ARTH: On Post Colombian Independence

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Independence and its Heroes

Arth 224: Colonial to Contemporary Latin American Art

Dr. Mey-Yen Moriuchi, Spring 2015

Latin American Political History:

Royal Authority and Power

Role of the Church

Patriarchy

Latin American Independence (1806-1825)

Antagonism towards Spanish rule and privilege of peninsulares

Formation of creole identity

American Revolution (1775-1783)

French Revolution (1787-1799)

Napoleon’s invasion of Spain in 1808. King Ferdinand VII is imprisoned and Napoleon’s brother, Joseph, is placed on the throne, sparking unrest in the colonies.

Enlightenment/ Age of Reason

Indianization vs. Westernization

Rise to Nationhood and National Identities

Jean Ranc (French, 1674-1753), King Charles III of Spain as a Prince, c.1726.

Juan Rodríguez Juárez (Mexican, 1675-1728), Fernando de Alencastre Noroña y Silva, Duke of Linares, Viceroy of Mexico, c. 1711-16.

Jacques Louis David, Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte, 1812

Creator: Jacques-Louis David Title: Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte Work Type: painting Date: 1812 Material: oil on canvas Measurements: 204 x 125 cm Repository: National Gallery of Art (U.S.) Collection: Art, Archaeology and Architecture (Erich Lessing Culture and Fine Arts Archives) ID Number: 40-11-02/17 Source: Image and original data provided by Erich Lessing Culture and Fine Arts Archives/ART RESOURCE, N.Y. Source: http://www.artres.com/c/htm/Home.aspx Source: http://www.artres.com/c/htm/TreePfLight.aspx?ID=LES Rights: Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/ART RESOURCE, N.Y. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Jacques Louis David, Bonaparte Crossing the Great Saint Bernard Pass, 1801

Creator: Jacques-Louis David Title: Bonaparte Crossing the Great Saint Bernard Pass Date: 1801 Material: oil on canvas Measurements: 260 x 221 cm Repository: Malmaison (Rueil-Malmaison, France) Repository: Inv. 49.7.11 Collection: Art, Archaeology and Architecture (Erich Lessing Culture and Fine Arts Archives) ID Number: 40-11-04/56 Source: Image and original data provided by Erich Lessing Culture and Fine Arts Archives/ART RESOURCE, N.Y. Source: http://www.artres.com/c/htm/Home.aspx Source: http://www.artres.com/c/htm/TreePfLight.aspx?ID=LES Rights: Photo Credit: Erich Lessing/ART RESOURCE, N.Y. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Baron Francois Gerard, Joseph King of Spain in Royal Costume, c. 1808.

Creator: Baron François Gérard Title: Joseph, King of Spain, in Royal Costume Work Type: painting Date: c. 1808 Material: oil on canvas Measurements: 247 x 162 cm Repository: Musée national du Château de Fontainebleau Accession Number: N 21; PN 1923 Subject: Joseph Bonaparte, King of Spain, 1768-1844 Collection: Réunion des Musées Nationaux (RMN) Source: Image and original data provided by Réunion des Musées Nationaux / Art Resource, N.Y. Source: http://www.artres.com/c/htm/Home.aspx Rights: Contact information: Ryan Jensen, General Manager, Art Resource, 536 Broadway (5th floor), New York, N.Y. 10012; Tel No: (212) 505-8700; Fax: (212) 505-2653; Email: [email protected] Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

One of South America’s greatest generals who was instrumental in the revolutions against the Spanish Empire. He won independence for Bolivia, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela.

Born into a wealthy family in Caracas, his parents died when he was young and was educated as a wealthy creole in Spain and Venezuela.

In 1810 joined a resistance group to attempt to free Venezuela from Spanish rule.

By 1821 Bolivar created Gran Colombia (now Ecuador, Colombia, Panama, Venezuela)

In 1824, he liberated Peru.

In 1825, Bolivia was created and named after the leader.

Bolivar’s vision for a united South America was never realized.

South America

Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), “El Libertador” / “George Washington of South America”

Antonio Salas, Simon Bolivar, 1829.

Creator: Salas, Antonio, Equadorian Title: Simon Bolivar. Work Type: Painting Date: 1829 Material: Oil/ canvas. Measurements: 59x47cm. Description: No Repository: Quito, Oswaldo Viteri Collection Subject: Bolivar, Simon Collection: Bryn Mawr Image Collection ID Number: 06-01769 Source: Arts in Latin America, 1492-1820 (Philadelphia, PMA, 2006) Source: p. 468. Source: HART241 Source: Data from: Bryn Mawr College Rights: This image was provided by the Tri-College Libraries (Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and Swarthmore Colleges). The contents are intended for limited noncommercial, educational, and personal use only. Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility. Rights: This image has been selected and made available by an institutional user of the ARTstor Digital Library using ARTstor's software tools. ARTstor has not pre-screened or selected this image, and therefore disclaims any liability for any use of this image. Should you have any legal objection to the use of this image, please notify ARTstor's Contact for Legal Notices.

José Gil de Castro, Portrait of Simon Bolivar in Bogotá, 1830s.

Creator: Castro, Jose Gil de, Chilean, 1785-1841 Title: Portrait of Bolivar in Bogota Work Type: Painting Date: 1830s Material: oil on canvas Related Item: Ades, Dawn, Art in Latin America, the Modern Era, 1820-1980, 1989, pl.1.19 Collection: Modern Latin American Art (Jacquelin Barnitz, Art and Art History Department, University of Texas, Austin) ID Number: 90-01946 Source: Image and original data provided by The University of Texas at Austin, College of Fine Arts. Contact information: Sigrid Knudsen, Curator, Visual Resources Collection, Art and Art History Dept., University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station D1300, Austin, TX 76712-0337, (512) 471-4337 (ph), (512) 471-5539 (fax), [email protected]. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

E. Fremiet, Simon Bolivar, El Libertador, 19th c.

Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 C.E.

Creator: E. Frémiet Culture: 19th-20th century Title: Simon Bolivar, Liberator Work Type: Sculpture Location: France Location: Paris; Square de l'Amerique-Latine Material: Bronze Collection: The Hartill Archive of Architecture and Allied Arts Source: Data From: Hartill Art Associates Inc. Rights: © Alec and/or Marlene Hartill

José Gil de Castro, General José de San Martin, 1823.

Creator: Gil de Castro, Jose, Peruvian Title: Portrait of General Jose de San Martin Work Type: Painting Date: 1823 Material: oil on canvas Measurements: 48-1/2 x 33-1/16" Repository: Museo Historico Nacional, Buenos Aires Related Item: Austin, UT Blanton Mus., slide donation from Catlin, Stanton & Terence Grieder, Art of Latin America Since Independence, exhib., Yale-Austin, UT, 1966, cat.138 Collection: Modern Latin American Art (Jacquelin Barnitz, Art and Art History Department, University of Texas, Austin) ID Number: 93-02509 Source: Image and original data provided by The University of Texas at Austin, College of Fine Arts. Contact information: Sigrid Knudsen, Curator, Visual Resources Collection, Art and Art History Dept., University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station D1300, Austin, TX 76712-0337, (512) 471-4337 (ph), (512) 471-5539 (fax), [email protected]. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

José Gil de Castro, The Martyr Olaya, 1823.

Creator: Castro, Jose Gil De, Peruvian Title: Olaya, Martyr of Peruvian Independence. Work Type: Painting Date: 1823 Material: Oil/ canvas. Measurements: 204x134cm. Description: No Repository: Lima, Museo Nacionale de la Republica. Subject: Olaya Collection: Bryn Mawr Image Collection ID Number: 97-01842 Source: Ades, Dawn, Art in Latin America, The Modern Era (1989) Source: Page 19, plate 1.20. Source: HART241 Source: Data from: Bryn Mawr College Rights: This image was provided by the Tri-College Libraries (Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and Swarthmore Colleges). The contents are intended for limited noncommercial, educational, and personal use only. Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility. Rights: This image has been selected and made available by an institutional user of the ARTstor Digital Library using ARTstor's software tools. ARTstor has not pre-screened or selected this image, and therefore disclaims any liability for any use of this image. Should you have any legal objection to the use of this image, please notify ARTstor's Contact for Legal Notices.

Pedro José Figueroa, Simon Bolivar, Liberator and Father of the Nation, 1819, oil on canvas. Quinta de Bolivar, Colombia

Mexico

Mexico’s Independence movement was sparked by Father Miguel Hidalgo, who led a rebellion of mestizos and Indians on September 16, 1810, now known as the “Grito de Dolores” or “Cry of Dolores.”

After he was executed in 1811, the cause was taken up by another priest, Father Jose Maria Morelos. He was executed in 1815.

Eventually a young creole officer, Agustin de Iturbide, led the insurgents against the Spaniards and claimed Independence from Spain in 1821.

Iturbide was proclaimed President in 1821 and Emperor from 1822-1823. His reign was short lived as liberals and conservatives continued to fight for power.

Juan O’Gorman, Castle of Chapultepec murals, 1960-61

Creator: O'Gorman, Juan, 1905- Title: Mexico City, Castle of Chapultepec Retablo of the Independence Date: 1960-61 Location: Mexico Subject: Mexico--Wars of Independence, 1810-1821 Subject: Painting--Mexico--20th C. A.D Subject: Politics Subject: Portraits Subject: revolutions Collection: ARTstor Slide Gallery Source: Data from: University of California, San Diego

José Clemente Orozco, Miguel Hidalgo mural in Governor’s Palace, Guadalajara, 1937

Creator: Orozco, Jose Clemente, Mexican Title: Padre Hidalgo. Work Type: Painting Date: 1937 Material: Fresco Style Period: Modern Repository: Guadalajara, Palacio de Gobierno Collection: Swarthmore College Image Collection ID Number: 08_1212016SWAT Source: Art and Revolution in Latin America. Craven, David. (New Haven, 2002). Source: Plate 42 Source: ARTH024 O'Rourke Source: Data From: Swarthmore College Rights: This image was provided by the Tri-College Libraries (Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and Swarthmore Colleges). The contents are intended for limited noncommercial, educational, and personal use only. Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility. Rights: This image has been selected and made available by an institutional user of the ARTstor Digital Library using ARTstor's software tools. ARTstor has not pre-screened or selected this image, and therefore disclaims any liability for any use of this image. Should you have any legal objection to the use of this image, please notify ARTstor's Contact for Legal Notices.

Unknown (Mexican), José Maria Morelos, 1812

Title: Portrait of Jose Maria Morelos Date: 1812 Subject: Morelos, José María, 1765-1815 Subject: History--Mexico--19th C. A.D Subject: Mexican Independence Subject: Portraits Subject: Revolutions Subject: Soldiers Collection: ARTstor Slide Gallery Source: Data from: University of California, San Diego

J.A. Paz, Coronation of Iturbide, 1822

Creator: Paz, J.A, Mexican Title: Coronation of Iturbide Work Type: Painting Date: 1822 Material: oil on panel Repository: Museo Nacional de Historia (Castillo de Chapultepec), Mexico City Related Item: Cuarenta Siglos de Plastica Mexicana, essays O'Gorman, Edmundo, et. al, pl.8 Collection: Modern Latin American Art (Jacquelin Barnitz, Art and Art History Department, University of Texas, Austin) ID Number: 81-10490 Source: Image and original data provided by The University of Texas at Austin, College of Fine Arts. Contact information: Sigrid Knudsen, Curator, Visual Resources Collection, Art and Art History Dept., University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station D1300, Austin, TX 76712-0337, (512) 471-4337 (ph), (512) 471-5539 (fax), [email protected]. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Jacques Louis David, Coronation of Napoleon

Unknown (Mexican), Portrait of the Liberator, Agustin de Iturbide, 1822.

Creator: Mexican, Mexican Title: Portrait of the Liberator, Agustin de Iturbide Work Type: Painting Date: 1822 Material: oil on canvas Measurements: 198 x 125cm Repository: Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City Related Item: Ades, Dawn, Art in Latin America, the Modern Era, 1820-1980, 1989, pl.1.25 Collection: Modern Latin American Art (Jacquelin Barnitz, Art and Art History Department, University of Texas, Austin) ID Number: 90-01947 Source: Image and original data provided by The University of Texas at Austin, College of Fine Arts. Contact information: Sigrid Knudsen, Curator, Visual Resources Collection, Art and Art History Dept., University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station D1300, Austin, TX 76712-0337, (512) 471-4337 (ph), (512) 471-5539 (fax), [email protected]. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Unknown (Mexico), Allegory of Independence, 1834.

Title: Allegory of Independence Date: 1834 Material: oil on canvas Subject: Painting--Mexico--19th C. A.D Collection: ARTstor Slide Gallery Source: Data from: University of California, San Diego

Brazil

In 1807, Napoleon invaded Portugal. The royal family flees to Brazil.

Rio de Janeiro becomes the capital of Portugal’s empire, ruled by King Joao.

Following the withdrawal of Napoleonic forces from Portugal, King Joao eventually returns to Portugal in 1821, leaving his son, Pedro on the throne in Brazil.

Pedro frees Brazil and crowned himself emperor of the new nation in 1825.

Brazil’s transition to independence was relatively peaceful given the longevity of the presence of the Portuguese monarchy.

Slavery was not abolished until 1888.

Unknown artist, Emperor Dom Joao VI, 19thc.

Creator: Unknown Culture: 19th-20th century Title: Emperor Dom Joào VI Work Type: Sculpture Location: Brazil Location: Rio de Janeiro Collection: The Hartill Archive of Architecture and Allied Arts Source: Data From: Hartill Art Associates Inc. Rights: © Alec and/or Marlene Hartill

Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (1825-1891), c. 1855

Creator: Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, 1825-1891 Title: Self-Portrait at Sao Christovao Palace, Rio de Janeiro Work Type: calotype Date: c.1855 Measurements: 10 x 6.2 cm Subject: Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, 1825-1891 Subject: Calotypes Subject: Photography--19th C. A.D Collection: ARTstor Slide Gallery Source: Data from: University of California, San Diego

Portrait of Dom Pedro II in Robes of State, c. 1850, Brazil

Title: Portrait of Dom Pedro II in Robes of State Date: c.1850 Location: Brazil Repository: Museu Histórico Nacional (Brazil) Subject: Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, 1825-1891 Subject: Costume Subject: Emperors--Brazil Subject: History--Brazil--19th C. A.D Subject: Portraits--Emperors Collection: ARTstor Slide Gallery Source: Data from: University of California, San Diego

E. Fremiet, Simon Bolivar, El Libertador, 19th c.

Art of the Independence Period

What characterizes art from this period?

How does it compare to art from the colonial period?

Attributed to Antonio Rodríguez, Moctezuma, 1680-91

José Gil de Castro, Simon Bolivar, 1830s.

Attributed to Antonio Rodroguez

Moctezuma

1680-91

Palazzo Pitti, Florence

Jose Gil de Castro, Simon Bolivar, 1830s.

Jose Gil de Castro, Simon Bolivar, 1818.

Creator: Gil de Castro, Jose, Peruvian Title: Portrait of Simon Bolivar Work Type: Painting Date: 1818 Material: oil on canvas Measurements: 25-1/2 x 20-3/4" Related Item: Austin, UT Blanton Mus., slide donation from Catlin, Stanton & Terence Grieder, Art of Latin America Since Independence, exhib., Yale-Austin, UT, 1966, cat.137 Collection: Modern Latin American Art (Jacquelin Barnitz, Art and Art History Department, University of Texas, Austin) ID Number: 93-02511 Source: Image and original data provided by The University of Texas at Austin, College of Fine Arts. Contact information: Sigrid Knudsen, Curator, Visual Resources Collection, Art and Art History Dept., University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station D1300, Austin, TX 76712-0337, (512) 471-4337 (ph), (512) 471-5539 (fax), [email protected]. Rights: Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. While ARTstor tries to update contact information, it cannot guarantee that such information is always accurate. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility.

Jose Gil de Castro, Simon Bolivar, 1825.

Creator: Castro, Jose Gil De, Peruvian Title: Simon Bolivar. Work Type: Painting Date: 1825 Material: Oil/ canvas. Measurements: 210x130cm. Description: No Repository: Venezuela, Ministerio de Relaciones Interiores. Subject: Bolivar, Simon Collection: Bryn Mawr Image Collection ID Number: 97-01843 Source: Ades, Dawn, Art in Latin America, The Modern Era (1989) Source: Page 20. Source: HART241, HART340 Source: Data from: Bryn Mawr College Rights: This image was provided by the Tri-College Libraries (Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and Swarthmore Colleges). The contents are intended for limited noncommercial, educational, and personal use only. Please note that if this image is under copyright, you may need to contact one or more copyright owners for any use that is not permitted under the ARTstor Terms and Conditions of Use or not otherwise permitted by law. Determining whether those permissions are necessary, and obtaining such permissions, is your sole responsibility. Rights: This image has been selected and made available by an institutional user of the ARTstor Digital Library using ARTstor's software tools. ARTstor has not pre-screened or selected this image, and therefore disclaims any liability for any use of this image. Should you have any legal objection to the use of this image, please notify ARTstor's Contact for Legal Notices.