history
Writing Sample (Ancient Philosophy)
Problem #2: What is the Milesian cosmology and what does it do? Be sure to relate the thought of
Xenophanes to this matter.
The Ancient Milesian Philosophers sought to give a rational account (logos) of the cosmos
(kosmos), or the universe as observably ordered. The unifying thread in the Milesian cosmology is a
tendency toward “material monism” or, perhaps more accurately said, “elementalism,” which is the
belief that the world of material things emerges from one “stuff,” source, or cause (arche). From this
arche, the three Milesian philosophers maintain that, both the basic element[s] for all material and
the source of motion and change can be derived.
Thales “declares it [arche] to be water.” (Thales; 2) Perhaps he thought this principle to be
divine in some way also, as he is reported as believing that “all things are full of the gods.” (4)
For Anaximander, the arche of all things is something that he termed the “apeiron.” This
apeiron is characterized as being “one, moving and indefinite.” (Anaximander; 6) In the divine sense,
it from this indefinite, shapeless cause that all that is came to be. Further, it is from this same apeiron
that the universe receives its order (taxis), for Aristotle notes that it “steers all things.” (7)
Anaximander is also the source of a sustained discussion on the role of opposites in coming to be and
ceasing to be, as he says that “hot and cold was separated off at the coming to be of the cosmos.” (8)
For Anaximenes, the arche of all things was the “aer,” which, while it was “one and
boundless,” was not “indeterminate.” (Anaximenes; 16) The aer, like what we call “air,” is a cause
which, according to its “rarity and density” differs in its material form (16). In the motion from what
is more diffuse to more dense, Anaximenes saw the material manifestation of aer move from fire,
wind, cloud, water, earth and finally to stone (16). Like his predecessors, Anaximenes believed this
aer, his arche, to be a sort of eternal divinity both perpetually organizing and in motion. In regard to
the development of opposites as principles, Anaximenes does not see hot and cold as substantial, but
distinguishes them as “common attributes of matter,” brought by change, which in turn is brought
through the aer.
What is common to Xenophanes and the Milesian school is an eye for knowledge or truth,
not in Greek mythology, but through observation and reason. Not by revelation do humans grasp the
truth, but “by searching, they discover better.” (Xenophanes; 12) Xenophanes further held a certain
disdain and distrust for myths in so far as many of them tended to anthropomorphize the gods (e.g.,
5). For Xenophanes, “God is one, greatest among gods and men, not at all like mortals in body or
thought.” (8) And, this conception of God seems to parallel the Milesian conception of arche as a
unitary divine principle.