DUE IN HOURS - CORRECT FINAL PAPER TO TEACHER NEEDS - HEALTHCARE STATISTICS

Running Head: Course Project ROUGH DRAFT 1

Course Project ROUGH DRAFT 3

Module 08 Course Project Rough Draft

Course Project Introduction

For more than fifty years, North Memorial has been serving communities across the northwest metro. There are now over five thousand employees working in various hospitals, including, North Memorial Maple Grove. North Memorial Maple Grove Hospital has a 130-bed count and provides emergency, medical, and surgical care to patients in Maple Grove, Minnesota, and surrounding areas. Services at North Memorial Maple Grove include internal medicine, gastroenterology, podiatry, diabetes education, women’s health, men’s health, Ear/Nose/Throat, urgent Care, weight loss and laboratory. Comment by Laura Sheneman: good

In order to give the best service to their patients, North Memorial Maple Grove lives by their mission statement, values, and their guiding principles. North Memorial’s values include respect, accountability, communication, teamwork, and pride. North Memorial believes in listening to, creating relationships with, and involving all patients. By making sure all patients are in the best care, North Memorial promises a safe, secure, and healing environment. They want to make sure all patients are well cared for, comfortable, and most of all, staying well. Our mission at Maple Grove Hospital is to inspire each other to give our patients and their families’ compassionate, remarkable care (Maple Grove Hospital, 2014).

Ensuring safety is Maple Grove’s top priority. Medications are always stored in a safe in each patient’s room. All medications are electronically charted into the system and dispensed using bar coding. All patients’ records are stored in electronic health records so nurses and physicians can have immediate access to patient medical history for accurate and timely treatment. Throughout the hospital there is guaranteed fresh and clean air with their high filtration air exchange systems. To ensure infant safety when they are born, North Memorial Maple Grove has a top-notch infant protection system in the facilities Family Birth Center to help safeguard parents and their offspring. Among the many safeguards the hospital uses to protect patients and their family, they also provide alerts and alarms that directly contact the care team for each patient from anywhere within the hospital through direct communications though the hospitals wireless system.

Each of the 130 private rooms all provide a clean bathroom stocked with a hairdryer, hand towels, and toiletries. Others gadget such as a large screen, HD TV’s that include Direct TV and variety radio stations; bedside remote controls to adjust the heat or air conditioning in each room, and to adjust the shades or lighting within the room; and a pullout sofa for patients guests to feel comfortable while staying overnight. All the rooms incorporated calming, earthy colors to help soothe and relax the patient and their family.

Statistics R esearch Design /Methods Comment by Laura Sheneman: good work using headings

The US healthcare system has had quite a number of flaws that have for a very long time been ignored due to the assumption that the two main methods of catering for healthcare in the US, Medicaid and Medicare, are sufficient and efficient. However, late developments have been developed to cub the issues brought about by their inadequacies. These include the famous affordable care act famously referred to as Obamacare (Patient protection and affordable care act) (Pipes, 2013).

A closer look at their issues with all over the country shows that the two most common methods of helping individuals cope with healthcare needs mostly ignore children. Medicare is for individuals that are beyond 65 years while Medicaid is not a guarantee not unless there is clear evidence of low-income levels, which unfortunately, is also not a guarantee. Children Healthcare Program at least is available for people that are considered to have an income too high to qualify for Medicaid. Not all these however are supported by the data at the North Memorial Hospital of Minnesota. Children continue suffering compared to adults at least in comparison and the benchmark on government help through health funding. There is a great need to look at this close and find out whether these facts are so or it is an assumption and if the rest of the state of Minnesota is still in the same state.

Availability of Medicaid reduces chances of children receiving health care from the medical center. This research design is going to rely on Medicaid as the independent variable. Health care on children received through CHIP (Children Health Insurance Program) is going to be the dependent variable. Therefore, the problem under research here is: Availability of Medicare to (some) families undermine the probability of children to get access to CHIP and thus resulting to less affordability and availability of healthcare to children through the medical center.

Purpose Statement

This research method document aims at establishing the relationships between various Healthcare products and platforms that are provided by the Federal government in association with the state of Minnesota and the way they interact to affect accessibility and affordability of healthcare with the case study of the North Memorial Hospital in Minnesota.

It will identify the role of, and the statistics around, Medicare, Medicaid and Children Health Insurance Program and their interplay to understand if they have any effect on the healthcare affordability and availability to children. More to this is the number of children that are not covered by CHIP due to the role played by Medicare in bringing about assumptions that disadvantage the healthcare access of children. The dependent variable is going to be the number of families with access to Medicare and the dependent variable is going to be the number of children that lack Healthcare especially through CHIP and due to factors related to Medicare. These could be accessibility to or lack or accessibility to Medicare. Comment by Laura Sheneman: which one is your independent variable Comment by Laura Sheneman: you need a statement that says The purpose of this study is…

Research Question

R1. What is the number of families that have access to?

· Medicare

· Medicaid

R2. How many children benefit through funds saved due to accessibility of another member of the family to Medicare.

R3. How many children get treatment at the hospital through the help of?

· CHIP

· Medicaid

What is the ratio of recipients of health care services through? Comment by Laura Sheneman: You need to have hypotheses with your questions

· CHIP

· Medicaid

· Medicare

Approach to Providing Service to This Population

Children need to be served in a way that will not compromise or seem to discriminate based on whichever rationale adopted. At least, the hospital (and any other medical center) should offer services to all the needy children irrespective of the ability to pay of the families. Then this service would be paid for through progressive tax system where those from an upper social class and income level get to dig deeper to meet their tax obligations as compared to those from lower income families.

Descriptive statistics

Descriptive statistics in statistics describe basic features of a give data in the study. In every study, descriptive statistics summarizes various measures used in the sample. Therefore, using descriptive statistics forms basis of analyzing data quantitatively. The ways used in data analysis are categorized into two, measures of central tendency (mean, median, and modes), and measure of dispersion/variability (range, quartiles and standard deviation) among other variables used in the case study. Why use descriptive statistics in this study? Comment by Laura Sheneman: Don’t forget to cite your sources Comment by Laura Sheneman: Make sure that you define all key statistical terms

· They are used to clean data

· They produce situation analysis

· Generate hypothesis

· To categorically find violation of important in statistical assumptions

· To see pattern Comment by Laura Sheneman: Avoid bullet points

a) Measures of central tendency

Mean/averages

Medicare data and Medicaid data variable will be used to describe specificity of the subjects. The mean (or average) is the most popular and well-known measure of central tendency. The average of their data set will be calculated by adding their value divided by the number of observation.

Mode

The mode is the value that appears most often in Medicare data and Medicaid data set of data. In other words, the value most likely to be sampled.

Median

The median is the middle score for a Medicare data and Medicaid data set of data arranged in order of magnitude. The median is less affected by outliers and skewed data.

b) Measure of dispersion/variability

Variance

Variance ( is a measure of average squared deviations of values from the mean.

By adding deviation, yield the sum of absolute values, which is then squared to eliminate the negative sign.

Standard deviation

Unlike variance, which may have no meaning in relation to the data, standard deviation on the other hand it, gives a clear impression about the variance. Standard deviation is the square root of the variance.

Quartiles

Q1

Q2

Q3

25%

25%

25%

25%

The first quartile (Q1) is the value for which 25% of the data are smaller, third quartile (Q3) is 75%, and larger, while Q2 is the same as the median i.e. 50% are smaller, and 50% are larger. Comment by Laura Sheneman: How are you going to use this information

Therefore, percentile (or quartile) describes the n percentage of the data set.

Inferential Statistics to Use for Data Analysis

The data gathered from Maple Grove Hospital will be organized into an excel spreadsheet for data analysis purposes. Excel is one of the data analysis programs that have a wide range of statistical parameters that are of importance to this research study (Remenyi, Onofrei & English, 2011). If need be, the datasheet will be imported into Statistics Package For Social Sciences Tool (SPSS) to acquire any measure that cannot be computed through Microsoft Excel data analysis tool.

Under inferential statistics, the data collected will be used for:

i) Hypothesis testing

ii) Evaluation of normality of the sampled data

i) H ypothesis Testing Comment by Laura Sheneman: Remove i)

Hypothesis testing will be done by performing a t-test. Medicare data and Medicaid data will be treated as two different cases as they represent two different entities in this study. The same null and alternate hypothesis will be tested, in an attempt to establish whether the mean of the adult patients who benefit from these two programs at Maple Group Hospital is less than the mean of children that benefit from the same programs.

The hypothesis being tested will therefore use a one-tailed t-test method with two sets of data for the two programs. This will represent the mean of adult-patient beneficiaries and the mean of the children-patient beneficiaries for each case.

The null and alternate hypothesis under investigation will therefore be: Comment by Laura Sheneman: This should be with your research question and why is this important

Null hypothesis Ho: Mean of adults is equal to the children (µ 1= µ 2)

Alternate hypothesis Ha: Mean of adults is not equal to the mean of children (µ 1> µ 2)

After feeding the data in an excel spreadsheet, the data analysis tool will be used to output the results of the t-test with a confidence level set at 95% (alpha value α= 0.05). This output will represent the calculated value of t-test (t-statistic). A table of the t-values with a degree of freedom of (n-1) will be used to determine the tabulated value of t-test at the stated significance level of 5% (confidence level =95%).

As indicated by Dalgaard (2008), the null hypothesis should be rejected if the value of t-statistic generated by the excel data analysis software is greater than the value of t-test obtained from the t-test table. If the null hypothesis will be retained, the p-value will also be evaluated either from the software or from t-test table to show how strong the data is consistent with the null hypothesis of the data.

ii) Analysis of Parameters

The main parametric measures that will be used to analyze this data are ANOVA and Chi- Square test. As noted by Peck and Devore (2012), analysis of ANOVA and Chi-square test help in testing the normality of the analyzed data. Both Chi –square test and ANOVA tests will be determined by use of the data analysis tool used. The two measures will be used to ascertain whether the sample is a true representative of the population sampled, giving insights on whether one is justified to draw conclusions based on the outcome of hypothesis testing. Comment by Laura Sheneman: Need section on national guidelines regarding human subjects and IRB

References Care, N. M. (2014, October 20). overview of Medicare and Medicard. Retrieved from http://www.northmemorial.com/ Dalgaad, P. (2008). introductory Statistics With R. New York: Springer. Guide, C. c. (2011). Medicare, Medicaid SCHIP. Baltimore: Medicare & Medicaid Services. Hospital, M. G. (2014, October 20). Your Experience. Retrieved from maplegrovehospital: http://www.maplegrovehospital.org Peck, R. &. (2012). Introduction to statistics and Data Analysis. Boston, MA: Brooks/Cole cengage learning. pipes, s. (2013). The cure for Obamacare. New York: Encounter Books. Remenyi, D. E. (2011). An introduction to statistics Using Microsoft Excel: Research Text Book Collection. Reading: Academic Conference Publishing International.