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Article 1

Article 2

Title/Author(s)

Social Cognitive Correlates of Physical Activity Across 12 Months in Cohort Samples of Couples Without Children, Expecting Their First Child, and Expecting Their Second Child

Rhodes, R. E., Blanchard, C. M., Benoit, C., Levy-Milne, R., Naylor, P., Symons Downs, D., & Warburton, D. R

Exploring social cognition in patients with apathy following acquired brain damage

Njomboro, P., Humphreys, G. and Deb, S..

Persistent GCU Library Link

http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pdh&AN=2013-27505-001&site=eds-live&scope=site

http://library.gcu.edu:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=94500362&site=eds-live&scope=site

Purpose of the Study

What is the author’s rationale for selecting this topic? Does he build a strong case?

This study was to examine the social– cognitive correlates of PA across cohorts of young adult couples over 12months. The cohorts were couples between the ages of 25 and 40 years who were: (a) without children, (b) first-time parents during the first year of parenthood, and (c) second-time parents during their first year of parenting after the birth of the second child.

The author builds a strong case since they find so many difference and similarities that account for relationship models. Even though the hypothesis did not have much support, it demonstrated the differences in perception behavioral control.

The purpose of this article is to show the close relation between damage frontal and subcortical brain areas implicated in apathy and social cognition defects in areas such as moral judgment , feelings of regret empathy, etc.

Research Question(s)

What question(s) does the author present?

Whether women with no children participate more in physical activities than women with one child, and if a women with one does more than a woman with two. Also presented whether men with children participate in more physical activities than people without. And if intention had any correlation with the behavior.

The main research question asks whether or not patients with brain damage with apathy symptoms present with significant impairments on multiple socio-cognitive tasks.

Literature Review

How is this organized? What are the main themes found in the review? Who are the main authors used?

No one main author was cited in the journal article. The author did use many statistical data from Canada stats from several years. Several themes were noted in the study. Many things that the author mention are the factors of couples were coordinated in their PA motives. The study also show findings suggest that young adults have relatively similar motivational antecedents.

The literature begins with a meta-analytical study that shows 61% of patients with focal frontal lesions and 41% of patients subcortical damage demonstrated apathy symptoms. Though facial expressions to do not concretely show that there is a difference in the appearance of those with or without apathy symptoms; research supports apathy symptoms due to certain damaged arrears of the brain. Therefore focusing on how apathy affects certain social behaviors pertaining to social awareness and moral reasoning. No one main author was used during this study.

Sample Population(s)

What group(s) is/are being studied?

Participants were 314 adults (157 common law or married couples), aged 25–40 years, without children or with one child at the time of recruitment from the Victoria metropolitan area in British Columbia, Canada. One hundred thirty-six participants in this sample were expecting their first child at the time of recruitment, 76 participants had one child and were expecting their second child at the time of recruitment, and the remaining 102 participants were not expecting to have a child.

The sample populations for this study were patients with brain damage from England and also neurologically intact adults.

Limitations

What are the limitations of the study? Why can it only encompass so much?

Selection bias because of physical activity.

Did not use a random sample.

Advertisement for recruitment.

Time frame of study.

Since the author had these limitation it could directly affect the results. It can only give so much information because the study had certain individuals geared toward Physical Activity in the study. Redefining the limitations will allow for the five year study, also allow for a broader sense of advertisement which will bring in a different participants.

One large limitation of this study is the small population sample. Some results produced expected prediction directions which are possibly due to the comparisons of small sample sizes. Another limitation within this study is the amount of socio-cognitive tests that were used to show social impairments. The authors suggested using shorter socio-cognitive tests with less language loading.

Results/ Conclusions

What did the author find through the study? Was the original question answered?

The author found that there is a direct correlation between intention and physical activity. The author found that perception behavioral control is correlated with intention. The study also increased knowledge and confirmed results of the theory of planned behavior. The original question of whether people with parents have with children have less physical activities that can be done that people without because of being faced with other.

The results concluded that patients with high levels of apathy were no different than those that did not demonstrate symptoms of apathy.

When testing for Theory of Mind the results produced deficits that Theory of Mind lacked the evidences to account for apathy symptoms.

Also patients with apathy showed significant impairment in social awareness.