lab
preiou5
tissues_organs_and_home.docx
Tissues, Organs, and Homeostasis
Michele Hopkins
Ocean County College
Prof. Vanja Velickovska
General Biology II DL1
October 26, 2014
Introduction
I will have the chance to examine how the body regulates itself to sustain a continuous state, known as homeostasis. I will be monitored by my mother who will take my temperature, respiratory rate, and heart
rate while I exercise by going up and down the stairs for 10 minutes straight and then graph the
data to distinguish a relationship amongst the length of exercise and physiological response. I than will
clearly inspect the epidermal layer on the skin and microscopically observed a prepared epidermal as well as cheek cells. I next will prepare a slide of aneuron and draw and label the parts; view prepared
skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle slides; and prepare a wet mount of muscle. Lastly, I will dissect
a beef knucklebone to view the hyaline cartilage and the epiphysis and then view a prepared slide of bone.
Procedure
Exercise 1
1. I set up a Data Table 1: Data Recorded from Homeostasis Exercise, in the Lab Report Assistant section.
2. I next decided I will be the subject and my mother will be the timer.
3. I performed this exercise at a time when I have NOT exercised for more than an hour. I chose stairs.
4. My mother than recorded my body temperature with an oral thermometer.
5. My mother used a watch with a second hand to count my heart beats per minute and recorded as well as to record my rate of respiration for one minute and recorded.
6. Next I was timed for ten minutes of exercise. (stair climbing)
7. At the end of ten minutes, my mother repeated the measurements to determine my body temperature, heart rate per minute, and rate of respiration.
8. My mother than mad observations to any changes in my appearance and condition from before to after the exercise period. They were recorded.
9. My mother continued to monitor my vital readings every 5 minutes until I have returned to my pre-exercise level, but no longer than 30 minutes.
10. I used different colored pens or pencils to graph my results on a sheet of graph paper, using measurement against time.
Exercise 2
1. I carefully examined my skin with the hand lens.
2. Next, I pinched my arm. I attempted to identify the epidermal layer vs. the underlying layers of fat and muscle. It was very thin, less than ¼ inch thick.
3. I used my microscope and viewed the prepared epithelial cell slide.
5. I than made a wet mount slide of epithelial cells obtained by lightly scraping the inside of my cheek. View this slide under the microscope and made drawings of a few cells.
Exercise 3
1. I used the microscope to view the prepared nerve cell slide.
2. Next, I drew a few nerve cells. Label the dendrite, the axon, and the cell body.
Exercise 4
1. I viewed and prepared slides of the three muscle types under the microscope.
2. I drew a few cells of each type of muscle.
3. I used a scalpel to remove the small pieces of muscle tissue clinging to a beef bone.
4. I prepared a wet mount of a small thin piece of the beef bone muscle tissue. I teased the tissue a part to separate the muscle fibers for better viewing before applying the slipcover to the slide.
5. I covered the slipcover with a tissue and press down on it with my thumb to help separate cell clumps for better viewing. 6. Lastly, I removed the lens paper and viewed the slide under the microscope.
Exercise 5
1. I examined the beef knucklebone.
2. From the previous bone diagram, I identified the parts of your beef knucklebone.
3. I was able to see the hyaline and epiphysis at the “knuckle” end and the marrow at the cut end of the bone. The diaphysis refers to the bone long shank part. Your bone may also have a periosteum.
4. I also boiled my bone on the stove for several hours, and was able to separate the hyaline
and epiphysis from the main bone. (The epiphysis may be separable at the epiphysis plate
where immature bone would still be growing in length.)
5. Next, I used a microscope to view the prepared slides of bone.
6. Lastly, I made wet mounts of various parts of the bone tissue and view them under the microscope.
Exercise 6
Tissues, Organs, and Homeostasis
Margaret E. Vorndam, M.S. Version 42-0131-00-01
Lab Report Assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.
Observations
|
Data Table 1: Data Recorded from Homeostasis Exercise |
||||
|
|
Body Temperature, °F or °C |
Heart Beats per Minute |
Rate of Respiration Inhalations per Minute |
Other Observations |
|
Before exercise, T0 = 0 minutes |
96.7 °F |
83 |
17 |
normal |
|
After exercise
T1 = 10 minutes |
98.5 °F 98.7
|
104 83 |
31 26 |
Sweaty; heavy breathing |
|
T2 = 15 minutes |
98.5 °F |
86 |
21 |
Body returning to normal except for temperature |
|
T3 = 20 minutes |
98.2 °F |
79 |
17 |
Temp still above my normal; heart beat decreased; respiration normal. |
|
T4 = 25 minutes |
98.3 °F |
76 |
19 |
Temp is fluctuating still; heart beat decreasing; however respirations climbed.
|
|
T5 = 30 minutes |
98.1 °F |
76 |
15 |
Temp higher, pulse slowed by 7 beats as well as respiration. |
Experiment
Tissues, Organs, and Homeostasis
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Exercise 1: Homeostasis
Results
A. Describe what changes you observed in the subject between the pre-exercise and the post- exercise states.
B. How long did it take for the subject’s measurements to return to the pre-exercise states?
C. Are these changes that you expected to happen?
D. If results are available from someone else’s trial or you are able to repeat the exercise with
a different subject, compare those results with yours. What differences do you find? How might
you explain these differences?
Questions
A. Describe what systems in the subject’s body actively participated in homeostatic changes to allow it to perform this exercise.
B. Exactly what kinds of activity did each system undertake to compensate for the subject’s exercise, and enable him/her to perform it?
C. Why do you believe the subject’s body made these adjustments?
D. What did you learn from this exercise?
Exercise 2: Epithelial Cells
Results
A. What observations did you make about your skin when viewed under the hand lens? Were you able to locate the “slough” layer of cells? What is the purpose of this layer?
B. Why can you consider skin to be like hide on another animal?
C. When you viewed the microscope slides, what similarities did you observe between the prepared slide and the wet-mount slide?
D. How were the two slides different?
E. Where in the body will you find each type of epithelial cell that you observe on the prepared slide? Hint: Epithelial cells that contain cilia tend to be found where absorption is important and where “flushing” to remove foreign objects is necessary.
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F. Why are mouth lining scrapings used for DNA analysis in forensic testing?
G. How does your epidermal layer differ from that of other animals such as dogs and cats? How is it the same?
Exercise 3: Neurological Function
Questions
A. What is the purpose of nerve cells?
B. How does their function differ from that of the endocrine system?
C. What type of nerve cell is represented in the prepared slide smear? Motor, sensory or interneuron? How do you know?
D. Where would you expect to find the most nerve tissue in your body? Why?
E. Where might you find the least amount of nerve tissue? Why?
Exercise 4: Muscular System
Results
A. Describe the characteristics of each type of muscle. How are they the same? How are they different? Why are they different?
B. Does the wet mount of the beef bone muscle tissue appear similar to any of the prepared slide muscles? Which one? Why is it similar to this type of muscle? What is its function?
A. What type of muscle is represented by:
a. A beef roast - b. A beef heart -
c. A beef tongue -
d. Tripe -
e. Chicken drumstick - f. Fish fillet -
B. Why do muscle tissue types vary in cell makeup?
Exercise 5: The Skeletal System
Results
A. Where would you find a beef “knucklebone” in a cow’s body? What structure is analogous in a human body?
B. What are the roles of the various structures found in bone?
C. How does the prepared slide of bone differ from the photo of the osteoporitic bone?
questions
A. Why is bone health so critical?
B. What factors govern bone health?
C. Older people, particularly women that are post-menopausal, suffer from bone loss. What advice could you give a senior person to help her or him maintain the health of their bones as they age?
Exercise 6: Summary Activity
Results
A. In the diagram, which body systems are absolutely essential for a human to live?
B. Are there any system(s) we can lack and still survive without their operation?
C. Are there system(s) that humans have that are NOT portrayed in the diagram above? What are their functions? Are they necessary for life?
D. Which system(s) could be considered to be the body’s “communication” system(s)?
E. Which systems could be considered to be the body’s “transportation” system(s)?
Questions
A. How does the body thermoregulate? What specific biochemical mechanisms are involved?
B. What specific waste products are produced by the body and how are they removed?
C. How do habits such as smoking and heavy drinking affect the body? Why are the effects reversible if the habit stops?
D. Choose one system to investigate further. Go to Medline Plus online at http://www.nlm.nih. gov/medlineplus/healthtopics.html and locate the system in their directory. Explore one disorder of this system that can occur. Outline its symptoms, its effect, and what is currently known about treatment. How does this disorder impact homeostasis in the victim? (NOTE: If a secondary web link does not work, choose another system/topic.) Place your report here:
Laboratory Summary
What have you learned from doing this laboratory that you did not know before you began it?
