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Course Textbook

Lutgens, F. K.,& Tarbuck, E. J. (2011). Foundations of earth science (6th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Question 1

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

		Not all rocks can be dated radiometrically.
		Fossils are used to correlate sedimentary rocks that are widely separated by using the rock's distinctive fossil content and applying the principle of fossil succession.
		A stable radioactive isotope, called the parent, will decay and form daughter products.
		During the seventeenth century, Catastrophism influenced the formulation of explanations about the Earth.

Question 2

Which of the following refers to the investigative process by which geologists identify and match sedimentary strata and other rocks of the same ages in different areas?

		Super-matching
		Correlation
		Strata indexing
		Cross-access dating

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT an example of intrusive igneous activity?

		Sills and dikes
		Laccoliths
		Lahars
		Batholiths

Question 4

Visualize five horizontal sedimentary strata exposed in a cliff or canyon wall identified by consecutive numbers, 1 being the lowest bed (i.e. sedimentary stratum) and 5 being the highest. Which of the following statements concerning the strata is TRUE?

		Bed 5 is the oldest.
		Beds 1 and 3 are older than bed 4.
		Bed 4 is older than bed 2.
		Bed 3 is older than beds 2 and 4.

Question 5

The scientific study of fossils is called __________.

		forensics
		paleontology
		entomology
		geology

Question 6

The most deadly and destructive of the pyroclastic flows from composite cone volcanoes are known as:

		nuée ardentes.
		calderas.
		sills.
		laccoliths.

Question 7

What are usually the most abundant gases emitted during basaltic volcanism (as measured during Hawaiian eruptions)?

		Chlorine and sodium
		Water and carbon dioxide
		Oxygen and nitrogen
		Sulfur and ammonia

Question 8

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

		Cinder cones are built from ejected lava fragments and are usually less than 300 meters high.
		Calderas are large collapsed depressions having more or less circular form.
		Most volcanoes are fed magma through short conduits called pipes that connect a magma chamber to the surface.
		Sills are tabular discordant bodies that are produced when magma is injected into fractures.

Question 9

Mount St. Helens is an example of which type of volcano?

		A basaltic cinder cone
		An explosive stratovolcano
		A basaltic shield volcano
		A small, welded tuff cone

Question 10

Which of the following statements about volcanic gases is FALSE?

Volcanic gases are natural sources of air pollution.

Volcanic gas samples are difficult to obtain.

Volcanic gases are released when pressure drops.

Carbon dioxide is the primary component of most volcanic gases.

Question 11

Seamounts:

		are a special type of oceanic trench.
		are volcanoes that form on the ocean floor.
		form only in the Pacific Basin.
		are submarine canyons found near Australia.

Question 12

Tide height and time can be affected by:

		coastline shape.
		icebergs.
		submergent coasts.
		offshore drilling.

Question 13

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

		Although the Sun influences the tides, its effect is considerably less than the effect of the Moon.
		The energy that creates surface ocean currents comes from prevailing winds.
		Elevated wave-cut platforms in Southern California are evidence that this coastal area is emergent.
		A baymouth bar is a manmade feature designed to control wave erosion.

Question 14

Biogenous sediments are shells and skeletons of marine animals and algae. Two examples of this are __________ and __________.

		calcium carbonates; halite
		terrigenous; hydrogenous artifacts
		radiolaria; foraminifera
		seamoss; lichen

Question 15

An emergent coast develops because of:

		a drop in sea level.
		a coastal area being inundated with water.
		longshore currents.
		waves.

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT part of the passive continental margin?

		Continental shelf
		Continental slope
		Continental rise
		Continental trench

Question 17

Along the axis of some segments of the oceanic ridge system are deep down-faulted structures called:

		abyssal plains.
		rift valleys.
		asthenospheres.
		volcanic island arcs.

Question 18

Tides are primarily caused by:

		the gravitational pull of the Moon.
		the gravitational pull of the Sun.
		the gravitational pull of Mars.
		the gravitational limitations of the ocean.

Question 19

When waves reach shallow water, they are often bent and tend to become parallel to the shore. This process is called:

		oscillation.
		refraction.
		translation.
		teflection.

Question 20

The daily tidal range is greatest during __________ tide.

		Spring
		ebb
		neap
		Fall
*A Custom Edition (Frederick K. Lutgens Edward J. Tarbuck * Dennis Tasa, Foundations of Earth Science) Sixth Edition Written Responses: · · Four Written essays supposed to be a 200 word minimum response required. · Credible reference materials, including your course textbook(s), may be used to complete the assessment. It has to be in an APA Format · APA Information · In-text and reference citations are required for all** written responses. ·

Question 21

Discuss volcanic hazards. Although commonly thought to be associated with most volcanic eruptions (by the general public), lava is rarely responsible for the loss of life. Which hazards would tend to be more deadly? Finally, indicate and discuss those hazards that are a direct result of a volcanic eruption as well as those hazards that are indirectly linked. (Hint: think of “indirectly associated” hazards as “side effects.”)

Question 22

Volcanoes are generally not preserved in the geologic rock record as they are usually eroded away. However, the various materials erupted from volcanoes are often found preserved in the rock record. From what you have learned about the different types of volcanoes, how could you infer what type of volcano erupted in a given area based on the type of volcanic deposits now found as layers of rock? Give specific examples, and briefly discuss how some materials may be linked to different types of volcanoes.

Question 23

What are the different types of seafloor sediments, and what are the factors that control the distribution of each major sea sediment type? Where does each major seafloor sediment type tend to accumulate in greatest quantity (i.e., discuss the distribution of these sediments)?

Question 24

Shorelines are temporary geologic and topographic features. Explain this statement. (Hint: what are some of the forces affecting both the erosion and deposition of materials? What are some common temporary shoreline features – both erosional and depositional?)