Discuss the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet.

profiledanell11
alcohol_digestion_energy_balance-d.ppt
Home>Science homework help>Discuss the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet.

Alcohol, Digestion, Energy Balance
NTR 300 – Fundamentals

Dr. Lorna Shepherd

Alcohol/Ethanol

  • Consumed by ~60% of Americans
  • Provides 3% of total energy intake
  • 7kcal/gm
  • Is a narcotic
  • Reduces sensation, consciousness, central nervous system depressant

Sources

  • Beer
  • 5-11%
  • Wine
  • 5-14%
  • Distilled spirits
  • >22%
  • Liquors
  • Alcohol listed as “proof” which is double the alcohol content

A standard drink

  • 15gm of alcohol
  • 12oz beer
  • 5oz wine
  • 10oz wine cooler
  • 1.5oz hard liquor

Moderate ETOH Consumption

  • One drink daily for female
  • Two drinks daily for males
  • Does not require digestion
  • Absorbed by simple diffusion
  • Easily crosses cell membranes but does damage as it passes through

Metabolism of ETOH

  • The cells of the GI tract metabolize 10- 30% of the alcohol ingested
  • The remainder is metabolized by the liver
  • Not stored so takes priority in metabolization
  • alcohol –> acetaldehyde –>acetyl Co-A

Potential Benefit of ETOH

  • Moderate intake reduces risk of CVD
  • Reduces LDL

High Alcohol intake

  • With high ETOH intake the liver uses an alternate path (microsomal ethanol oxidizing system) MEOS
  • More efficient
  • Requires energy
  • Increases tolerance
  • Decrease ability to metabolize drugs

Health Effects of Alcohol

  • Increase blood pressure and stroke
  • Cirrhosis of liver
  • Poor food intake
  • Deficiency of B vitamins
  • Niacin needed for alcohol metabolism
  • Thiamin absorption affected
  • Increased excretion of B6
  • May impair absorption of B12

Excessive Intake of ETOH

  • Increased risk of
  • Brain damage
  • Oral and esophageal CA
  • Breast CA
  • Irritation of stomach lining
  • Cirrhosis of liver
  • Pancreatitis and pancreatic CA
  • Impaired nutrient use
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

  • 1 in every 1000
  • First 12 – 16 weeks of fetal development most critical
  • Fetal alcohol effect
  • Short attention span
  • Learning and behavioral difficulties
  • hyperactivity

Actual Picture

Energy Metabolism

  • Substrates Converted to Acetyl CoA and enter to Kreb’s cycle to produce energy
  • Carbohydrates – 4kcal/gm
  • Lipids – 9kcal/gm
  • Proteins – 4kcal/gm
  • Alcohol – 7 Kcal/gm

Metabolism

Ketone Bodies

  • Produced by liver and (kidney)
  • The brain uses it during periods of fasting when glucose is not available

Hormones involved in Energy Metabolism (Regulation)

  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
  • Thyroid

Energy Balance

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

  • The minimum amount of energy needed when resting and fasting

Factors that affect BMR

  • Muscle mass
  • Body surface area
  • Gender
  • body temperature
  • Thyroid hormone
  • Stages of growth
  • Stimulants
  • Sedatives

Methods of Calculating Energy Requirement

  • Predictive equations
  • Harris-Benedict
  • Simple method – 30-35kcal/kg

Harris Benedict Equation

  • Male
  • 66.5+(13.8xWt)+(5xHt)-(6.8xage)
  • Females
  • 655.1+(9.6xWt)+(1.9xHt)-(4.7xage)
  • Activity factor
  • Sedentary – 1.0
  • Low – 1.1
  • Active - 1.26
  • Very active – 1.46

BMI Formula

Body Mass Index

  • Interpretation of BMI:
  • Under weight <18.5
  • Healthy – 18.5 to 24.9
  • Over weight – 25 to 29.9
  • Obese - >30

Ideal Body Weight (IBW)
Hamwi

  • Males
  • First 5’ = 106#
  • 6# for each additional inch
  • Females
  • First 5’ = 100#
  • 5# for each additional inch

Other: measurement of body fat

  • Skin fold thickness
  • Bioelectric impedance
  • Underwater weighing

Percentage Body Fat

  • Description Women Men Essential fat 10-13% 2-5% Athletes 14–20% 6-13%

Fitness 21–24% 14-17% Average 25–31% 18–24% Obese 32%+ 25%+

Health risk associated with obesity

  • Increase risk for
  • Diabetes
  • Hypertension
  • Some types of Cancers
  • Colon, uterus, prostate
  • CardioVascular Disease
  • Joint disorders/arthritis
  • Sleep apnea

Distribution of fat

Waist Circumference

  • Males
  • 40 inches (102cm) or less
  • Females
  • 35 inches (88cm) or less

Weight Reduction Interventions

  • Reduce caloric consumption
  • Diet
  • Behavior modification
  • Surgery
  • Increase energy expenditure
  • 3500kcal = 1 pound (#)
  • 500kcal/day

Eating disorders

  • Anorexia nervosa
  • Refusal to maintain weight at or above normal
  • Intense fear of gaining weight
  • Disturbance in perception of body image or denial of seriousness of low body weight
  • Amenorrhea

Anorexia symptoms

  • Low body weight
  • Lower body temperature
  • Slower metabolic rate
  • Anemia
  • Rough scaly skin
  • Loss of hair
  • Low WBC count
  • Lanugo

Bulimia Nervosa

  • Recurrent binge eating episodes
  • Inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain
  • Purging – vomiting or abuse of laxatives
  • Undue influence of body weight or shape on self-evaluation
  • Symptom
  • Erosion of teeth enamel, GI problems