need this study guide complete answers come from powerpoint

1

 Ergonomics

 Fitting the job to the worker

 Ergonomic risk factors

 Repetitive motion

 Forceful motion

 Awkward posture

 Static posture

 Mechanical stress

 Vibration and cold

 Effects of ergonomic risk factors

 Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs)

 Upper extremities

 Lower back

 Carpal tunnel syndrome

 Raynaud’s phenomenon

 Tendinitis

 Carpet layer’s knee

 Low back pain

EHST 3060/61:

Environmental Issues in

Construction

Lunch atop a Skyscraper (September 20, 1932 on the 69th floor of the RCA Building)

 To identify specific safety hazards in

construction

 To discuss the adverse effects of these safety

hazards

 To enumerate the tasks involved with

exposure to safety hazards

 To enumerate control strategies for safety

hazard exposure

 Safety hazards in construction

 Adverse effects of safety hazards

 Construction tasks associated with safety

hazards

 Control strategies to prevent exposure to

safety hazards

2

 Health hazards

 Physical

 Chemical

 Biological

 Ergonomic

 Safety hazards

 Unsafe act

 Unsafe condition

Occupational

Disease

Occupational

Injury

 Failure to use PPE

 Failure to heed warning

 Failure to secure

 Operating without authority

 Operating at improper speed

 Making safety devices inoperable

 Using defective equipment

 Using equipment improperly

 Improper loading or placement

 Improper lifting

 Servicing equipment in motion

 Substandard housekeeping

 Inadequate guard or protection

 Defective tools, equipment, substances

 Congestion

 Inadequate warning system

 Fire and explosion hazards

 Hazardous atmospheric conditions: gases, dusts, fumes, vapors

 Excessive noise

 Radiation exposures

 Inadequate ventilation or illumination

 That occurrence in a sequence of events that

produces unintended injury, death or

property damage

 An undesired event that may cause personal

harm or other damage

 An accident which arises out of and in the

course of employment

 Any injury or occupational illness suffered

by a person which arises out of or in the

course of his/her employment

 Damage to the body caused by exchanges

with environmental energy that are

beyond the body’s resilience

 Occurs as a result of interaction between

an agent (energy) and the host

(individual) within the environment

 Near Miss

 A “near” accident

 An incident resulting in neither injury

nor property damage

 Has the potential to inflict injury or

property damage if the cause is not

corrected

 Forecasts about 75% of industrial

injuries (HW Heinrich, 1931)

3

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Dept of Labor, Oct 2010 Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Dept of Labor, Oct 2010

3.8

5.2

3.9

4.8

3.1

1.5

2011

4.7

4.3

3.7

http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cfoi.pdf

Event Number

Total fatalities 1,234

Falls 445

Transportation incidents 287

Highway incidents 148

Nonhighway incidents 45

Worker struck by vehicle, mobile equipment 78

Contact with objects & equipment 267

Struck by object 150

Caught in or crushed in collapsing materials 71

Exposure to harmful substances and environments

170

Contact with electric current 122

http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/tables/sh20060519ar01t1.htm

Occupation Fatalities per 100,000

Timber cutters 117.8

Fishers 71.1

Pilots and navigators 69.8

Structural metal workers 58.2

Drivers, sales workers 37.9

Roofers 37.0

Electrical power installers 32.5

Farm occupations 28.0

Construction laborers 27.7

Truck drivers 25.0 Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics; survey of occupations with minimum 30 fatalities and 45,000

workers in 2002

 The fatal injury rate for the construction

industry is higher than the national average

in this category for all industries.

 Potential hazards for workers in construction

include:

 Falls (from heights)

 Trench collapse

 Scaffold collapse

 Electric shock and arc flash/arc blast

 Failure to use proper personal protective

equipment

 Repetitive motion injuries

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1. Scaffolding

2. Fall protection (scope, application, definitions)

3. Excavations (general requirements)

4. Ladders

5. Head protection

6. Excavations (requirements for protective systems)

7. Hazard communication

8. Fall protection (training requirements)

9. Construction (general safety and health

provisions)

10. Electrical (wiring methods, design and protection)

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Hazard

 When scaffolds are not

erected or used properly, fall

hazards can occur.

 ~2.3 million construction

workers frequently work on

scaffolds.

 Protecting these workers

from scaffold-related

accidents would prevent

each year

 ~4,500 injuries

 50 fatalities

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

 Employees working on scaffolds are

exposed to these hazards:

 Falls from elevation – caused by

slipping, unsafe access, and the

lack of fall protection

 Struck by falling tools / debris

 Electrocution – from overhead

power lines

 Scaffold collapse - caused by

instability or overloading

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Scaffolds must be sound, rigid and sufficient

to carry its own weight plus four times the

maximum intended load without settling or

displacement.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Scaffolds must be erected on solid footing.

 Unstable objects must not be used to support

scaffolds or planks.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Scaffold must not be erected, moved,

dismantled or altered except under the

supervision of a competent person.

 Scaffold must be equipped with guardrails,

midrails and toeboards.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

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Solutions

 Scaffold accessories that are damaged or

weakened from any cause must be

immediately repaired or replaced.

 Scaffold platforms must be tightly planked

with scaffold plank grade material or

equivalent.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Synthetic and natural rope used in

suspension scaffolding must be protected

from heat-producing sources.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Scaffolds must be at least 10 feet from

electric power lines at all times.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Hazard

 Falls consistently account for the greatest

number of fatalities in the construction

industry each year.

 Factors often involved in falls:

 Unstable working surfaces

 Misuse or failure to use fall protection

equipment

 Human error

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Use of aerial lift Guardrail system near

edges of floors and roofs

Covering floor holes

Safety net system Personal fall arrest system

 Using guardrails, fall arrest systems, safety

nets, covers and restraint systems can

prevent many deaths and injuries from falls.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

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http://ohsonline.com/articles/2012/02/08/workers-80foot-fall-leads-to-contractors-74500-fine.aspx?sc_lang=en

http://www.osha.gov/stopfalls/index.html

• Plan

• Provide

• Train

Hazard

 Trench collapses

(cave-in) cause

dozens of fatalities

and hundreds of

injuries each year.

 Trenching deaths

rose in 2003.

 OSHA, 2005

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

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Solutions

 Never enter an unprotected trench.

 Trenches 5 feet deep or greater  Always

use a protective system.

 Trenches 20 feet deep or greater  Employ a

registered professional engineer

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Sloping

Shoring

Shielding

Details on protective systems: OSHA v-Tool - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFYkeT0Yk6k

Solutions

 Always provide a way to

exit a trench no more

than 25 feet of travel

for employees in the

trench.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Have trenches inspected by a

competent person

 Prior to entry

 After any hazard-increasing

event (i.e. rainstorm)

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Hazard

 OSHA estimates per year due to

falls on stairways and ladders

used in construction

 24,882 injuries

 36 fatalities

 Nearly half of these injuries

were serious enough to require

time off the job.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

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Solutions

 Use the correct ladder for the task.

 Have a competent person visually

inspect a ladder before use for any

defects such as:

 Structural damage

 Grease, dirt or other contaminants

that could cause slips or falls

 Paint or stickers (except warning

labels) that could hide possible

defects

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Make sure that ladders are

long enough to safely

reach the work area.

 Mark or tag (“Do Not Use”)

damaged or defective

ladders for repair or

replacement, or destroy

them immediately.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions:

Check the ladder’s capacity!

 Never load ladders beyond

the maximum intended load

or manufacturer’s rated

capacity.

 Be sure the load rating can

support the weight of the

user (+ materials and tools).

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Avoid using ladders with metallic

components near electrical work and

overhead power lines.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Stairway treads and walkways must be free of

dangerous objects, debris and materials.

 Slippery conditions on stairways and

walkways must be corrected immediately.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Make sure that treads cover the entire step

and landing.

 Stairways having four or more risers or rising

more than 30 inches must have at least one

handrail.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

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 Objects falling from above

 Bumping their heads from

fixed objects

 Accidental head contact with

electrical hazards.

Hazard:

 Serious head injuries can result from blows

to the head.

Solution:

 Be sure that workers wear hard hats where

there is a potential for:

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Hazard

 Failure to recognize the hazards

associated with chemicals can cause

 Chemical burns

 Respiratory problems

 Fires

 Explosions

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions: MSDS

 Maintain a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

for each chemical in the facility.

 Make information accessible to employees at

all times in understandable language

 Train employees on how to read and use the

MSDS.

 Follow MSDS instructions for handling

hazardous chemicals.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions: Spill Plan

 Provide spill clean-up kits in areas where

chemicals are stored.

 Train employees to clean up spills, protect

themselves and properly dispose of used

materials.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

Solutions

 Provide proper personal protective

equipment and enforce its use.

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/OSHA3252/3252.html

 Falls

 Caught-in or –between

 Struck-by

 Electrocution

http://www.osha.gov/dte/outreach/construction/focus_four/index.html

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 Involves hazardous moving parts of power

tools and equipment

 Hazardous location of workers between

moving materials and an immovable

structure, vehicle, or stacked materials

 Should always be used when using equipment

with hazardous moving parts

 Worker training on its safe use

Source: OSHA Region IV National Photo Archive

 Do not stay in between moving materials and

an immovable structure, vehicle, or stacked

materials

Source: Indian River Community (now State) College

Source: Indian River Community (now State) College

 Ground-Fault Protection on Construction

Sites

 http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3007

.pdf

11

 Powered Industrial Truck Operator Training

for Construction

 http://www.osha.gov/dte/library/pit/constr

uction_pc.html

Struck by

Striking against

Caught in, on, between

Fall from above

Fall at ground level

Strain or overexertion Contact with hazardous

agents

Foreign body in the eye

Injury

Death

Damage

Delay or interruption

 Deaths

 Injuries

 Back injuries, strains, sprains, fractures,

puncture, wounds, lacerations, abrasions and

contusions, hernias, eye injuries

 Damage

 Materials, building, equipment/ machinery,

tools

 Delay or interruption

 Production, service

How many hazards can you see in the image of a construction site?

12

http://www.osha.gov/dts/vtools/construction.html

 Construction Safety: Choice or Chance (15

min)

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TUZeA6ic

7fw

 Trench safety

 Signalman/driver safety

 Crane safety

 Fall protection

 Crane safety

 Hazards in crane operation

 Crane loads

 Crane control and operation

 Rope, chain and hook inspection

 Electrical and transmission lines

 Forklift safety

 Hazards in forklift operation

 Training of operators

 Do’s and don’t’s before and

while driving the forklift

 Forklift load handling

 Aug. 2010: OSHA Final Rule will apply to

demolition and underground construction.

 http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2012-08-

17/html/2012-20171.htm

 29 CFR 1926 Subpart CC: Cranes & Derricks in

Construction

 The Synergist (AIHA Magazine), Nov 2013

 Contact with overhead powerlines

 Most common cause of crane-related fatalities

from 1992-2006

Activity of Construction Workers Electrocuted by Overhead Power

Lines, 1992-2006

Contact with Overhead Power Lines No. % of Total

Worker on foot touching/ guiding load or cables 40 39%

Operating crane* 32 31%

Worker on foot touching crane 19 19%

Other** 11 11%

Total 102 100%

* Includes 7 deaths of operators who jumped from crane

** Includes 6 deaths of workers on foot near crane

Sources: US Bureau of Labor Statistics Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Research File

 Preventive measures

 Assess the hazard

 Eliminate the hazard

 Keep your distance

 Warning line or barricade

 Proximity alarm

 Dedicated spotter

 Range control warning device

 Range of motion-limiting device

 Insulating links

 Insulated sleeves

 Boom-cage guard

Source: AIHA Synergist, November 2013, pp. 28-30

13

 Source: http://www.osha.gov/as/opa/quick takes/qt01152013.html#10

 Full news release: http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/ owadisp.show_document?p_table=N EWS_RELEASES&p_id=23478

 Safety hazards

 Unsafe acts

 Unsafe conditions

 Frequent citations in construction

 Scaffolding

 Fall protection

 Trenching

 Ladders and stairways

 Head protection

 Hazard communication

 Other safety issues

 Electrical safety

 Vehicle safety