HISTORY
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La Dee US History Assignment 5 NOTES.docx
RUNNING HEADER: The Makeup Of a Woman 1
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The Makeup of a Woman:
THE STRUGGLE TO ESTABLISH GENDER EQUALITY FOR AMERICAN WOMEN FROM 1865 TO PRESENT
Ursurla Waller
American History Since 1865
Instructor Jessica Schmidt
2014 Jan 14
The role of women in American society changed from the traditional homemaker to modern-day breadwinners owing to the outcomes of various events that occurred from the end of the Civil War in 1865 through 1920. While America was at war, the existing industries opted to invite women into the labor force because men went to war. Women had to multitask because they still had their homemaker duties while also playing an important role in supporting the war by working for agricultural and war industries. During the war, women began to take on the role of a man in their homes and elsewhere in society. The 19th Amendment’s ratification in 1920 granted a form of equality to women and a newfound freedom of expression, which they took to new and daring heights. Although many women lost their husbands during the war, they suffered together, and societal events changed them together, creating independent, strong, courageous women, whom some refer to as the “New Woman.”
Women in Post-Civil War America faced three unique challenges in their fight to ensure equal rights. The struggle to overcome suffrage, the effort to break the professional barrier held by their male counterparts, and the fight against societal discrimination were the wars women fought in America. Notable events, which helped in the struggle for suffrage, included the formation of the National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSM) by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton in 1869. The organization was instrumental in fighting for the right of women to participate in the elective process. The fight against discrimination through legal mechanisms, established through the enactment of State laws that illegalized wife battery, was another feat. Another major legal milestone was the decision by the Supreme Court to allow Belva Lockwood to be the first women to testify before it in 1879.
The struggle for equal gender rights continued after World War II. Decades of activism for equal right to vote culminated in the enactment of the 19th amendment in 1920 that granted women the right to participate in the elective process. This event inspired women to advance their ambitions at breaking the professional barrier. In 1932, Emilia Earhart became the first women to make a solo flight across the Atlantic. By doing so, she inspired millions of women across America in believing that they could venture in competitive male-dominated careers. Establish equal job rights for women, made a significant achievement with the enactment of the Equal Pay Act of 1963. The law directed the payment of fair remuneration for both men and women. The six events selected can be used to discuss the struggle and achievements made by women in establishing equal gender rights that they enjoy today.
NOTES DERIVED FROM SM. ON THIS TOPIC PLEASE PARAPHRASE SAMPLE THESIS OR INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH, PICK FISH, LEAVE BONES.
During colonial America women’s roles were that of maintaining the household, birthing and minding the children, and a supportive role to the man of the house. This role changed little over time until 1848 when the women’s rights movement started at the Seneca Falls Convention. It was at the convention when Elizabeth Cady Stanton gave a Declaration of Sentiments; she demanded equal rights including the right to vote for women. “Signed by 68 women and 32 men, it was a powerful symbol and the beginning of a long struggle for legal, professional, educational, and voting rights.” (Bowles, 2011, Chapter 2) Even though women were treated as secondary citizens, starting with no rights to presently nothing holding women back and all freedoms granted, because women never gave up, they worked hard to prove their point, and they maintained strength and grace through the hard years. While there were many events that guided the path of women I will focus on a few in my opinion key events; from the Suffrage movement, to military women of World War 1 and World War 2, women entering the political realm, the push for equal pay for equal work, the women’s strike, and the 1973 case of Roe vs Wade.
SUGGESTED RESOURCES
Massey, M. E. (1966). Women in the civil war. U of Nebraska Press.
http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iMOXnAboxV4C&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=women+in+the+civil+war&ots=g2ksNNhZ82&sig=mq4NmW_-9erlHWPRV5ekX0LuUKY#v=onepage&q=women%20in%20the%20civil%20war&f=false
Alonso, H. H. (1993). Peace as a women's issue: A history of the US movement for world peace and women's rights. Syracuse University Press.
Kerber, L. K., Kessler-Harris, A., & Sklar, K. K. (Eds.). (1995). US history as women's history: New feminist essays. Univ of North Carolina Press.
NOTES DERIVED FROM SM. ON THIS TOPIC PLEASE PARAPHRASE.
At the beginning of the 20th century the American household painted a very different landscape than the households of today. During this time women experienced limitations. There were places women could and could not go and jobs that women were not permitted to hold. The few employment opportunities that women were allowed to obtain were that of a teacher, nurse, social worker or clerical work. “Catholic women had an option of joining a convent and becoming a nun. For many, the vow of poverty and a life of religious service was a welcome professional and spiritual path” (Bowles, 2011).
Ratified Amendments, 1795-1992 (1919). “Joint Resolution of Congress proposing a constitutional amendment extending the right of suffrage to women”: General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11: National Archives.
This document is a comprehensive primary source that offers an accurate and detailed description of the statutes contained in the 19th amendment to the constitution. It provides a first-hand view of the document that granted women the right to vote. It can be, therefore, relied upon as a primary source on the current topic.
NOTES DERIVED FROM SM. ON THIS TOPIC PLEASE PARAPHRASE.
In 1890, Stanton along with Lucy Stone and Susan B. Anthony formed the organization National American Women Suffrage Association (NAWSA). “Stanton, and others like Susan B. Anthony, labored through the late 19th century to achieve victory, but by the time of their deaths in 1902 and 1906, they still were not welcome at the ballot box” (Bowles, 2011).
Norgren, J. (January 01, 2005). BELVA LOCKWOOD: BLAZING THE TRAIL FOR WOMEN IN LAW - Jill Norgren recounts the struggle of one of The nation's first female lawyers. Prologue: the Journal of the National Archives, 37, 1, 14.
This article provides a comprehensive illustration of the achievements made by Belva Lockwood. It offers a source of information that corresponds to the remarkable breakthrough she made by being the first woman to testify before the Supreme Court. It can be, therefore, relied upon as a credible source in discussing the present topic.
NOTES DERIVED FROM SM. ON THIS TOPIC PLEASE PARAPHRASE.
Following the advances into the military women wanted to partake in government, and be a part of the changes in the country. In 1866 Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the first woman to run for the U.S. House of Representatives, even though she was not eligible to vote. She ran as an Independent from New York State, and even received 24 votes of 12,000 that were cast. Susan B. Anthony registered in 1872 to vote, she was thrown in jail for ten days for her actions. Jeannette Rankin of Montana is the first woman elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1917. Jeannette was quoted saying that "I may be the first woman member of Congress but I won’t be the last." She was also the only member to vote against going to war with Japan after the assault on Pearl Harbor in 1941. In 1924 Nellie Tayloe Ross is elected the first female governor of a state, in Wyoming after the death of her husband who held the office prior to here. Nettie was also a strong supporter of prohibition in the 1920’s, who also became the director of the U.S. Mint after her term as Wyoming’s governor where she is still the only woman to hold that office. Farther in history we have Margaret Chase Smith becomes the first female nominated for the presidency by a major party in 1964. Margaret was also an avid supporter of the military and made a point to be involved with foreign policy and the policies of the U.S. military. She also was the first and only female to have cruised on a Navy ship during World War II. In 2007 Nancy Pelosi becomes the first female Speaker of the House. This is the highest-ranking leadership position ever held by a woman, and the third highest-ranking position in the country behind the president and vice president. ("THE HISTORY OF WOMEN IN POLITICS. ," 2007) Nancy self admittedly has been around politics for most of her life she was in attendance at John F. Kennedy's inaugural address as President in January 1961. Nancy has become a well-respected female role model for the younger generations, by being an educated, strong, smart and political powerhouse in her field. Working the way through the ranks of the political ring has been a major achievement in the history of women. Many women fought for years over the rights just to vote, being a powerhouse in the realm of politics shows the feminine adaptability to whatever challenge is in the way.
The women's movement brought women into the political arena in growing numbers. In 1969 women only held 3.5 percent of elected state offices. By 1996, 25 percent of the elected state officeholders were women. The women in Congress has also increased. In 1975 there were 19 women. And in 1997 it rose to 60 women. To top it off, the women's movement helped countless women open their lives to new possibilities.
Women's Suffrage (stock footage / archival footage). (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egzhwKAK6Bo
This video provides a detailed description of the women’s suffrage movement. It contains a comprehensive illustration of the events that led up to the formation of the National Women’s Suffrage Association. It is, therefore, a credible source of information in discussing the present topic.
NOTES DERIVED FROM SM. ON THIS TOPIC PLEASE PARAPHRASE.
In 1900 Carrie Chapman Catt succeeded the 80-year-old activist Susan B. Anthony and became president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). “The idea was to focus on winning the right to vote by promoting education of the issue at the state level. This way she could tailor her message more directly to the people” (Bowles, 2011). In 1915 Catt came back as president of the NAWSA and this is where she clashed with Alice Paul. Paul had a “more militant strategy, which was quite different from the more controlled and refined suffrage movement in the 19th century” (Bowles, 2011). On January 1, 1917 they became the first group ever to picket in front of the White House. This picket led to Paul’s arrest. Paul was eventually released due to public demand. “Fifty-one years after Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton founded NAWSA, the Nineteenth Amendment gave women the vote in 1920” (Carrie, 2001). “In November of that year, women across the nation voted in their first presidential election” (Bowles, 2011).
June 10, 1963 - President John F. Kennedy signs the Equal Pay Act in the Oval Office. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrqYmklM4xA
This video contains a first-hand recording of the signing into law of The Equal Pay Act of 1963. It clearly details the achievement made in light of women’s labor rights, established through the enactment of the Act into law. It is, therefore, a credible source of evidence supporting the topic discussed.
NOTES DERIVED FROM SM. ON THIS TOPIC PLEASE PARAPHRASE.
In 1964, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act barred discrimination in employment on the basis of race and sex (NYSUT: A Union of Professionals, 2009). A. Since the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, federal and state governments have enacted a number of laws that bar an employer from discriminating against employees on almost any grounds, aside from the quality of the employee's work or the nature of his or her personality. B. Aggrieved individuals can file a complaint with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which is responsible for enforcing individual Title VII claims against private employers. The Department of Justice (DOJ) enforces Title VII against state and local governments, but only after the EEOC has conducted an initial investigation (USLEGAL inc, 2010). C. This statute served as a model for subsequent anti-discrimination laws. It established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate complaints and impose penalties.
“Because of the large number of American women taking jobs in the war industries during World War II, the National War Labor Board urged employers in 1942 to voluntarily make "adjustments which equalize wage or salary rates paid to females with the rates paid to males for comparable quality and quantity of work on the same or similar operations" (Brunner, 2007). With all the accomplishments women have made over the years, they are still fighting on some grounds to become truly equal. The fact remains that even after the Equal Pay Act was passed over forty years ago, women still do not earn equal wages. “Women have made enormous progress in the workforce since the Equal Pay Act, but the stubborn fact remains that four-and-a-half decades later the basic goal of the act has not been realized” (Brunner, 2007). “In 2010, women earned 77% of men’s wages, which is only an improvement of a penny a year since 1963” (A Brief, 2012). In 2009, President Obama signed the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act, which allows victims of pay discrimination to file a complaint with the government against their employer within 180 days of their last paycheck. Previously, victims were only allowed 180 days from the date of the first unfair paycheck. This Act is named after a former employee of Goodyear who alleged that she was paid 15-40 percent less than her male counterparts, which was later found to be accurate. President Obama has vowed to reduce the wage gap between the genders: women currently make approximately 80 cents for every dollar that men earn (Brunner, 2007). Looking back at the women of American History we see the sacrifices and struggles endured by many brave women. By following in the footsteps of these courageous women, the complete equality to men, that women have for so long fought for, will one day become a reality. References A brief history of pay inequity. (2012). Retrieved from: http://www.aauw.org/act/laf/library/payequity_hist.cfm American birth control league. (2010, May 3). Retrieved from Margaret Sanger Papers Project website Retrieved from: http://www.nyu.edu/projects/sanger/secure/aboutms/organization_abcl.html Bowles, M.D. (2011). American History 1865-Present End of Isolation. Retrieved from: https://content.ashford.edu/books/AUHIS204.11.2/sections/fm Brunner, B. (2007). The wage gap: A history of pay inequity and the equal pay act. Retrieved from: http://www.infoplease.com/spot/equalpayact1.html Carrie Chapman Catt 1859-1947. (2001). Retrieved from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/peopleevents/p_catt.html Spooner, V. A. (2005). Contraception as weapon in the arsenal of class struggle: the masked radicalism of Margaret Sanger. Retrieved from: http://web.archive.org/web/20050418083310/http://www.deadred.us/sanger%20article.htm
EM Staff (2004) Margaret Sanger: A Woman on the Front Lines of Reproductive Freedom. Volume 1, Issue 2
This source tells me that with the newfound freedom and independence gained by women, they wanted to say and do to their bodies as they wished, leaving the rule of a man and his thumb behind. It includes details of a woman’s, Margaret Sanger, fight to gain women’s rights for abortion. It is, therefore, a credible source of information in discussing the present topic.
NOTES DERIVED FROM SM. ON THIS TOPIC PLEASE PARAPHRASE.
Sacrifice of a night of love also leads towards my sixth and final topic on the changing roles of women, the right to control her own body in regards to abortion. In 1973 the United States Court ruled in the case Roe vs. Wade, the courts made the decision that an abortion during the first three months of a women’s pregnancy was a matter for the woman and her doctor. This was significant for all women whether they were for or against abortion; the courts had given what was a public matter over to the privacy of a woman and the doctor of her choice. (Hansen, 1980)
Abortion has long been a major debate even now this topic is debated. Whether you are pro-choice or pro-life the right for a woman to make that decision for herself was monumental. Women throughout history have been secondary to men. Through the years women have been able to gain the right to vote, rights over their own bodies, even job opportunities that used to just be available for men. Currently women are CEO’s of companies, high ranked military leaders, political tycoons; women no longer stand in the shadow of men. The roles that women were given as homemaker and mother have been broken and challenged. Now leaders in the world, military, and political circles there is little that stands in the way of American women because they were unafraid of the challenge and rose to the occasion to better themselves.
“Margaret Sanger founded the American Birth Control League (ABCL) on November 10, 1921 at the First American Birth Control Conference in New York City” (American, 2010). “This let women explore their sexuality without having to concern themselves with unwanted babies” (Bowles, 2011). ”It was Sanger who actually coined the phrase “birth control” (Spooner, 2005). “She established the ABCL to offer an ambitious program of education, legislative reform, and research. Her goal was to build a truly national organization with representation in every region of the country” (American, 2010). There were many who protested and fought to pass anti-contraceptive laws. Most men and some women during this time felt a woman’s place was inside the home caring for the needs of her husband and children. Many also believed it was the man’s decision as to how many children his wife should have. Sanger continued her quest opening a birth-control clinic in Brooklyn, New York, in 1916; one year later, the authorities arrested her for giving contraceptives to immigrant women (Bowles, 2011).
"No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body. No woman can call herself free until she can choose consciously whether she will or will not be a mother." -- Margaret Sanger
In addition to the publication, Sanger soon opened a birth control clinic. She was arrested for her efforts, but she did not give up. When she returned to the US, in 1916, she opened the first family planning clinic America had ever known.
Pick an event from World War I through the 1920s and a corresponding primary source* that you can use in your Final Paper. Use the Credibility: Critical Thinking video and the Library of Congress primary source analysis tool to help you as you think about the primary source. Explain in at least 250 words
An event or development, which affected the lives of women that I can use for my final paper, is the societal changes created during World War I. The corresponding primary source will be Flapper Jane. In early 1917, the United States declared war on the German Empire. During the World War 1, women, majorly from the US and other countries involved, played vital roles. Many of the military leaders criticized the idea of having women in their troupes. The US government, however, enlisted women in the US Army to help with war efforts. The women were required to take over office jobs carried out by the male soldiers. In turn, the male soldiers were to move from office to the battlefield.
· Why you think the event was important and how it relates to your Final Paper topic.
It was important because World War 1 transformed the role of women in the society from their traditional work, which was usually in the house, to outside jobs allotted, usually, for men. During the war, the existing industries opted to dip into the women labor force because men went to war. The women had to multitask because they still had their homemaker duties while also playing an important role in supporting the war by working for agricultural and war industries. During the war, women began to take on the role of a man in their homes and elsewhere in society. The 19th Amendment’s ratification in 1920 granted a form of equality to women and a newfound freedom of expression, which they took to new and daring heights. Although many women lost their husbands during the war, they suffered together, and societal events changed them together, creating what some refer to as the “New Woman.”
· What the primary source you chose tells you about this topic.
The primary source details the life and mentality behind the 1920s flappers, who broke away from the Victorian image of womanhood. They left behind their corsets, cut their hair, wore makeup and less clothing, and became as sexual as males, creating what we know as “dating.” These changes imply that events during the 1920s shaped the overall development of a woman in a way that influences women today.
· What it does not tell you.
This source does not tell me the theories held by other women in this era, nor of if, these changes in society were for the best. Therefore, additional research is necessary to determine if and how the war, new freedoms, and other events helped to reshape the development of women at this time in history. Bruce Bliven describes the change as a radical expression of defiance where women abandoned status quo, the idea of what a woman should be and raced to be equals with males in every sense, even fashion. The primary source also failed to tell us what the Flapper’s problems were and how they were able to solve them bearing in mind that most were mothers and homemakers who had other responsibilities at home.
References:
Bliven, B. (1925, Sept. 9). Flapper Jane. New Republic. Retrieved from http://www.newrepublic.com/article/113130/bruce-bliven-interviews-flapper
References
EM Staff (2004) Margaret Sanger: A Woman on the Front Lines of Reproductive Freedom. Volume 1, Issue 2
Joint Resolution of Congress proposing a constitutional amendment extending the right of suffrage to women (1919, June 4). Ratified Amendments, 1795-1992: General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11: National Archives.
June 10, 1963 - President John F. Kennedy signs the Equal Pay Act in the Oval Office. (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nrqYmklM4xA
Norgren, J. (2005). Belva Lockwood: Blaizing The Trail For Women in Law. Journal of the National Archives (37), 1-14.
Pleck, E. (1979). ‘Wife Beating in Nineteenth Century America’. In Victimology (Vol. 4, pp. 60-74. Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books.
The Associated Press. (1932, June 20). Amelia Shuns ‘Over-Praise’. Atchison Daily Globe.
Women's Suffrage (stock footage / archival footage). (n.d.). Retrieved January 14, 2015, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egzhwKAK6Bo
References: Bowles, M. (2011). A history of the United States since 1865. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education.
Daughters of Liberty. (2006). In From Suffrage to the Senate: America's Political Women. Retrieved from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/ghssapw/daughters_of_liberty
Employment Discrimination: Overview - FindLaw. (n.d.). Employee Rights Center - Employee Rights Center. Retrieved October 19, 2011, from http://employment.findlaw.com/employment/employment-employee-discrimination-harassment/employment-employee-discrimination-harassment-overview.html
Federal Statutes Dealing with Protection of Civil Rights - Civil Rights. (n.d.). Civil Rights - Civil Rights. Retrieved October 19, 2011, from http://civilrights.uslegal.com/statutes-dealing-with-protection-of-civil-rights/#back-to-top name:. (n.d.). SELECT LIBRARY. Credo Reference Home. Retrieved October 19, 2011, from http://www.credoreference.com/entry/g "
Women's Labor History Timeline: 1765 - Present Day." March 03, 2009. NYSUT: A Union of Professionals. www.nysut.org. (n.d.). "NYSUT.org ." NYSUT: A Union of Professionals. www.nysut.org. Retrieved October 19, 2011, from http://www.nysut.org/newyorkteacher