Anthropology 150

Homo erectus skull Archaic Homo sapiens

 Archaic Homo sapiens develop in Africa, Europe, and Asia. There is sufficient gene flow between these far flung regions that speciation does not occur, although there are regional differences

 After 300,000 BP western Europe is cut off by expanding glaciers.

 The Neandertals develop in western Europe, isolated from other populations of genus Homo.

The Genus Homo ca. 100,000 BP

Neandertals early modern humans

Late Neandertals

Up to 29-28,000 yrs BP

Early Modern Humans

<35,000 yrs BP

Cold Weather Adpatation

 Neanderthals, were more robust than AMH. They body type is better suited for cold whether living, with a thicker trunk and stockier appendages. The large nose is thought to have been to warm cool air before it reached the lungs.

 The appendages of widely distributed species tend to be shorter in individuals that inhabit the colder areas of their range

Longer appendages increase the surface area available for heat radiation

This increases heat loss in warm environments

The members of widely distributed species tend to have a larger body size in the colder areas of their range

 Examples Possums Bears Deer

•Heat conductance depends on the surface area of the body •With increase in body size, volume increases at a faster rate (x3) than surface area (x2) •Thus heat retention increases with increased body size

•Heat conductance depends on the surface area of the body •With increase in body size, volume increases at a faster rate (x3) than surface area (x2) •Thus heat retention increases with increased body size

Side=1 Surface=6 Volume=1 Surface/Volume=6

Side=3 Surface=32x 6= 54 Volume= 3x3x3=27 Surface/Volume=2

Side =2 Surface = 2x2x6 = 24 Volume = 2x2x2=8 Surface/volume=3

Stillbay Culture

Stillbay Culture

Stillbay Culture

Stillbay Culture

Herto, Ethiopia – dated to 154,000 to 160,000 B.P

three skulls without mandbiles.

Border Cave, South Africa: 5 AMH specimens dated to 150,000 BP

Klasies River Mouth, South Africa: ca. 120,000 BP

BOU-VP-16/1 is an almost complete adult cranium (shown at right). It is large and robust, with a cranial capacity estimated at 1450 cubic centimetres, larger than most modern humans. The skull is long and high in lateral view, and White et al. (2003) list a number of features in which it is near or beyond the limit of modern humans (the occipital angle, mastoid height, palate breadth). Viewed from above, its length exceeds any from a sample of over 3000 modern humans, but one width measurement is below the modern human average. The brow ridge is not prominent and is within the modern human range. BOU-VP-16/2 consists of portions of another adult cranium which appears to have been even larger than the previous specimen. BOU-VP-16/5 consists of most of a skullcase from a child, probably about 6 or 7 years of age judging by its teeth.

Modern Humans Expand

Neandertals and AMH were both in various parts of SW Asia (the Middle East) Between 90,000 and 40,000 BP After 40,000 BP AMH begins to expand north and west, apparently Pushing Neandertals back into western Europe.

France Les Rochers-

de-Villeneuve 40,700 ± 900*

Spain El Sidrón ~40-37,000

Germany Neandertal ~40-37,000*

Greece Lakonis ~38,000

France Saint-Césaire 36,300 ± 2,700

Spain Zafarraya 33400 ± 200 (??)

Portugal Figueira Brava ~30,000

Russia

(Caucasus) Mezmaiskaya 29195 ± 965*

Croatia Vindija ~29-28,000*

Portugal Gruta Nova da

Columbeira 28,900 ± 900 (?)

France Brassempouy ~34-30,000

Bulgaria Bacho Kiro ~33-32,000

France La Quina Aval ~32,000

Czech

Republic Mladeč ~31,000*

Romania Peştera Muierii 30,150 ± 800*

Cioclovina 29,000 ± 700*

France Les Rois

AurignacianSpain

El Castillo

Fontana Nuova

Cova Foradada

Austria Miesslingtal

* Direct Date

Late Neandertals

Up to 29-28,000 yrs BP

Early Modern Humans

<35,000 yrs BP

The expansion of AMH into Europe and the demise of the Neandertals

The Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition

N

N N

N N

N

N

N N

N

N – Neandertals

– modern humans

Transition between two industries:

- Middle Paleolithic - Upper Paleolithic

Upper PaleolithicMousterian

Different reduction sequences

A Technological Transition