Anthropology/Ling class

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· 4-1.

Consider the following words with respect to how the sound represented by <t> is pronounced. For each column, specify the phonetic character of the allophone (how it is pronounced). Is it aspirated? Tapped? Then, as was done in this chapter for the allophones of English /p/, describe the allophones of /t/ and specify their distribution.

A	B	C	D
tougher	standing	later	petunia
talker	still	data	potato
teller	story	petal	return

Examine the careful and casual pronunciations of the English expressions below; then for each one, (a) provide a transcription of the careful pronunciation; (b) identify the name of the phonological process that links them; (c) describe what actually occurs in the process in each particular case. Use one of these as identifiers for the process: Assimilation (ASS); Deletion (DEL); Insertion (INS); Metathesis (MET). An example is given for the first expression. (For this exercise, you may ignore vowel changes.) (Note: /ɱ/ is the IPA symbol for a labiodental nasal.)

Expression	Careful	Casual	Process	Details
athlete	æθlit	æθəlit	INS	schwa inserted at syllable boundary between /θ/ and /l/, perhaps for ease of articulation
emphasis	εmfəsɪs	εɱfəsəs
nuclear	nukliər	nukjələr
espresso	εsprεso	εksprεso
memory	mεməri	məmri
prostate	prɑstet	prɑstret
pass him	pæs hɪm	pæsəm
won’t you	wont ju	wontʃ;ə

Based on Languages Other Than English

4-9.

Fijian has prenasalized stops among its inventory of phonemes. The prenasalized stop [nd] consists of a nasal pronounced immediately before the stop, with which it forms a single sound unit. Consider the following Fijian words as pronounced in fast speech:

vindi	‘to spring up’	dina	‘true’
kenda	‘we’	dalo	‘taro plant’
tiko	‘to stay’	vundi	‘plantain banana’
tutu	‘grandfather’	manda	‘first’
viti	‘Fiji’	tina	‘mother’
dovu	‘sugarcane’	mata	‘eye’
dondo	‘to stretch out one’s hand’	mokiti	‘round’
		vevendu	(a type of plant)

On the basis of these data, determine whether [d], [nd], and [t] are allophones of a single phoneme or constitute two or three separate phonemes. If you find that two of them (or all of them) are allophones of a single phoneme, give the rule that describes the distribution of each allophone. If you analyze all three as separate phonemes, justify your answer. (Note: In Fijian all syllables end in a vowel.)

4-11.

The distribution of the sounds [s] and [z] in colloquial Spanish is represented by the following examples in phonetic transcription:

izla	‘island’	tʃiste	‘joke’
fuersa	‘force’	eski	‘ski’
peskado	‘fish’	riezgo	‘risk’
muskulo	‘muscle’	fiskal	‘fiscal’
sin	‘without’	rezvalar	‘to slip’
rasko	‘I scratch’	dezde	‘since’
resto	‘remainder’	razgo	‘feature’
mizmo	‘same’	beizbɔl	‘baseball’
espalda	‘back’	mas	‘more’

Are [s] and [z] distinct phonemes of Spanish or allophones of a single phoneme? If they are distinct phonemes, support your answer. If they are allophones of the same phoneme, specify their distribution.