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Chapter 11

Criminal Behavior:

A Psychological Approach/ Tenth Edition

Psychology of Terrorism

Examine the many definitions of terrorism

Evaluate the motives of terrorist and goals of terrorist groups

Describe the lone-wolf terrorist

Introduce a typology of terrorism in order to emphasize the multidimensional features of persons who engage in it

CHAPTER 13 OBJECTIVES

Identify the social contexts that spawn and promote terrorism

Identify psychological concepts that contribute to the understanding of terrorist activity

The nature of terrorism is basically psychological

Definitions

Marsella (2004)

The use of force or violence

By individuals or groups

That is directed toward civilian populations

And intended to instill fear

As a means of coercing individuals or groups to change their political and social positions

Death by Method in Global Attacks

Source: National Counterterrorism Center (April 2009)

Death by Method in Global Attacks

Other Barricade/ Hostage Kidnapping Arson/Firebombing Assault Suicide 615 398 776 815 1220 3288

Classification of Terrorist Groups

FBI classifies according to political leanings

Right-wing Terrorists

Left-wing Extremist Groups

Special Interest Extremists

Radical Environmental Groups

Nuclear/Biological/Chemical Terrorists

A Terrorist Typology

By Motivation

Rationally Motivated Terrorist

Psychologically Motivated Terrorist

Culturally Motivated Terrorist

Followers and Leaders

Risk Factors

Mean age between 20 and 29

Male

Unmarried

No evidence of mental illness

Followers and Leaders

Why do they join?

Lack of self-esteem

Social learning theory

Martyrdom

Rage and resentment toward outside groups

Followers and Leaders

Becoming a Terrorist Radicalization Process

Indoctrination

Gradual

Risky Shift

The tendency of groups to develop beliefs and make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members

Social modeling

Cognitive construct

Fail-safe procedures

Followers and Leaders

Terrorist Leaders

Charismatic

Obedience to authority

Complicated organizational structure

Al-Qaeda

Main Characteristics of Lone-Wolf Terrorists

They operate individually

They do not belong to an organized terrorist group

They act without the direct influence of a leader or hierarchy

They may claim to be acting on behalf of an interest group

Their attacks are premeditated and carefully planned

They are more likely than other terrorists to be emotionally disturbed

They demonstrate poor interpersonal and social skills

Entire Culture

The Psychosocial Context of Terrorism

Subcultural Components

Staub (2004)

Cultural devaluation

Inequality, relative deprivation, injustice

Strong respect for authority

Psychology of Terrorist Motives and Justifications

Bandura (2004) Cognitive Restructuring

Euphemistic Language

Advantageous Comparison

Moral Justification

Psychological Nature of Terrorism

Disengagement Practices (Bandura, 1983)

Moral justification

Advantageous comparison

Euphemistic language

Diffusion of responsibility

Dehumanization

Deindividuation

Psychological Nature of Terrorism

Kohlberg’s Stages and Motives for Behavior

Stage	Focus
Early preconventional	Avoid punishment
Late preconventional	Fair exchange; get something in return
Early conventional	Approval from others
Late conventional	Duty, obedience to rules
Early postconventional	Rules important, but can be broken if questionable
Late postconventional	Universal principles of justice and ethics apply

Key Concepts

Advantageous Comparison

Bioterrorism

Cognitive Restructuring

Cultural Devaluation

Dehumanization

Deindividuation

Euphemistic Language

Learned Helplessness

Lone-wolf Terrorist

Moral Justification

Nuclear/Biological/Chemical Terrorism

Radical Environmental Groups

Reactive Depression

Risky Shift

Special Interest Extremist