = 1R f u = 1.2 d = 0.9,
= 100S0 mu md
mu md
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Question 2
Use this discount factor to price an atthemoney call option. The option pays
with (that's what "at the money" means). Find its value by
Derive a formula for in terms of model parameters. Calculate and report the
numerical value of using the same parameter values as before. Report a decimal (e.g. 2.5),
not a fraction (2 1/2 or 5/4).
Hint: Start by finding the payoff of the call option in the two states and . Then the price of any
payoff is easy to find by
Question 3
Find the call option value the traditional way: set up a portfolio of dollars invested in stock and
dollars invested in the bond. Choose and to match the option payoff,
in both and states. Then find the formulas for and .
The initial value of the option is then the value (cost) of the replicating portfolio .
Report the numerical values of and as decimals (not fractions), separated by a space. As a
check, the sum should give you the same result as you found in the last question.
Question 4
Now, we'll follow the "riskneutral pricing" approach. Ignore the fact that the actual probabilities of
the two states are each , and instead make up risk neutral probabilities and
such that
{ , }mu md
= max( − X, 0)C1 S1 X = S0
= E(m ).C0 C1 C0
C0
u d
p = E(mx)
k
h k h
k / + h = max( − X, 0)S1 S0 R f S1 u d k h
k + h
k h
k + h
= = 1/2πu πd π ∗u
= 1 −π ∗ d
π ∗u
= ( ) = [ (u ) + (d )]0 1 ∗
1 1
0 0
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Derive a formula for the riskneutral probabilities and Use your formula for risk neutral
probabilities to value the option,
and check that you get the same answer as before.
To get risk neutral probabilities, you need to make sure they price the stock, as above; you need
to impose that your riskneutral probabilities sum to 1. Then show that the condition
implies that the risk neutral probabilities correctly price the bond
. As usual this is all a lot easier in matrix notation.
Report the numerical values of the risk neutral probabilities and , as decimals (not
fractions) separated by a space.
Hint: Since the expected stock return is greater than the risk free rate, these values will not be
0.5 0.5, the true probabilities!
Question 5
To be valid probabilities we also need and . What values of and
must we have to ensure these conditions are met? Fill in the relevant blank, as a decimal using
the numerical values of this problem.
Question 6
What's wrong with the assumption or ? Check all that apply,
= ( ) = [ (u ) + (d )]S0 1
Rf E ∗ S1
1
Rf π ∗u S0 π
∗ d
S0
π ∗u .π ∗d
= ( )C0 1
Rf E ∗ C1
= 1 −π ∗ d
π ∗u
1 = 1/ × ( )Rf E ∗ Rf
π ∗u π ∗ d
0 ≤ ≤ 1π ∗u 0 ≤ ≤ 1π ∗d u d
0 < d <? < u
0 < d < u < Rf 0 < < d < uRf
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leave false or irrelevant statements blank. (For this practice version, enter the numbers of the
correct answers, in order separated by blanks) (Hint: Obviously, look what happens to you
discount factors, risk neutral probabilities, etc. in these cases.)
1. The discount factor (marginal utility) is negative in one or more states of nature, meaning
people want to throw away goods.
2. Negative riskneutral probabilities are irrational.
3. There is a way to get something for nothing. (An "arbitrage opportunity" if you've read ahead.)
4. Returns are not lognormally distributed.
5. In either configuration, there is an asset that gives a better rate of return than the other, in
ever state of nature. ("Stochastic dominance.")
In accordance with the Coursera Honor Code, I (George Christopoulos) certify that the answers here are my own work.
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