Intellectual Disability and Autism Classification
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chapter_12.pptxChapter 12
Intellectual and Other Developmental Disabilities
Intellectual Disability
AAIDD changed term “mental retardation” to intellectual disability.
Occurs in 2% to 3% of population.
Characterized by impairment in both intellectual and adaptive function.
Originates before age 18.
Intellectual Disability
Causes of Intellectual Disability
50% of cases cause cannot be determined.
Genetic abnormalities: fragile X syndrome or trisomy 21 (Down syndrome).
Congenital: brain malformations and chromosomal abnormalities.
Prenatal causes: maternal exposure to infections, abuse of drugs or alcohol, exposure to toxic chemicals or radiation or to prescription drugs.
Intellectual Disability
Causes of Intellectual Disability
Postnatal causes:
Brain injury during birth
Trauma as result of accident or abuse
Infections
Exposure to toxic substances
Metabolic conditions
Hypothyroidism
Malnutrition
Psychological/social deprivation
Intellectual Disability
Identification of Intellectual Disability
Weschsler Intelligence Scales for Children
Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scale
Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
American Association on Mental Retardation Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS)
Intellectual Disability
Classification of Intellectual Disability
Intermittent
Limited
Extensive
Pervasive
AAIDD defines intellectual disability by types of supports needed to function on day-to-day basis.
90% classified in mild range.
Intellectual Disability
Functional Implications
Personal and psychosocial issues
Activities and participation
Sexuality
Vocational Issues
Depends on degree of disability
Major barrier: societal stereotypes and prejudice
Pervasive Developmental Conditions
Autism
Alteration of brain function.
Impairment in reciprocal social interaction and verbal and nonverbal communication, play skills, cognitive and adaptive functioning.
Onset prior to age of 3 years; lifelong condition.
Language delays.
Inability to relate to social cues.
Pervasive Developmental Conditions
Autism
Some children display repetitive or stereotypic body movements or behaviors.
Rituals and insistence on sameness or resistance to change common.
Often demonstrate hypersensitivity or disproportionate response to sensory stimuli.
70% to 80% IQ scores range of mental retardation.
Pervasive Developmental Conditions
Asperger’s Syndrome
More common in males.
Identification approximately 8 years of age.
Thought to be neurologically based.
Appears to occur in families; genetic predisposition.
Difficulties in social interaction.
Often misidentified as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Pervasive Developmental Conditions
Asperger’s Syndrome
Intellectual and communication functions usually not affected.
Often average and at times superior intelligence.
Difficulty recognizing social cues.
Lifelong condition.
Hallmark is social disability.
Functional implications
Vocational issues
Pervasive Developmental Conditions
Learning Disabilities (Learning Disorders)
Group of conditions that affect ability to acquire or use information.
Reading, writing, mathematical calculations, listening, speaking, or reasoning.
Severe learning disabilities affect academic and functional skills.
No specific cause identified.
Managed successfully when accurately identified.
General Issues in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Personal and Psychosocial Issues
Every age, ethnic, racial, socioeconomic group.
Increased risk for range of health problems, including mental health problems.
Communication problems common.
Many live with their families into adulthood.
Employment potential for helping achieve independence and social inclusion.
General Issues in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Primary support group
Social environment
Educational environment
Work
Housing
General Issues in Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
Money
Health care
Legal and justice systems
Availability of support services
Lack of access to information about assistance available
