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luanda.pdf
RESURRECTING LUANDA’S GHOST CITY: City of “Musseques “
By
Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
A thesis submitted to the Faculty o f Graduate and Postdoctoral Affairs in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Architecture (M.Arch Professional)
in
Master of Architecture
Carleton University Ottawa, Ontario
©2013 Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
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R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U SSE Q L JE S” M aster o f A rch itecture (M . A rch P rofessional)
■ Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
0 2013 Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
RESURRECTING LUANDA’S GHOST CITY: City of “Musscques”
Figure 1: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angoi»2009 (For All Images Source and References Please Refer to Image Log Sheet in Part ftrven)
Figure 2: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola, 2012 x s i i i i i s s i s i s i i a i a i i i v s i v s m i
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Mussequcs*
'We will resist slum clearance and we willfight to defend our community. We are happy here."
Estero de San M iguel1
Figure 3: Slum Settlement: Metro Manila - Neal Oshima, 2006
Figure 4: Children standingin Luanda’s Chkala slum: Luanda. Angola - Barbara Jones, 2012
1 Mason, P., (2011). Slum lartds-filtby secret o f modem mega city. New Statesman. Retrieved: 7 Jan. 2013 from http://www.newstatesman.com/global- issues/2011/08/slum-city-manila-gina-estero
Page I
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Musscqaes”
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Thesis Introduction Page Thesis Title Page: Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musscqucs”
Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................IV Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................................V Contents......................................................................................................................................................... VI Important Definitions and Translations.....................................................................................................VII
PART ONE:
• Preface........................................................................................................................................ 1 -3 • Introduction.................................................................................................................................3 -8
PART TWO ARCHITECTS LEARNING FROM SLUMS 9 - 24
• Architects Learning from Slums...............................................................................................10-11 • Slum Shelters........................................................................................................................... 12-13 • Community Gathering Spaces within a Slum...................................................................... 14-15 • Sustainability in Slums........................................................................................................... 15-16 • Slum Misconceptions and Environmental Impact............................................................... 16-20 • Informal Employment in Slums............................................................................................ 20 - 22 • Role of an Architect In a Slum............................................................................................... 23 -24
PART THREE: SLUMS IN A LOCAL CONTEXT - LUANDA, ANGOLA 25 - 45
• History of Angola: Luanda and its Slums (Musseques)...................................................... 26 - 30 • Settlements Found within the City of Luanda.......................................................................31-37 • Vertical Slums in Luanda........................................................................................................ 38-41 • Urban Poverty in Luanda’s Slums...........................................................................................41-45
PART FOUR: AFRICA’S FIRST “GHOST CITY": THE NOVA CIDADE DO KILAMBA KIAXI HOUSING PROJECT..................................................... 46 - 66
• Luanda’s “Ghost City”: Reasons for its Design and Failure...................................................48 - 54 • Existing Infrastructure within the “Ghost City” (Housing).................................................55 - 56 • Apartment District: Existing Types of Buildings and Apartment U nits............................. 66 - 60 • Luanda’s Ghost City: The Good, The Bad and The Ugly.....................................................60 -64 • Timeline of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project..................................... 64-66
PART FIVE: GHOST CITY RESURRECTION PROJECT (INTERVENTION) 79 -121
• Project Context: Intervention Proposal........................................................................................69 • Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project
• Existing Problems in Luanda 69 - 70 • Proposed Solution for Luanda’s Problems 70 - 72
Page II
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f eMusseque$”
• Calculation Formulas of the Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project • Intervention Within the T5 (Four bedrooms plus den/office) Apartment Units:
Total Unit Area...............................................................................................................73 • Intervention Within the T5 (Four bedrooms plus den/office) Apartment Units:
Total Unit Price.............................................................................................................. 74 • ... T5 - Apartment Units Existing in a Single Building Type #3: Existing and Proposed
........................................................................................................................................... 75 • T5 - Apartment Units Existing Within the Apartment District: Existing and
Proposed...........................................................................................................................76
• Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Projects: Existing and Proposed Design • Title Page (Existing and Proposed Design 3D Rendering).......................................... 77 • Tide Page (Existing and Proposed Design Floor Plans)................................................78 • Tide Page (Existing Design Floor Plan & 3D Rendering)........................................... 79 • Existing Design................................................................................................................ 80 • Existing Building Access Points......................................................................................81 • Existing Apartment U nits............................................................................................... 82 • Existing Access to Luxury T5 Apartment U nits........................................................... 83 • Existing Horizontal Circulation.................................................................................... 84 • Existing Vertical Circulation..........................................................................................85 • Existing Fa9ade................................................................................................................86
• Title Page (Proposed Design Floor Plan & 3D Rendering)......................................... 87 • Design Implementation of Interventions: Proposed Design........................................ 88 • Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project: Building Deconstruction..................89 • Proposed Access Points...................................................................................................90 • Proposed Apartment Units Layouts and Functionality................................. 91-99 • Proposed Wall Cavity and Ceiling Rail System Detail................................................100 • Access to Proposed Residential U nits........................................................................ 101 • Fire Exits: Existing and Proposed..................................................................................102 • Proposed Horizontal Circulation................................................................................. 103 • Proposed Vertical Circulation.......................................................................................104 • Proposed Common Spaces/Community Gathering Spaces...........................105 - 106 • Proposed Commercial Spaces - Income Generating Strategy........................... 107-108 • Proposed Commercial Units Physical M odel............................................................. 109 • Proposed Access to Commercial U nits........................................................................ 110 • Facade (Existing and Proposed).................................................................................... I l l
PART SIX:
PostScript.........................................................................................................................................112-117
PART SEVEN:
Image log: References for Images, Pictures, Maps and C harts......................................................... 118 -123 Work Cited: Bibliography.................................................................................................................124 - 128 Closing Image...............................................................................................................................................129
Page in
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Abstract Acknowledgment Contents Important Definitions
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U S S E Q U E S " M aster o f A rch itectu re (Ml. A rch P rofessional)
9 Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
C2013 Francisco Dos Santos Panro
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musseques"
ABSTRACT
Slums arc increasing rapidly in both the
developing and developed world. It is
estimated that one billion people
worldwide live in slums.2 In 2003, the
United Nations predicted that by the
year 2050, one in three people will live
in informal settlements.3 Civil war in
Angola that lasted for 27 years, from
1975 to 2007, forced people to migrate
from different regions and relocate in
the capital city, Luanda; thus resulting Figure 5: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Samuel Medina, 2012
in the housing deficit and expansion of
slums (musseques) within the outskirts
of Luanda’s urban core.4 Out of the current six million residents of Luanda, an astounding 4.8 million
(57%) live in informal settlements.5 Such settlements are considered to be a cancer on the development
of the city, because their rapid growth prevents the expansion of Luanda’s urban nucleus. Luanda’s
“musseques” are physical representations of the social segregation in urban areas of the capital city of
Angola. The government of Angola constructed Africa’s largest satellite city, the ‘Nova Cidade do
Kilamba Kiaxi’ social housing project, as a solution to the current slum predicament within its capital.
Unfortunately, the implemented housing strategy was unsuccessful due to the fact that slum dwellers
could not afford to purchase the luxurious apartments that were implemented within this social housing
project. As a result, international communities are referring to the project as ‘Africa’s first Ghost City’
because it remains vacant.6 The intent of this thesis is to implement an affordable architectural
intervention within Luanda’s existing ghost city that will allow for its resurrection, and the eradication of
some of the slums, by inhabiting the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi social housing project with low-
income slum dwellers that cannot afford the unit prices currendy being stipulated.
2 Lutz, W., Sanderson, W., Schcrbov, S., (1997). Doubling the W orld Population Unlikely. Nature 387, p. 803-804 } United Nations Human Settlement Program (UN-Habitat), (2003). The Challenge o f Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements. London: Earth scan. 4 Van Der Winden, B.f (1996). A Family o fthe Musscque: Survival and Development in postwar Angola. UK: World View Publishing, Oxford., p. 7 5 Homeless International. Angola. Homeless International. Retrieved 3 Feb. 2013 from
http.7/www.homclcss-intcrnationaLorg/docuincnt_l.aspx?cat=0:1021977&id=0:6ll93&id=0:59l63&id=0:59153 k Rcdvcrs, L., (2012). Angola s Chinese-built Ghost Town. EBCNowAffct Retrieved 10 D ec 2012 from http://www.bbcco.uk/ncws/world-africa- 18646243
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Page IV
Resurrecting Luanda’s G host City: City o f "Musseques’*
AKNOWLEDGEMENT
“Tell me and Iforget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn. ” Benjamin Franklin
I would like to take this time to recognize and acknowledge those that helped me throughout this long thesis year.
First, I would like to take the time to thank my lovely family, my parents (Mr. Andr^ Panzo and Mrs. Josefa Francisco Filipe Dos Santos), and my siblings (Eduardo, Maria, Aristdteles, Michelle, Josefina and Thaya) for their love and support throughout this thesis year.
Second, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis advisor and mentor Prof. Roger Connah, Associate Professor & Associate Director Graduate at Carleton University’s Azrieli School of Architecture & Urbanism, and colleagues for the continuous support, guidance, encouragement, patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge expressed to me, through the completion of the requirements for my Masters of Architecture (M. Arch Professional) thesis. Prof. Connah’s guidance helped me focus, enjoy, and persevere throughout my thesis writing experience.
Next, I would like to take this time to also express my gratitude to the current President of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project, his Excellency Mr. Joaquim Israel Marques, for taking time within his busy schedule to assist my needs during the process of researching, by providing me with crucial and necessary information pertaining to the mentioned housing project that was needed for the completion of this thesis.
I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to Alicia Breck, Jasmine Nyaaminey, and Acenario Manuel for assisting me through the editing process of my thesis.
Finally, I would like to take this time to also express my gratitude to his Excellency Ambassador Agostinho Tavares da Silva Neto and the Embassy of Angola in Canada for the support and sponsoring for the printing on my thesis.
I truly appreciated the help, dedication and encouragement expressed to me by everyone mentioned above. The writing of this thesis would have not been possible without the help of everyone.
For that I say thank you, and may God richly bless all of you.
Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
Benjamin Franklin
PageV
Resurrecting Luanda’s G host City: City o f’’Musseques’*
CONTENTS
Figure 6: Slum in Luanda: Luanda, Angola - Construction Online India, 2010
1. ABSTRACT 2. AKNOWLEDGEMENT 3. IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS &
TRANSLATIONS
PART ONE:
4. PREFACE 5. INTRODUCTION
This section will provide architects with a brief introduction to the issue of slums within the global context, while focusing on the housing deficit and the implementation of Africa’s first ghost city within the context o f Luanda.
PART TWO:
6. ARCHITECTS LEARNING FROM SLUMS
In order to improve the way of life of a slum dweller, architects need to learn about how slum dwellers live. Slum characteristics such as the methods of construction of a dwelling, community gathering spaces and sustainability within a slum, will be explored in order to define the role of an architect as a professional working in a slum.
PART THREE:
7. SLUMS IN A LOCAL CONTEXT-LUANDA, ANGOLA
A thorough analysis of the history of Angola as a country and the development of its existing slums will be performed within this section. This section
will attempt to answer the simple question of why slums exist within the context of Luanda, by exploring the different informal setdements found within the city; the different types of social issues found within the slums o f Luanda will also be explored.
PART FOUR:
8. AFRICA’S FIRST GHOST CITY: NOVA CIDADE DO KILAMBA KIAXI HOUSING PROJECT
The different reasons of why the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi social housing project was built and why it failed will be explored. Analyzing the different design components of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project will allow for a better understanding of why slum dwellers cannot afford to inhabit the project, thus resulting in it being categorized as Africa’s first ghost city.
PART FIVE:
9. GHOST CITY RESURRECTION INTERVENTION PROJECT
The implementation of an architectural intervention within the existing context of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing projects, called the ‘Ghost City Resurrection Project’ will be explored within this section. This project will attempt to address the questions related to the role of an architect acting as an agent of change within a slum, and issues that are found in the city of Luanda, Angola. The project will address the specific situation of informal settlements in Luanda, and will propose an intervention that responds to the social issues experienced within Luanda’s slums such as: poverty, informal employment, lack of infrastructure, unsanitary and dangerous living conditions, the housing deficit within the city, the need o f affordable housing for slum dwellers, and the resurrection of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project (Ghost City) with low income affordable housing for the poor.
PART SIX:
10. POST SCRIPT
Page VI
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f “Musseques”
IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS AND TRANSLATIONS
• DWELLING: a house, flat, or other place of residence.8
• GHOST CITY / TOWN: is an abandoned village, town or city that is usually deserted due to an economic shift.9
• MUSSEQUE: is a word used to identify an impoverished informal settlement, such as a slum or shantytown, found within the city of Luanda. They are comprised of low-income residents that make less then $2 USD a day, that live in minimal self-built shacks and huts constructed out of rubble or trash.10
• RESURRECTION: The act of rising from the dead or returning to life.11
• INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS: groups of people living on land they have no legal claim to or the homes and land do not follow codes and regulations. Also referred to as a squatter setdement, slum or shantytown.12
• NOVA CIDADE DO KILAMBA KIAXI: translated as New City of Kilamba Kiaxi, is a newly built satellite city that was commissioned by the Angolan government, as a strategy to solve the problem being faced within the city of Luanda such as the housing deficit and the creation of new slums.
• SATELLITE CITY: A planned city in the natural growth path of a nearby larger city designed to stop urban sprawl to the suburbs and to supplement and aid the larger city's expansion.13
• SHANTYTOWN: a deprived area on the outskirts of a town consisting of large numbers of shanty dwellings.14
• SLUM: a squalid and overcrowded urban street or district inhabited by very poor people. Slums typically lack tenure security substandard housing, squalor.15
• SLUM UPGRADING: or slum improvement, as it is also called - in low income urban communities this is many things, but at its simplest it has come to mean a package of basic services: clean water supply and adequate sewage disposal to improve the well-being o f the community. But more fundamental is legalizing and ‘regularizing’ the properties in situations of insecure or unclear tenure.16
* Oxford Dictionaries. (2013). Definition: Dwelling. Oxford University Press. Retrieved: 8 Feb. 20 i 3 from http://oxforddictionaries.com/deRnition/cngltsh/dweiiingFq-dwelling
9 Baker. L , (1986). Ghost Towns o f Texas. Norman: University o f Oklahoma Press. 10 Van Der Winden, B., (1996). A Family o fthe Musseque: Survival and Development in postwar Angola. UK: World View Publishing. Oxford, p. 7 11 The Free Dictionary, (2009). D efinition o f Resurrection. Houghton Mifflin Company. Retrieved 9 Feb. 2013 from
http://www.thefrecdictionary.com/rcsurrcction 12 Britc, K., (2013). D efinition o f Inform al Settlement. Ehow. Retrieved: 8 Feb. 2013 from
http://www.ehow.com/focts_6776791_definition-informal-setdemcntiitml Dictionary.com, (2013). D efinition o f Satellite City. Random House. Retrieved: 10 Oct. 2012 from
http://dictionary.rcfercncc.com/browse/sateUite-f-city 14 Oxford Dictionaries. (2013). Definition: Shantytown. Oxford University Press. Retrieved: 8 Feb. 2013 from
http://oxforddi ctionaries.com/dcfinition/english/sh an ty%2Btown?q=shanty+cown 15 Oxford Dictionaries. (2013). Definition: Slum. Oxford University Press. Retrieved: 8 Feb. 2013 from
http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/cngiish/$lum?q=slum 16 MIT, (2010). IV hatls Urban Upgrading? MIT. Retrieved: 3 Jan. 2013 from http://web.mit.edu/urbanupjgrading/upgrading/whatis/what-isiicml
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R esurrecdngLtianda'sG hosCity: C H jr tC M a a tq ic /
PART ONE: Slums as a Global Issue
Preface Introduction
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U S S E Q U E S " M aster o f A rch itecture (M . A rch P rofessional)
9 Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
0 2013 Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity o f “Musseques’*
PART ONE: SLUMS AS A GLOBAL ISSUE
“A slum is not a chaotic collection o f structures; it is a dynamic collection o f individuals who havefigured out how to survive in the most adverse o f circumstances. ” Kalpana Sharma ‘
Figure 7: Mumbai Slum - Mumbai, India: Ian Woolvcrton
PREFACE_____________________________________________________________________________
“You never change things by fighting the existing reality. To change something, build a new model that makes the existing model obsolete. ’Buckminster Fuller 2
Being born and growing up in the city of Luanda, the capital of
Angola, allowed me to experience the reality of slums and
poverty that countless individuals endure in a Third World
underdeveloped country. My memories include the harsh reality
of being confronted regularly by struggling individuals, fighting
for a way to overcome the day-to-day struggles presented by
their slum lifestyles. I, in the comfort of my father’s middle class
home, only dealt with the reality during the visits to my mother
and family who, at the time, resided within such settlements. Figure 8: Slum Housing? Luanda, Angola - Alex
These visits gave me the chance to witness first hand the Perry, 2010
unsanitary living conditions within the self-built neighborhoods
of shacks. During my numerous visits to relatives living in different informal setdemcnts, it was the
1 Sharma, K., (2000). Rediscovering Dharavi. Mumbai 2 Martinc, G., (2008). The New Global Frontier: Urbanization, Poverty and Environment in the 21st Century. London: Earthscan, p.141
PART ONE: Slums as a Global Issue
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City of"Musseques”
experience of inhabiting numerous slum dwellings, which led me to understand that the lifestyle of a
slum inhabitant is anything but easy; have to be innovative in every aspect of their lives. In the
construction of their homes, slum dwellers tend to use inadequate innovative construction techniques.
By implementing an unrefined mixture of permanent and temporary materials found locally, they tend to
create a building structure that is prone to structure failure.
The lifestyle of the poor slum dweller can be seen as being
chaotic and unstructured. I can clearly testily that slum
settlements are well-organized and well-structured communities
that only require help with the construction of better-designed
homes. Slums require knowledgeable individuals such as
architects to provide well-built and well-structured low-income
homes that fit the needs of those that are struggling, which will
help them to cope with the unfortunate social issues such as
poverty, lack of formal employment, lack of electricity, lack of
sanitary infrastructure, and access to safe water. The slum conditions being experienced within the city of
Luanda are far from unique; such issues regarding slums are also being dealt globally in other developing
nations. Globally, countries that are currently suffering from issues related to the creation or expansion of
slums, can be directly linked to the migration of rural inhabitants fleeing either from the impact of
ongoing war conflicts or just in need of a better life.
Figure 9: People o f Slums: Luanda. Angola - Alex Perry, 2010
As an aspiring student of architecture that intends to return to
my home country of Angola and apply my acquired architectural
knowledge that, if well implemented can be beneficial for those
living in slums such as my family members, I truly believe that as
agents architects have a big role to play within underdeveloped
nations. Currently after 27 years of civil war and the signing of
the peace agreement in 2002, the government of Angola faces a
daunting task of rebuilding its infrastructure destroyed during
the war. The creation of new satellite cites throughout the
country allows for the resettling of tens of thousands of war
refugees residing within the slums of Luanda to return to their
homeland. The primary intent of the Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of “Musseques” research is
not to talk negatively about the government of Angola, nor is it about talking negatively toward the issues
of corruption that might exit with the context of Angola. This research will not attempt to reject or argue
negatively towards the work that is currently being implemented by the Angolan government, but it will
Figure 10: Children In che Slums: Luanda, Angola - Alex Perry, 2010
PART ONE: Slums as a Global Issue
Resurrecting Luanda’s G host City: City o f “Musseques"
act as a script that will describe the reality of what is currently being done as a solution to the dire
problem of slums within the city of Luanda. The Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of “Musseques”
research will attempt to explore alternative architectural solutions that will allow for the government of
Angola to work in partnership with knowledgeable professionals such as architects, acting as agents of
good towards solving the issue of slums and housing deficits experienced within the context of the capital
city of Angola. This research will allow architects to understand the reality of the struggles that are
currently being experienced within the context of Luanda’s slums. In response to this situation, an
essential component of this research will be to define the role of an architect as a professional acting as an
agent of good in the design and implementation of an intervention that works towards solving the
numerous issues pertaining to slums found within the city of Luanda. The main purpose of this research
is to establish an architectural intervention proposal to be implemented within the context of the Nova
Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project (Africa’s first Ghost City), that will attempt to solve the
different social issues of poverty and lack of formal employment in order to allow slum dwellers to afford
purchasing housing within the designed housing project, thus resulting in the resurrection of the ghost
city. This intervention will not only allow for people to inhabit the satellite housing city, but it will also
allow the inhabitants to experience a different way of life by eliminating important social issues that are
experienced within slums.
INTRODUCTION
“There are probably more than 200,000 slums on earth, ranging in population from a feus hundreds to more than a million people. Thefive greatest metropolises o f South Asia (Karachi, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata and Dhaka) alone contain about 15,000 district slum communities whose population exceeds 20 millions”
Mike Davis !
Figure 11: World Population Growth - Eli Attia. 2010
} Davis, M., (2006). Planet o f Slums. London: Verso, p. 26
PART ONE: Slums as a Global Issue Page 3
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Musseques"
The prevalence of slum settlements varies dramatically across cities of the
developing world. It is estimated by the United Nations that one in every six
human beings in today’s world is currently living in such a harsh reality.
According to the United Nations 2011 report from the Department of
Economic and Social Affairs: Populations Division, currently the world has a
global population of around seven billion 4, and nearly one billion people live in
appalling slum conditions in informal settlements that are detrimental to the
future development and growth of a developing society, and the wellbeing of its
inhabitants.5 For instance as explored by Mike Davis, the author of the book
Planet ofSlums, “in India where the slum population is constantly increasing, the
number of people currently living in slums has more than doubled in the past
two decades to 22%. The population rose from 27.9 million in 1981 to over 40
million in 2001 and currendy approximately 62 million people in India live in
slums, which exceeds the entire population of Britain.” 6 Arguably, this rapid
growth in population has led India to suffer from poverty, malnutrition and
diseases, which has resulted in more deaths of children than any other country in
the world.
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71
The online article entided Learning from Slums, written by Rebecca Tuhus-
Dubror, highlights that currently the “global urban population recently
exceeded the rural population for the first time with the majority of that
growth occurring in slums.” 7 According to the United Nations report entitled,
Estimated and Projected World Urban and Rural Population, 1950-2030, the
current number of the world population has passed a significant turning point;
for the first time in the history of humanity, more than half of all the worlds
population reside in either a town or a city.8 The United Nation also estimates
that the current transition of people choosing to reside within cities and towns
“came about in 2008 when the urban population of 3.3 billion people was
larger than the entire global population in 1967, 40 years earlier.” * An
important point that the United Nations Report argues is that developing cities and urban areas around
I I " " I k 2(g , = 7* b* nS i
2*29 ffeM on
2030 8.3bWon
Figure 12: Growth - Worldometers, 2012
4 United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs: Populations Division, Population Estimate and Projections Section, (2011). W orld Population Prospect, the 2010. New York: United Nations. Retrieved: 22 October 2012 from hctp://esa. un.org/wpp/Other-Information/faqJitm
' UN-HABITAT, (2003). Slums o fthe World: The Face o f Urban Poverty in the New M illennium . United Nations. Retrieved: 18 October 2012, p. 10 6 Davis, M., (2006). Planet o f Slums. London: Verso, p. 123 TTuhus-Dubrow, R., (2009). Leam ingjrom Slums. Boston.com. Retrieved: 4 Oct. 2012 from
http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/arcicles/2009/03/01/leaming_frofn_slums/?page=l * Hinrichsen, D., (2002). The world comes to Town. People & the Planet. Retrieved: 10 Jan. 2013 from
http://www.peopleandplanctnet/?lid=26729&topic=44&scction=40 9 United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2006
PART ONE: Slums as aGlobal Issue Page 4
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City of"Musseques”
the global community “are currently gaining an estimated 60 million people per year, which averages out
to cities having a population increase of over 1 million every week.” 10 It is astounding that, according to
Don Hinrichsen the author of the online article entitled The World comes to Town, in many cities within
the global context of developing nations, the increase in population is growing twice as faster than the
overall population of the underdeveloped city. The United Nations Report on the status of the world’s
urban and rural population also projects that, “as urban areas particularly smaller towns and cities -
continue to grow in size, about 5 billion people arc expected to live in cities by 2030 - about 61% o f the
global population of 8.1 billion”11
Within the past two decades some developing cities around the world have witnessed an astonishing
growth in their urban population rates. For example according to the United Nations Report on
Estimated and Projected World Urban and Rural Population, 1950-2030, in Dhaka, a city located in Asia
within the nation of Bangladesh, the growth in population rate within the city doubled, to an astounding
number of 6 million, between the years of 1990 and 2000.12 Similarly, in Mumbai (Bombay) a city also
located in the Asian nation of India, urban population rates have grown to over 17 million, and according
to the United Nations, it is estimated that if no measures are taken, by the year 2015 Mumbai will
probably be the world's second largest city, after Tokyo, Japan.13
The 2003 report by the United Nations, Slums o f the World: The Face o f Urban Poverty in the New
Millennium, states that the action resulting from the migration of people from rural areas and other
countries is the main driving force for the creation of new informal settlements, because such action
causes a housing deficit within a struggling underdeveloped nation that result in migrants building
informal shelters. Migration also causes the rapid growth and expansion of existing slum communities
found within the context of a developing city.14 Such report also states that what drives people to migrate
to others cities is either the “lack of clean water, hospitals, schools, recreational facilities, unemployment,
in rural areas and the availability of clean water, hospitals, schools, good roads, recreational facilities, and
employment opportunities in urban areas.” 15
10 Hinrichsen, D., (2002). The world comes to Toum. People & the Planet. Retrieved: 10 Jan. 2013 from http://www.peopleandplanet.net/?Ud=26729&topic=44&$ection=40
" United Nations, Department o f Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, (2006). Urban & rural population o f the world, 1950-2030. Ney York: United Nations. Retrieved: 13 Dec. 2012 from http://www.un.org/esa/population/
12 Ib id .,p .T I 11 Ibid., p. TI 14 UN-HABITAT, (2003). Slum Dwellers to double by 2030: M illennium Development Goal Could Fall Short. United Nations. Retrieved: 7 October
2012 from http://www.unhabitac.org/documents/media_centrc/whd/GRHSPRl.pdf
15 Ibid., p. TI
PART ONE: Slums as a Global Issue Page 5
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Musseques*
According to Homeless International, an international organization that supports slum dwellers in
underdeveloped countries to improve their lives by finding lasting solutions to the ongoing global issue of
urban poverty in developing nations, the inter-ethnic tensions that exist in a slum usually tend to be
amplified, as seen in 2008 in the African nation o f Kenya, right after their presidential election. Being
denied the same rights as other city dwellers caused further tensions between slum dwellers and the
different social groups. Homeless International states that in Kenya, “people living in city slums are often
unrecognized and ignored by the government, excluding them from city development plans, voting and
full protection through the law.” 17 Such neglect denies slum dwellers the rights and voice that other
citizens have, which in turn can lead to political and social exclusion. Compared to the developed world,
developing Third World countries are lacking the transition of cities offering opportunities to allow for
more social mobility and growth. According to the report published by the United Nations UN
HABITAT, if steps are not taken by present governmental bodies around the world, in partnership with
architects and designers that aim to use their acquired knowledge o f designing to help those in need, this
current figure pertaining to the global increase of slums in developing nations is likely to double within
the next thirty years.18
The exploration of the potential role of an architect acting as an
agent within the informal context of urban settlement will be
explored through the analysis of the current and historical
existence of slums within the Republic of Angola. A thorough
understanding of how slum shelters are built within the setting
of a slum, and the benefits, consequences and misconceptions of
slums in both the built and natural environment will be
analyzed within the Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of
“Musseques” research, in ways that architects can learn from Figure 13= Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing Project Luanda Angola, 2012
slums. Upon the introduction of the different challenges and
potentials created by slums, both globally and within the capital city of Luanda, this thesis will present a
critical reflection on the current failed architectural intervention commissioned and implemented by the
present Angolan government, the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi social housing project. The social
housing intervention projects commissioned by the Angolan government is currently considered to be
Africa’s largest and most expensive housing projects ever undertaken at one time; but unfortunately the
16 Homeless International. The impacts o f slums. Homeless International Retrieved: 4 November 2012 from http://www.homclcss- internationalorg/About-Slums/impacts-of-slums
17 Homeless International. The impacts o f slums. Homeless International Retrieved: 4 November 2012 from http://www.homeless- internationaLorg/About-Slums/impacts-of-slums
" UN-HABITAT, (2003). Slum Dwellers to double by 2030: M illennium Development Goal Could Fall Short. United Nations. Retrieved: 7 October 2012 from http://www.unhabitat.org/documcnts/niedia_centre/whd/GRHSPRl.pclf
PART ONE: Slums as a Global Issue Page 6
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f“Musseques"
Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi social housing project is also being referred to as Africa’s first ‘Ghost City’
because, after its construction, the impoverished lower class slum dwellers of the city o f Luanda could not
afford to inhabit the luxury apartments units that were implemented within the housing project meant
for the creation of low income
social housing for the poor.
Africa’s first Ghost City social
housing project was
implemented as a solution to
the housing deficit problem
caused by Angola enduring 27
years of civil war that allowed
for the rapid migration of
people from rural area of the
C ountry to th e c ity o f Luanda, Figure 14: Urban Sc rural population o f chc world, 1950-2030- U N Population Division, 2000 which led to the creation of
new slums and expansion of different existing colonial settlements. The importance of activist
architectural practices, the introduction of social architecture, and the role of an architect within the
harsh environment of an informal setdement found within the context of the city o f Luanda, will be
explored and analyzed thoroughly as a method of intervention in order to define the urgency that an
intervention to solve the current slum problems is required within the developing nation of Angola.
In terms of Angola, a thorough analysis of its current existing informal settlements within its capital city
of Luanda will be undertaken in order for architects to understand the existence of slums that have been
occurring for decades as result of war conflicts. The urban fabric of the city of Luanda that was initially
designed in the colonial period by the Portuguese to inhabit about seven hundred thousand people
currently has about six million inhabitants to date,19 of which approximately four million people are slum
dwellers living in the informal settlement that are found in the outskirts of the city without minimal
living conditions and infrastructure. 20 Such figures reflect on the importance of how an architectural
intervention that aims in helping the inhabitants of a struggling developing nation is drastically required
within the city of Luanda-
19 Macau Hub, (2009). Angola: New city to be built to north ofLuanda to house excess population. Macau Hub. Retrieved: 23 Oct. 2012 from http://www.macauhiAxom.mo/en/2009/02/12/6543/
20 Homeless International. Angola. Homeless International. Retrieved 3 Feb. 2013 from http://www.homcless-mKmarionalorg/documenc_l.aspx?cat=Q:1021977&id=0:61193&i<i=0:59l63&:id=0;59153
PART ONE: Slums as a Global Issue Page 7
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: G ty o f “Musseques"
One of the most important issues that burdens slum dwellers globally and within the city of Luanda is the
high level of poverty that is caused by the lack o f employment, and which prevents lower class slum
dweller citizens to afford a decent home. What is the role of an
architect acting as an agent of change within the context of
Angola, pertaining in solving the social issues presendy found in
the slums of Luanda? In response to the slum condition within
the city of Luanda and the failure of the Nova Cidade do
Kilamba Kiaxi social housing project, an essential component of
this research will be to implement an architectural intervention,
the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project. This
intervention will allow for current slum dwellers to inhabit the Figure 15: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi
h o u s in g p ro jec t, a n d h o p e fu lly b e co m e ag en ts o f th e ir o w n housing Project. Luanda Angola, 2<m
change.
PART ONE: Slums as a Global Issue Page 8
R csirrcctingU ianda’sG hoK C ityiC ityof'M aaaiac**
PART TWO: Architects Learning From Slums
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U S S E Q U E S " M aster o f A rch itecture (M . A rch P rofessional)
Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
€>2013 Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity o f ‘Musseques*
“Ij slums look dirty and chaotic, they are also one o f the most efficient urban settlements: people can live close
PART TWO: ARCHITECTS LEARNING FROM SLUMS
“Ij slums look dirty and chaotic, they are also one o f the most efficient urban settlements: people can live close to each other, and possibilities to randomly meet are maximized. Social organization emerges naturally, and the overall system uses the available resources in the most efficient way. ”
Marco Castroni
Figure 16; Faveia Cloud a formal scheme to redevelop the Brazilian slums o f Santa Marta: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Johan Kure, Kemo Usto and
Marco Castroni 1
Thiru Manickam, 2012
CONTENTS:
• Architects Learning from Slums.............................................................................................. 10-11 • Slum Shelters.......................................................................................................................... 12 -13 • Community Gathering Spaces within a Slum ..................................................................... 14-15 • Sustainability in Slums............................................................................................................ 15-16 • Slum Misconceptions and Environmental Im pact................................................................ 16-20 • Informal Employment in Slums............................................................................................ 20 - 22 • Role of an Architect in a Slum............................................................................................... 23 - 24
1 Castroni, M., (2009). Leam ingjrom the slums (2/2): the rediscovery. ArchDaiiy. Retrieved: 5 Mar 2013 from http://www.archdaily.com/16311 /lcaming-from-thc-sJums-22-thc-rcdiscovcry/
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Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity o f "Musseques*
ARCHITECTS LEARNING FROM SLUMS
“When a new, planned building rises in the slum - be it a public toilet or sewing co-operative - it immediately becomes a monument. I t was conceived by an architect, it indicates things are changing: People understand they now have the right to what was only available in the so-called ‘formal city. ”
Jorge Mario Jauregui -
No one denies that slums have serious problems. Rebecca
Tuhus-Dubrow, the author of the article called Learning from
Slums,3 sees slums as being “overcrowded, unhealthy, and
emblems of profound inequality. But among architects,
planners, and other thinkers, there is a growing realization that
they also possess unique strengths, and may even hold lessons in
successful urban development.” 4 Every problem faced by F igu« 17: Slums o f S*ngli: S ^ g h J n ^ An
humans has within itself the seeds of a possible solution. In order
to resolving the different unprecedented human social issue found within the context of a slum, it is
important for architects as professionals intending to implement their design within a slums setting to
first take the time to analyze the different aspects of the specific informal settlement and learn from them.
The Global Report on An Urbanizing World that was presented by the United Nations Centre for
Settlements (UNCHS) at the Habitat II World Conference on Human Settlements in 1996, uncovered
shocking slums statistics, which redefined the role of architects, planners and professionals as being agents
of change towards positives action. The statistics stated that globally, over one billion people currently live
without a decent shelter, and are forced to live in dilapidated and unhygienic living conditions.5 Sadly the
numbers stated above are expected to grow at an exponential rate if no drastic action to prevent the
growth of slums is taken.
Any drastic action taken that pertains to resolving the different issue that are brought to a developing
nation by the existence of slums requires for architects, planners and policy makers to understand the
phenomenon of slums through analyzing them in-depth. Teddy Cruz, a professor at UC San Diego, says
that slums are communities that architects can learn from, and should not be dismissed "because they
look ugly, they look messy... They have sophisticated, participatory practices, a light way of occupying the
land. Because people are trying to survive, creativity flourishes." 6 Arguably this remark by Teddy Cruz
2 Architecture for Humanity, (2006). Design Like You Give a Damn: Architectural Responses to H um anitarian Crises. New York: Metropolis Books, p. 216-221
3 Tuhus-Dubrow, R., (2009). Leam ingjrom Slums. Boston.com. Retrieved: 4 Oct. 2012 from http://www.boston.com/bostonglobc/id€as/articles/2009/03/01/leaming_from_slums/?page5=l
‘'Ib id ., p .T I 5 United Nations. (1996). United Nations Conference on H uman Settlements (H abitat II). United Nations. Retrieved: 9 January 2013 from
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G96/025/00/PDF/G9602500.pdfrOpenElemen, p. 12 6 Tuhus-Dubrow, R., (2009\ Leam ingjrom Slums. Bostonxom. Retrieved: 4 Oct. 2012 from
http://www.boston.eom/bostonglobe/ideas/arriclcs/2009/03/01 /leaming_from__slums/?page= 1
PART TW O: Architects Learning from Slums Page 10
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f“Musseques*
pertaining to architects, allows professionals to understand and contextualize the issue of homelessness
and unhygienic conditions that are prevalent within a human setdement, and perhaps introducing critical
slum requalification lessons crucial in shaping a humane habitat.
Figure 18: ETC developing architectural strategies to support the informal. Teddy Cruz, 2011
Figure 19: Elemental: Incremental Housing. Quinta Monroy, 2011
PART TW O: Architects Learning from Slums Page 11
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity o f "Musscqnes”
SLUM SHELTERS
“A ll architecture is shelter, all great architecture is the design o f space that contains, cuddles, exalts, or stimulates the persons in that space.” Philip Johnson
Slum dwellers tend to solve their own housing problems by
implementing their own primitive solutions in order to create
shelters that fit their housing needs. According to Akhtar
Chauhan, the author of the report Leamingfrom Slums that was
presented at the Habitat II World Conference on Human
Settlements, held in 1996 United Nations Centre for
Settlements (UNCHS), “Slum dwellings are considered to be
some of the smallest dwellings possible, because they are Figure 20: Slum Shelter: Cape Hats, South
minimum shelters that are comprised of multi-function living
spaces that adapt to the different needs of its inhabitants.” 8 A typical slum dweller cannot afford
purchasing a house within the public and private housing sector; prices are typically beyond the realm of a
slum dweller’s income capacity. Slum shelters are affordable for those inhabiting a slum because they arc
built by the people for the people with
the use of cheap and recycled minimal
building materials that are accessible
within the informal settlement.
According to Akhtar Chauhan, within
the building process of slum shelters,
“slum dwellers tend to use easily available
local building materials such as tin sheets,
timber rafters, joists, posts, country tiles,
plastic sheets and other recycled
materials. Against all odds, slum dwellers Fi«°" 21: slam s u ite r : Jim Spence, 2010
have developed economically rational and
innovative shelter solutions for themselves.” 9 Akhtar Chauhan also analyzes that the prevalence of slums
expanding tends to persist because of the availability of cheap and inexpensive materials found, picked up
and installed within the surrounding site. Such unconventional methods of acquiring material -
scavenging- allows for the rapid construction of brand-new shelters within a single day.
' Nanu, (2001). 101 Inspirational Quotes by Famous Architects and Artists - Philip Johnson. Architecture and Web art. Retrieved: 3 March 2013 from http://www.archtopia.com/2011/01/30/101-inspirarional-quotes-from-famous-architccts-and'artists/
* Chauhan, A., (1996). Learning From Slums. New York: United Nations Centre for Settlements (UNCHS). Retrieved: 13 October 2013, p. 2 9 Ibid., p. 3
PART TW O: Architects Learning from Slums Page 12
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of"Mosscques”
During the construction of a shelter in an informal settlement, a slum dweller’s limited technical and
architectural expertise is put to the best creative use to meet their shelter needs. Slum dwellings are not
considered to be static houses. According to Alejandro Aravena,
and Andres Lacobelli, authors of Incremental Housing and
Participatory Design Manual, slum shelters tend to “grow as the
needs of the resident increase with growth of the family, and it is
limited only the ability and resources. This freedom to build and
meet the social and economic requirements through r . . „ t o —, Figure 22: Slum Shelter in China (Temporal
incremental growth is crucial to the success of the slums. This Material): China - Ame Boil 2010
is consistendy reflected in the incremental growth of dwelling
units, house-groups / rows and the slum community as a whole.
By analysing the interior space and compartment of a typical slum shelter, Akhtar Chauhan concluded
that the “living spaces within a slum shelter are not comprised of typical rooms as mono-functional units”
11 as is seen in a typical house. In the same report, Akhtar Chauhan also reflects that a “typical slum
dwelling is usually designed as being a multi-functional living space, with over-lapping functions that
allow for living and family interactions.” For instance a one-room shack tends to transform its functions
according to the time of the day. During the day the space is usually a living room and a kitchen that
allows for the family to gather to either cook or partake in meals; during the night the same space changes
functions by transforming itself into a bedroom where the entire family gathers and sleeps. Such ability
of a slum shelter to transform its existing spaces into different functions, depending on the time o f the
day, shows that slum shelters unintentionally serve a practical purpose without the creation of
unnecessary functionless space. This allows for the shelters to be economical in terms of constructing
only usable space, thus making them the best examples for the most optimum utilization of living space.
On the negative side, slum dwellings lack the installation of plumbing, and electricity. Inhabitants obtain
water from public fountains, and obtain electricity from generators, or by connecting directly to an
electricity poll. The installation of such basic features and components found within a slum shelter
designed by architects, necessary for a human being, allows for the improvement o f the quality of life of
an inhabitant of a slum. It can also allow for the architect to design a shelter that is relatable to the
residents of informal settlements.
10 Aravena, A., Lacobelli, A., (2012). Incremental Housing and Participatory Design M anual Germany: Hatje Cantz Verlag, p. 17 "Chauhan, A , (1996). Learning From Slums. New York: United Nations Centre for Settlements (UNCHS). Retrieved: 13 October 2013, p. 2
PART TW O: Architects Learning from Slums - Page 13
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Mussequcs"
COMMUNITY GATHERING SPACES W ITH IN A SLUM
"I strongly believe that the west has much to learn from societies and places which, while sometimes poorer in material terms are infinitely richer in the ways in which they live and organize themselves as communities... I t may be the case that in a few years' time such communities will be perceived as best equipped toface the challenges that confront us because they have a built-in resilience and genuinely durable ways o f living."
Prince Charles, Prince of Wales u
According to the report Learning from Slums
written by Akhtar Chauhan, slums are considered
to be vibrant communities comprised of people
working and solving their issues together in a
collective group and community. As a
community, slums tend to be much more tightly
knit than many prosperous parts of the developed
world where, neighbors hardly know one
another.13 It can be argued that within the context Figure 23: Cazcnga Stum: Luanda, Angola. Google Earrh, 2013
of an informal settlement, the aspect of
community involvement that is present in
decision-making and in the construction of either a new shelter or any other public gathering space for
the community, is what allows for the development and survival of slums. Thus allowing for its
inhabitants to better cope with the harsh reality that is experienced within the settlement. This is
crucially important because it shows how slum communities work as one unit that supports each other
through any hardship. Within a slum, one can find a whole range of social and community spaces and
facilities, which are considered to be locations for the community to interact and gather for any specific
events: hosting a community festival, a party, sporting events like soccer matches between the children of
the settlement, etc. According to Chauhan, such spaces for interaction can be characterised as simply
being the most minimal space for social interaction, for instance the doorstep of a resident’s dwelling
The designated community spaces where the entire community gathers for various social and cultural
activities are also considered to be a space where community issues are dealt with and solved. The
community does not usually plan the creation of specific designating gathering spaces within a slum;
these usually tend to be created by chance. Chauhan explains that once a community labels a space as
being a gathering space for the community, no one in the community is allowed to disrupt the vacancy of
the space by building on it. Such places are usually placed within the center of the community as an open
space, not for the individual slum dweller but for the entire community to enjoy. Arguably, the references
u Booth, R., (2009). Charles Declares M umbai Shanty Town M odel fo r the World. The Guardian. Retrieved: 5 Jan. 2013 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2009/fcb/06/princc-charies-slum-commencs
15 Tuhus-Dubrow, R., (2009). Leam ingjrom Slums. Boston.com. Retrieved: 4 Oct. 2012 from http://www.boscon.com/bostongIobe/ideas/articlcs/2009/03/01/lcaming_fTom_slums/2pagesl
PART TW O: Architects Learning from Slums Page 14
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musseques*
pertaining to the sense of community found within a slum show that slum communities arc not only
made up of fragile shacks, but also by inhabitants who have solidarity towards one another in order to
lessen the hardship of a day-to-day life within a slum. It also determinates that the creation of such
community spaces allow for the community to gather and celebrate their existence and survival within
such a harsh environment.
SUSTAINABILITY IN SLUMS
As vibrant communities, how can slum settlements teach
architects in today’s society a lesson in the design and
implementation of a successful sustainable urban development?
According to the article Learning from Slums, slum
communities tend to solve issues that impact the entire
community through making decisions in a group setting. ^ ̂ DhariviSlum; Mumbai, ta d * . i i * r j . . * i . Daniel Bcrehulak, 2009Arguably, the action or discussing the relevant issues as a group
allows the community to prioritise what is important and what needs to be performed in a way beneficial
for the entire community, thus making this action as being seen as a sustainable development action.
Chauhan also stresses that the simple action of making decisions in a group setting “enables a slum to
sustain its development and consolidate its existence within an urban area” u. According to Siel Ju, the
author of the (online) article called Sustainability Lessons from Slums, 15 architects, designers and urban
planners can consider slums as having livable aspects that allow for the embodiment of many sustainable
principles. Such principles stressed by Ju can be defined as slums being “walkable, high-density and
mixed-use, meaning that housing and commerce mingle. Consider, too, that the buildings are often made
of materials that would otherwise be piling up in landfills, and slums are by some measures exceptionally
ecologically friendly.” 16
While visiting the crowded slum setting of Dharavi located in Mumbai, India, Prince Charles, Prince of
Wales, recognized the beneficial aspects of sustainability found within a slum settlement by explaining
that slums “contain the attributes for environmentally and socially sustainable settlements for the world's
increasingly urban population.... The distinctive use of local materials, its walkable neighborhoods, and
mix of employment and housing add up to an underlying intuitive grammar of design that is totally
absent from the faceless slab blocks that are still being built around the world to 'warehouse' the poor." 17
14 Chauhan, A., (1996). Learning From Slums. New York; United Nations Centre for Settlements (UNCHS). Retrieved: 13 October 2012, p. 2 19 Ju, S., (2009). Sustainability Lessonsfrom Slums. Mother Nature Network. Retrieved: 22 Oct. 2012 from http://www.mnn.com/health/fitne5s-weli-
being/blogs/sustainability-lessons-from-slums “ Ju, S., (2009). Sustainability Lessonsfrom Slums. Mother Nature Network. Retrieved: 22 Oct. 2012 from http://www.mnn.com/hcaith/fitness-well-
bcing/bIog?/sustainability-lessons-from-slums 17 Hattam, J., (2009). W hat Slums Can Teach Us About Sustainability. Tree Hugger. Retrieved: 20 Dec. 2012 from
http://www.trcehugger.com/urban-design/what-slums-can-tcach-us-about-sustainability.html
PART TW O: Architects Learning from Slums Page 15
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f “Musseques*
Sustainability is also present in a slum through the action of recycling material or scrap. This is dear in
the use of material that would otherwise be landfill.
SLUM MISCONCEPTIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
“Today it is necessary to make the Therapeutic Policy, which implies to consider the conditions o f the coexistence; it is necessary to learn how to coexist, and in that sense, the favela teaches us."
Jacques Derrida '*
For some the existence of slums is not seen as being a lost cause.
Robert Neuwirth, an American journalist who spent two years
living and researching in slum communities and author of the
books Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters and A New Urban
World,19 believes that even though slums are viewed by the
upper-class citizens of a developing nation as being dirty, rugged,
disease stricken and disorganized, if given a chance, inhabitants
of such informal settlements have a tendency to create an
economy and improve themselves. One of the major
misconceptions that the general public has regarding slums that
Neuwirth identified was how people tend to see slums as being
comprised of endless seas of mud huts or shacks. This is
misleading. According to Neuwirth, within a slum "there’s a
tremendous amount of economic activity - stores, bars,
hairdressers, everything." 20 People tend to categorize slums as
being scary places that need to be destroyed, infested with
disease and criminals. However, evidence suggests that instead
of eradicating slum communities by demolishing them, cities in
developing nations could focus their attention on educating the
general public regarding treating slums as neighborhoods that can be improved. Governmental officials
could show more support towards slum dwellers to better cope with the issue of slums. For example,
according to Rebecca Tuhus-Dubrow (Learningj9ww Slums), “in the 1960s and 1970s, Brazil demolished
many of its slums, called ‘favclas’, and relocated residents to government housing. Since then, a new idea
has emerged in development circles: such settlements are more than eyesores, they are the product of
11 MoMA, 2012.M oM A j Sm all Scale, Big Change \ Mangutnhos Complex. MoMA. Retrieved: 14 Dec. 2012 from <http://www.moma.org/ interactivcs/cxhibirions/2010/smaiJscalebigchange/projccts/manguinhos_complex>.
19 Neuwirth, R., (2005). Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban W orld New York: Routicdgc, 2005. “ Tuhus-Dubrow, R., (2009). Leam ingjrom Slums. Boston.com. Retrieved: 4 Oct. 2012 from
http ://www.boston.com/bostonglobc/idc as/articles/2009/03/01/learning_from_slums/ ?pagc= 1
Figure 25: Ajcgunlc - Legos, Nigeria - 2012
Figure 26: Rocinha Favela in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Rio on Watch, 2012
PART TW O: Architects Learning horn Slums Page 16
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musseques*
years of residents' labor, and are legitimate communities that should be improved rather than erased.” 21
In reality slums do not need to be demolished and rebuilt. In most cases knocking slums down will only
result in the construction of new houses that would not be suitable or affordable for slum dwellers. For
the simple reason that they are poor!
In order to make a difference within a slum settlement, organizations may have to work with the people
and not against them. Based on Neuwirth’s (2005) study of informal setdements, inhabitants of
informal settlements or squatters, as some may call them, are considered to be “interested, hard-working,
and responsible people. They can make decisions for their communities. They can define the trade-offs
that will be acceptable. And without them, any work to upgrade their communities will be doomed to
fail.” 22 It is impossible to completely eradicate the problem of slums; however it can be possible to allow
for the inhabitants to live within a city that has an urban core that flourishes and expands in a natural
way. The implementation of slum improvement projects through means of architectural agency is only
achievable if the inhabitants o f the slum community are also involved at every stage of the improvement
and design. This should allow any proposed intervention project to have a direct impact towards slum
dwellers as to what they need and not only what the architect as a professional thinks slum dwellers need.
According to Neuwirth, one of the real problems faced by slums in today’s society is the problem of
corruption. This issue of corruption prevents a community from thriving and evolving into something
better. Neuwirth argues that the issue of corruption can be seen and experienced in “communities like
Kibera that seem to exist principally because of corruption. For anything you want to do in the
community, from building a house to making a serious repair, the civil servants from the provincial
administration insist on payoffs. If you don’t pay them off, they will knock down anything you build or
call the police to inspect your business.” 23 Unfortunately, the problem o f corruption and profiting from
slum dwellers is not only performed by city officials, but also by many non-profit entities that exist
around the communities. The stories of corruption arc part of the everyday life of a person living within a
slum. For instance, based on Neuwirth’s experience o f residing within a slum for two years, within slum
communities there are health clinics that have no doctors to serve the people, water purifying
organizations that do not purify any water for the people, and schools that teach children in deplorable
conditions while making a large profit off them. Despite - paradoxically - the numerous serious problems
that exist within a slum community, many positive aspects can be found. In any fast growing city around
the world that deals with the issue of slums, such settlements are typically defined as being self-built
31 Tuhus-Dubrow, R., (2009). Leamingfrom Slums. Boscon.com. Retrieved: 4 Oct. 2012 from http://www.boston.com/bostonglobc/ideas/articlcs/2009/03/01/lcaming_froni_slums/Ppagessl 12 Neuwirth, R., (2005). Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban W orld New York: Routlcdgc, 2005, p. 249 23 Ib id , p. 98
PART TW O: Architects Learning from Slums Page 17
Resurrecting Luanda’s G host City: City o f "Musseques”
communities that are self-sufficient, self-designed, and self-motivated 24; thus making it possible to
recognized them as being the most dynamic part of a city that is in the midst of evolving.
In underdeveloped countries where the existence of slums may
be evident, such settlements tend to impact society in a negative
way. In an environment that is overpopulated with twice the
amount of trash, corpses and human excretion, such issues tend
to affect a city’s large-scale environments and immediate
ecology, by destroying and polluting crucial environmental
support systems of agricultural fields and wetlands that
surround a city’s urban conglomeration. Analysis performed by
experts in slums around the world report that it is estimated that
the impact of slums on the environment is at its critical point,
because 90% of sewage produced within a slum setdement is typically dumped in streams and rivers.25
The implementation of a strategy that will allow for the physical improvement of the impact of slums on
the environment depends mainly on the adaptation of infrastructures that will facilitate the access to
available water, toilets, drainage, and electricity.
Figure 27: Mumbai Slums: Mumbai, India - India Wires, 2012
Mumbai, formerly known as Bombay, is currently not only
considered to be India’s largest city, but also the fourth largest
city in the world. According to the last census performed in
India in 2001, “it is estimated that within the last two decades
India’s slum population has doubled to a point that it has
currently exceeded the present population o f Britain.” 26 India’s
slum dwelling population drastically rose from 27.9 million in
1981 to 61.8 million in 2001.27 It is sad to know that even
though India’s current economy has achieved a significant
increase of 8% in the last four years, nearly 1.1 billion of India’s
inhabitants, for the most case, residing within the informal setdements still survive on less than $1 USD a
day. 28 The more the slums increase, the more an immediate intervention is required in order to prevent
or improve the way of life of the inhabitants. According to the official 2001 national census that was
performed within the city of Mumbai by the Indian government, it is estimated that Mumbai has a
Figure 28: Informal Market within Dharavi Slum: Mumbai, India - Ojibwa, 2013
24 UN-HABITAT, (2003). Slums o f the World: The Face o f Urban Poverty in the N ew M illennium . United Nations. Retrieved: 18 October 2012, p. 40-46 29 Iroparaco, L, Ruscer.J., (2003). Slum Upgradingand Participation: Lessonfrom L atin America. Washington, D.C.: The W orld Bank, p. 61 26 Department o f Research Methodology, (2001). Slum Population in India. Mumbai: Tata Institute of Social Sciences. 17Ibid., p .T I u Ibid., p .T I
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current population of more than 18 million inhabitants, of which approximately 10 million (55%) of its
inhabitants reside within the city’s informal settlements that are referred to as ‘shantytowns’. 29 Within
the context of the city of Mumbai, the Dharavi shantytown is considered to be the largest of the
numerous different slums that are found within Mumbai. Currently the Dharavi slum covers a total area
of approximately 535 acres of land and is estimated to hold between 600,000 and 1 million inhabitants.30
V s
Currently, Mumbai is also considered to be India’s wealthiest
city that serves as India’s commercial and entertainment center.
Unlike other urban slums that are currently found in other
regions within Mumbai, the inhabitants in Dharavi slum are
typically employed within the formal and informal employment
market, “as unskilled laborers, policemen, lawyers, architects,
and other skilled professions and occupations.” 31 On the
positive note, within the boundaries of the Dharavi slum, it is
estimated that there are 5,000 different businesses and 15,000
single-room factories that currently operate from within the
informal settlement.32 On the negative side, in spite of Dharavi, as an informal settlement that employs
its inhabitants, being a major contributor toward the city o f Mumbai’s rapid economic growth, it is said
that tenement conditions experienced within the Dharavi shantytown are considered to be amongst the
worst anywhere in the world.
Figure 29: Women working in the spices factory in the Dharavi Slum: Mumbai, India -
Getty Image
Slums around the world have limited access to basic
infrastructure such as safe water, electricity and sanitation.
Similar to what experienced within other slums around the
world, residents of the Dharavi informal community have
limited access to working toilets. It is estimated that within
Dharavi there only one toilet per every 1,440 residents, and
these are typically privately owned by commercial enterprises
that forces inhabitants to pay in order to access them. 33 As a
result of the lack of access to toilets within the community, and
the fact that a slum resident can not typically afford the prices, Figait M; Dharav, slam primlry watcr „ urce . . . , . . r , Mumbai. In d ia 'P ro jec t Front Foot, 2013
many people within the Dharavi slum prefer to relieve
” Department o f Research Methodology, (2001). Slu m P opulation in In d ia . Mumbai: Tata Institute o f Social Sciences, " /fe d , p .T I ” Ibid., p. T1 " Ib id . p.T I " Ib id . p. TI
PART TW O: Architects Teaming from Slums Page 19
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: C ity o f “Musseques"
themselves in the nearby river, or even within open areas designated for the disposal of trash that are
found in the community. The nearby river serves as a source of drinking water for many people.
Therefore it can be argued that the action of people relieving themselves within the river, allows for the
pollution of the only source of water available within the community. Within Dharavi, it is estimated
that everyday thousands of residents are sick with cholera, dysentery, and tuberculosis resulting from
consuming water from the same local source, the nearby river.
It is hard to understand that as a slum the Dharavi community is
considered to be indispensible to the city of Mumbai because of
its input towards the city’s economical growth. But the mere
fact that even though the inhabitants of such communities are
employed, yet still endure issues such as high rates of urban
poverty, insecure tenement conditions, lack of durable housing
and the lack of basic infrastructures, allows for the argument
that those in power (the upper-class) are exploiting the lower-
class slum dwellers. Such exploitation can be compared to the
system of exploitation, where a person works hard hours and
gets paid super low wages. Arguably, the exploitation that is being implemented upon the inhabitants of
Dharavi slum ignores the wellbeing of the inhabitants, because it only focuses on the growth of the city’s
economy. Such exploitation will always prevent slum dwellers from ever leaving the slums since they are
the source of procuring wealth for those in the upper classes.
INFORMAL EMPLOYMENT IN SLUMS
“A proletariat withoutfactories, workshops, and work, and without bosses, in the muddle o f the oddjobs, drowning in survival and leading an existence like a path through embers. ’’Patric Chamoiseau 34
According to the 2003 global report written by the United
Nations through the Human Settlements Program (UN
HABITAT) entided The Challenge o f Slums: Global Report on
Human Settlements, 35 slum setdements are considered to be the
“first stopping point for immigrants, because they provide the
low-cost affordable housing that will enable the immigrants to _ _ n Figure 32: Informal employment in Bangladesh:
save for their eventual absorption into urban society. The Dhaka, Bangladesh - Naimul Haq, 2013
M Chamoiseau, P., (1997). Texaco. New York, p. 314 3S UN HABITAT, (2003). The Challenge o f Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements. London: Earth scan. 14 U N -H AB ITA T, (200$). Slums ofthe World; The Face ofU rban Poverty in the New M illennium, United Nations. Retrieved: 18 October 2012,p. 57
Figure 31: Dharavi Slum Clothing Factory: Mumbai, India - BBC W orld Service, Anil
Swarup, 2009
PART TW O: Architects Learning from Slums Page 20
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f “Musseques"
United Nations report also highlights the fact that the majority of slum residents are “people struggling
to make an honest living within the context of the extensive urban poverty and formal unemployment
that is found within informal settlements;’ 37 and they are also “places in which the vibrant mixing of
different cultures frequently results in new forms of artistic expression.’ 38
The United Nations states that as a community that is inhabited with low-income employees, informal
setdements allow the economy of the cities within developing nations to thrive in different ways;
“informal settlements are considered to be a significant economic force for a nation even though they are
constituted of low-income residents.’ 39 Within developing nations around the world, it is estimated that
as much as 60% of the employment that is found within the many underdeveloped cities is “located
within the informal sector of the urban population.” 40 The report, implemented through the Human
Setdements Program (UN- HABITAT), explains that the majority of slum dwellers in a developing
country, such as Angola, “tend to earn their living from activities found within the informal sector that
are either located within or outside slum areas, and many informal entrepreneurs that operate their
businesses from within slums have clienteles extending to the rest of the city.’ 41
The report by the United Nations, argues that “the informal
sector that is established by the existence of slums plays a very
important role in the economy of developing nations and more
importantly in the livelihood of many slum dwellers.”42 For
example, within the informal settlements that are found in the
African nation of Uganda, the small-scale trade between the
inhabitants of the slums is reported to contribute to 95% of the
urban economy of the country. 43 Similarly, in 1993 within the
African nation of Nigeria, it was estimated that the informal
sector that was established through the creation of slums
allowed for the increase of the nations GDP between 20% and
30%. 44 These examples tend to show that for some developing nations the existence of slums is
important; what then is truly the role of an architect within a slum? Is the role of an architect to upgrade
the existing fabric of slums or to completely eradicate them from the context of the city in which it exists?
57 UN-HABITAT, (2003). Slums o f the World: The Face o f Urban Poverty in the New M illennium . United Nations. Retrieved: 18 October 2012, p. 5 » Ibid., p. 57 ” Ibid., p. 5 40 City Alliance, (2013). IVbat are Slums. The Cities Alliance. Retrieved: 13 Jan. 2013 from http://www.citiesalliance.org/About-slum-upgrading *" UN-HABITAT, (2003). Slums o f the World: The Face o f Urban Poverty in the New M illennium . United Nations. Retrieved: 18 October 2012, p. 5
Ibid., 2003, p. 5 Government o f Uganda, (2001) The N ational Report, Istanbul +5. Uganda
44 The Economist, (1993) Breaking the cycle: Government role in economic growth. A Survey o f Nigeria. The Economist.
Figure 33: Informal employment in South Africa: Cape Town, South Africa* Robin
Hammond, 2009
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Based on the examples shown above, it is clear that architects need to strive to upgrade the existing slums
because of the important role the informal sector plays within a developing nation. According to the
points mentioned above, the existence of slums within African nations is considered to be permanent,
because the informal sector allows for developing cities to thrive economically. Therefore, the role of an
architect acting as an agent within the different nations that are suffering from the issue of slums would
be to upgrade the temporal and fragile shacks, which slum inhabitants use as dwellings. The upgrading
strategy should not only eradicate the fragile shacks that are found within a slum, but in turn will allow
for the construction of new, durable and structurally sound homes designed by a knowledgeable architect.
Such slum upgrade schemes should focus and reflect mainly on the needs of the inhabitants of a slum.
These upgrading schemes must attempt to improve the harsh realities of the different social issues, such
as poverty, lack of formal employment, and lack of basic infrastructures like water, sanitation systems and
electricity. The United Nations (2003) report on the different challenges faced by slums argues that “out
of unhealthy, crowded and often dangerous environments, which are what slums arc seen as being, can
emerge cultural movements and levels of solidarity unknown in the suburbs that are comprised of the
wealthy inhabitants of a nation.” 45 According to Naomi Cassirer and Laura Addati, the authors of the
(online) article entitled Expanding Women's Employment Opportunities: Informal Economy Workers and
the need for Childcare,46 in the current state of informal employment markets found within the Angolan
slums, women “participating in the informal economy do so, in part, for the flexible work hours that
enable them to fulfill household and childcare responsibilities.” 47
ROLE OF AN ARCHITECT IN A SLUM
“We are living in the waning hours o f the mythology o f the architect. By definition, the architect is an agent o f change. Architecture can never be passive and there is strong intolerance fo r our profession when we cannot provide any answers - and perhaps worse, when we do not even claim any answers. ” Rem Koolhaas 4S
As mentioned previously, globally, the issue o f slums is growing
at an exponential rate. Currently it is estimated that one billion
people worldwide live in slums. 49 In 2003, the United Nation
Human Settlement Program, UN HABITAT predicted that
by the year 2050 one in three people around the world will live Figure 34: Architect Sketching: Archinect, 2011
UN-HABITAT, (2003). Slums o f the World: The Face o f Urban Poverty in the New M illennium . United Nations. Retrieved: 18 October 2012, p, 57 46 Cassirer, N., Addati, L., Expanding Women ’$ Employment Opportunities: Inform al Economy Workers and the needfor Childcare. Retrieved: 8 Jan.
2013 from http://www.iio.Org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_cmp/@cinp_policy/docuinents/meetingdocument/wcms_125991.pdf *7 Gonzalez de la Rocha, M., Grinspun A., (2001). Private Adjustments: Households, Crisis and Work. New York: United Nations Development
Program, p. 55 - 87 * Koolhaas, R., (2007). In Search o f Authenticity. The Endless City: The Urban Age Project By Richard Burden andDeyan Sudjic. London: Phaidon. 49 Lutz, W., Sanderson, W., Scherbov, S., (1997). Doubling the W orld Population Unlikely. Nature 387, p. 803-804
PART TW O: Architects Learning from Slums Page 22
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of"Mussequcs*
in informal setdements.50 By understanding such harsh figures the only question left to answer is, as an
agent, what is the role of an architect with regards to the issue of slums within a global context?
Supitcha Tovivich, a researcher of the Development Planning
Unit at University College of London, in her thesis paper called
Learning from slums: a shift from ‘designingfor’to 'designing w ith’
and some challenges in integrating the new professionalism into
architectural education, argues that “there are three roles of
architects who are working ‘for’ and working ‘with’ the urban
poor communities - a provider, a supporter, and a catalyst.” 51
Tovivich strongly believes that architects as professionals,
educated and trained in today’s current educational institutions,
are becoming increasingly disconnected from the global issue of
the rapid growth of slums within undeveloped nations. Tovivich expresses her belief in the current
architecture education system by stating that “a provider designs basic structure; a supporter enables
spontaneous emergence; and a catalyst encourages small changes which can be scaled- up... To educate a
provider is the most familiar task in architectural school. To educate an architect to be a supporter and a
catalyst seems unusual in architectural schools, but they are crucial in practice.” 52 This results in the
creation of trained architects who are nonetheless incapable of tackling the important global issue of
preventing and/or improving informal settlements within developing nations. Such disconnect from
important global issues can be resolved simply by an architect’s willingness to professionally engage
themselves with the different communities within informal settlements. However, most architects tend
to be skeptical to engage within the issue of slums, for the mere reason that they have no guarantee that
their design will solve the issues being found within. According to Albrecht Johann, the author of the
(1988) Journal of Architectural Education entitled Towards a theory o f participation in architecture: An
examination o f humanistic planning theories,53 one of the most important and crucial critiques pertaining
to the rehabilitation or eradication of a slum is that architects tend to dislike or “do not enjoy being
‘someone else’ - a facilitator, not a designer - in the participatory design process.” 54 This implies that in
order to solve the problems of slum dwellers, slum dwellers themselves would need to be involved in the
solution. Johann Albrecht, reinforces this point regarding the argument that architects tend to dislike
working in participatory design process by stating that “the more the architect is willing to live up to the
50 UN-HABITAT, (2003). Slum Dwellers to double by 2030: M illennium Development Goal Could Fall Short. United Nations. Retrieved: 7 October 2012 from http://www.unhabitat.org/docunicnts/mcdia_ccntre/whd/GRHSPRl.pdf
Tovivic, S.. (2008). Leam ingfrom slums: a shiftfrom ‘designing/or ’ to 'designing w ith 'and some challenges in integrating the new professionalism into architectural education. The Oxford Conference: A Re-Evaluation o f Education in Architecture. W IT Press, p. 137-141
S1lb id , p. 75 53 Johann, A , (1988). Towards a theory o f participation in architecture: A n examination ofhum anistic planning theories. Journal o f Architectural
Education. » Ib id , p. 137-141
Provider Supporter
Catalyst
Figure 35: Supitcha Tovivich; beliefs of the role o f an architect working with the urban
poor: Tovivich, Supitcha, 2008
PART TW O: Architects Leamingfrom Slums Page 23
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Mussequcs*
demands of the current model of participation, the more he becomes a mere facilitator and coordinator,
relinquishing essential features of architectural activity.” 55 The existence of architecture as a profession
within an informal settlement is present in both a formal and informal manner. As a profession,
architecture has no formal relation within a poverty stricken slum, because slum dwellers do not require
the services of an architect to build their minimal shelters. Such informal shelters are typically built by the
community with cheap materials, which allow the building to be affordable for its inhabitants while still
satisfying their basic needs. It can also be argued that if applied properly, architecture as a profession can
enrich the lives of people living within informal settlements. Compared to the shacks designed by slum
dwellers that are deemed neither safe nor structurally sound, architects as professionals should have the
knowledge and be capable of implementing a well thought-out structural plan and design for informal
settlements. This plan targets mainly the improvement of the slum communities; solving existing issues
and conditions such as an inhabitant affording a decent house with access to water and sanitation.
Based on the arguments that were laid out by both Supitcha Tovivich and Albrecht Johann, it is easy to
argue that the main role of an architect working as a professional within the context of a slum community
is to implement designs that allows for the participation of those inhabiting the specific informal
community. Working and engaging with the community in a participatory role allows for the architect to
use his or her knowledge of designing in order to better understand the important issues that need to be
solved within the specific slum. This allows architects as professionals to implement a design that reflects
and solves some of the needs of those leaving within informal settlements.
"Ib id ., p. 137-141
PART TW O: Architects Leamingfrom Slums Page 24
RcairrecringLuanda,sGho«Cicy:Gt)rof*M>aeqticrf*
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context: Luanda, Angola
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U S S E Q U E S * M aster o f A rch itecture (M . A rch P rofessional)
Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
0 2013 Frandsco Dos Santos Panzo
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Mussequcs"
PART THREE: SLUMS IN A LOCAL CONTEXT; LUANDA. ANGOLA
"Population o f Angola: 17.5 million, Number o f people in slums: 7.5 million, Percentage o f urban population in slums: 76% "Homeless International '
Figure 36: Placement Map of Angola: Wikipedia, 2013
CONTENTS:
• History of Angola: Luanda and its Slums (Musseques) 26 - 30 • Settlements Found within the City of Luanda 31 - 37 • Vertical Slums in Luanda 38 - 41 • Urban Poverty in Luanda’s Slums 41 - 45
1 Homeless International. Angola. Homeless International. Retrieved 3 Feb. 2013 from http://www.homcless- internarionaLorg/docunient_l.aspx?cat=0:1021977&id=!:0:6I193&id=0:59l63&:id=0:59153
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 25
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musset] ues”
SLUMS IN A LOCAL CONTEXT - LUANDA, ANGOLA
“The African situation, ofcourse, is even more extreme. Africa s slums are growing at twice the speed ofthe continents exploding cities." Mike Davis 2
HISTORY OF ANGOLA: LUANDA AND ITS SLUMS (MUSSEOUES)
In order to better understand the issue of
slums (musseques) in Angola, it is important
to briefly explain the country’s history and
struggles throughout its existence. Angola is a
coastal country that is located on the
southwest region of Africa and is bordered by
Namibia on its South, the Democratic
Republic of Congo on its North, Zambia on
its East, and the Atlantic Ocean to its west.
With a total of eighteen provinces, Angola
has a total surface area of approximately Figure 37: Map of Angola: Luanda, Angola. BBC, 2012
1,246,700 km2, and according to the 2009 census, it has an estimated population of about 18,498,000
million inhabitants.3 The city of Luanda is
not only the capital city of Angola, but it is
also the political and administrative capital
of the country. Luanda is divided into nine
different districts, which are subdivided
into smaller communes. The districts
found in the city of Luanda are Samba,
Maianga, Ingombota, Sambizanga,
Cazenga, Kilamba Kiaxi, Viana, and
Cacuaco. The formal urbanized city of
Luanda, also called the "city of asphalt,"
covers the Ingombota district and the
municipalities of Maianga and
Sambizanga.
-------------------------------------------------------------------- Figure 38: Map o f the city o f Luanda District: Luanda, Angola. Amnesty International, 2007
2 Davis, M„ (2006). Planet o f Slums. London: Verso, p. 18 * Department o f Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, (2009) (PDF). W orld Population Prospects, Table A .I. 2008 revision. United
Nations. Archived from die original. Retrieved: 21 October 2012 from http://www.un.org/esa/population/publicarions/wpp2008/wpp2008_cext__tables.pdf
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 26
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f “Musscques*
Between the 16th and the 19'*' century, Angola as a nation was occupied and colonized by the Portuguese
for approximately 400 years. 4 Angola, as a nation gained its independence from its colonial past on
November 11th, 1975, after ten years of fighting and negotiating with the Portuguese for liberation. 5
Shortly after the declaration of independence from the Portuguese in 1975, national governance became
an issue between the three major political parties: MPLA (People's Movement for the Liberation of
Angola) at the time led by
its founder and Angola’s
first president Dr.
Agustinho Neto, UNITA
(National Union for the
Total Independence of
Angola) at the time led by
its founder Dr. Jonas
Savimbi and FNLA
(National Front for the
Liberation of Angola) led Figure 39: The Jeaders o f the main political parties (from I.-R) Dr. Holden Roberto (FNLA.), Dr. Agustinho Ncto (MPLA) and Dr. Jonas Savimbi (UNITA): Luanda, Angola, BBC Getty Image, 2012
by Dr. Holden Roberto,
which as result led to the
country spiraling in the path of civil war. 6 The war period within the state lasted for a period of 27 years,
and only ended in 2002 right after the death of Dr. Jonas Savimbi, the leader of UNITA. This in turn
allowed for the signing of the peace agreement, on April 4th 2002, between the ruling MPLA government
and the opposition party.7
The city of Luanda, which was built in the colonial period to house approximately seven hundred
thousand people, is currently home to six million. 8 The displacement and migration caused by the
devastation of enduring 27 years of civil war, allowed for millions of people from other cities around the
country to migrate directly towards the capital in search for security. At that the time Luanda was the
only city not being attacked by the rebel group. According to the (2005) report on the state of the
population increase of Luanda performed by the Development Workshop Agency, a non-profit
organization that works to improve settlements and livelihoods of the poor in less-developed countries
■* Fage,J.D., Gray, R., Anthony Oliver, R., (1975). The Cambridge History o f Africa, Volume 4. Cambridge University Press, p. 353-355. * Viegas, S. L Urbanization in Luanda: Geopolitical Framework. A Socio-Territorial Analysis. International Planning History Society. Lisbon, p. 6.
Retrieved: 28 Sep. 2012 from www.fau.usp.br/iphs/abstractsAndPapcrsFiies/.../VlEGAS.pdf 6 Meredith, M., (2005). The Fate o f Africa: From the Hopes o f Freedom to the H eart cfDespair, a H istory o f F ifty Years o f Independence. Public Affairs, ̂ P- 31
7 Central Intelligence Agency. Angola. USA. Retrieved: 12 Feb. 2013. https://www.cia.gov/library/pubbcations/the-worid'factbook/geos/ao.htinl * Macau Hub, (2009). Angola: New city to be built to north o f Luanda to house excess population. Macau H ub. Retrieved: 23 Oct. 2012 from
http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2009/02/12/6543/
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 27
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f “Musseqocs”
such as Angola, it was estimated that during the civil war period, the city of Luanda was invaded by
fleeing migrants that numbered approximately around 20% of the country’s total population. 9
Population growth rate in Luanda
M iwlrlprtly
1983 2000 Anmal Growth M a (1040-
2008 Annual Growth M a (JOtt- 2M4)
PapuMoa Ik illyMi 0— %
Ma MMM, DaaMr
Mi
Cacm co 12323 629 119216 2 13.7% 400,»00 19 242%
C annes 218,146 84 820244 296 03% 1,142240 344 32%
Ingombota •7224 142 147291 144 42% 120,740 194 •43%
Ml— t i Maxi 118241 16 942277 87 42% ■02240 ■2 112%
•M anga 141269 48 820244 211 72% 924240 214 02%
Rangal 132274 216 146214 910 22% 170200 284 -13%
t a — 27244 6.74 217202 6 192% ■49244 19 112% M M a g a 129288 47 840241 441 42% 479244 394 -23%
Vlana 94282 628 49241 027 9.7% 1,444,144 9 42.1% Luanda ToM 429242 920 9,140282 192 42% 8223204 233 7.0%
Figure 40: Chart o f Population Growth Rate in Luanda: Luanda, Angola - Development Workshop Agency, 2005
PopuiacSo Total om luondo 5200.000
Cl nos 164340 224340 4* 5-613
1950 1960 19831940 1970 1990 1995 2000 2007
Foote: Dar AJ-Handasah, 1996; Oppanhaimer a Rapo*o, 2003; Mourik), 2006
Figure 41: Graph o f Luanda's tocal Population: Luanda, Angola - Dar Al-Handasah, 1996, Oppcnheimcr and Raposo, 2003, Mourao, 2006
Silvia Leira Viegas, the author of the article that was presented to the 15th International Planning History
Society Conferences held in Brazil in 2012, entided Urbanization in Luanda: Geopolitical Framework: A
Socio -Territorial Analysis, the process of rapid migration flow of rural population towards the capital
city, as result of war, and “the insufficient formal mechanisms to provide access to property and the
increasing flow of rural population to the city also encouraged a rapid expansion of the informal market,
9 Development Workshop, (2012). Urban Land M arket fo r Housing in Luanda. Washington: Development Workshop.
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 28
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity o f "Mosseqnes*
and Luanda was facing a proliferation of its mussequcs.”10 As a result o f such proliferation happening
within the slums of Luanda, today, 76% of the Angolan people live in slums, 50% lack access to drinking
water, 40% live in houses made of non-durable materials, 40% lack basic sanitation, and 80% lack secure
tenure.11 In the city of Luanda alone, out o f the six million inhabitants that currently reside within, 4.8
million (57%) live in appalling slum conditions caused by the migration of people from other regions,
that led to the creation and growth of slums. The United Nations projected that if no intervention is
implemented to prevent the rapid population increase that currently exists in the city of Luanda, it is
estimated that by 2030, Luanda’s population will increase from the current 6 million inhabitants to 15
million. 12 If this issue is not immediately resolved, by the year 2030 this rapid population growth will
allow the number of people inhabiting Luanda’s slums to increase to 8 million.13
The rapid growth of informal settlements within the capital
forced the government of Luanda, led by the current President
his Excellency Dr. Jose Eduardo Dos Santos, to form the
National Program of Urbanism and Housing (Programa
Nacional de Urbanismo e Habita^ao). The program, specifically
ordered by the President had the objective of constructing more
than one million houses throughout the country, in a short
period of six years in order to attempt to eliminate the housing
deficit that is currently present within the country. 14 As one
solution to the slum problem within the city of Luanda, the
government commissioned a social housing project in the
outskirts of the city, called the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi,
that was to house approximately half a million slum inhabitants.
This project is comprised of 750 eight-storey blocks of flats, a
dozen schools and more than 100 shop units.15 Unfortunately,
the project is currently being considered as a complete failure because after its completion in the early
months of 2012, the project still remains vacant with no life; thus resembling a ghost city. The Nova
Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project failed for the simple fact that slum dwellers, making less than
t0 Viegas, S. L Urbanization in Luanda: Geopolitical Framework. A Socio-Territorial Analysis. International Planning History Society. Lisbon, p. 6. Retrieved: 28 Sep. 2012 from www.iau.usp.br/iphs/ab$tractsAndPapersFilcs/~./VIEGAS.pdf
11 Homeless International. Angola. Homeless International. Retrieval 3 Feb. 2013 from http://wwwJiome!css- international.org/document_ 1 .aspx?cat-0:1021977&id=0:61193&id=0:59163&id=0:59153
12 Macau Hub, (2009). Angola: New city to be built to north o f Luanda to house excess population. Macau Hub. Retrieved: 23 Oct. 2012 from http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2009/02/12/6543/
13 Vidal, J., (2010). Africa warned of'slum 'cities danger as its population passes Ibn. The Guardian. Retrieved: 3 Oct. 2012 from http://www.guardian.co.iik/worki/2010/nav/24/africa-biiiion-popuiation-un-rcporr
14 Moore, T., (2012). G*» the W orld Really Afford More Empty CitiesT Architecture Source. Retrieved: 3 February 2013 from http://dcsignbuilcUource.comjm/world*affbrd-empty-cities
15 Daily Mail Reporter, 2012, p. TI
Figure 42: President o f Angola his Excellency Dr. Jos£ Eduardo Dos Santos: Luanda, Angola - 2012
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 29
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City-: C ity of “Muaseques*
$2 USD a day could not afford to purchase the luxurious apartment units found within the mentioned
housing project. 16 According to Louise Redvers, the author of the BBC News Africa article entided
Angola Chinese-built Ghost Town, Instead of designing affordable social housing for the poor, they
designed luxurious apartments for the nonexistent middle class.’17
By exploring the informal settlements found within city of Luanda, in the next section, a thorough
analysis will be performed in order for architects to understand why Angola’s capital city needs an
intervention in order to reduce the growth and expansion of its existing slums.
16 Daily Mail Reporter, (2012). W hy has China built a ghost town in Africa? Eerie footage shows brand new Angolan city designed fo r 500,000 lying empty. Mail Online. Retrieved 3 Oct. 2012 from http://www.daiiymail.co.uk/ncws/articIe-2l68507/Footage-5hows-brand-new-Angolan-city- design cd-500-000'iying-cmpty.htm]#axzz2jrEiiAtUi
17 Redvers, L , (2012). Angola's Chinese-built Ghost Town. BBCNawAtih-Retrieved 10 Dec. 2012 from http://www.bbcxo.uk/ncws/world-africa- 18646243
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 30
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City: City of "Musseqoes”
‘One person's slum is another person’s community. ” May Hobbs
ranguiia
Ingombota
Figure 43: Informal Settlements in the city of Luanda, Adrea Carina De Almeida Bettencourt, 2011
w Hobbs, 1975, p. 2
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 31
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Musscqucs*
** :£ Z 'l
Figure 44: Map ofthe city o f Luanda Slums: Luanda, Angola - Development Workshop Agency, 2012
The existence of informal settlements in Angola are a direct result from the mass exodus movement of
approximately 1.25 million inhabitants and 300,000 refugees that migrated from rural areas of the
country to the capital city of Luanda, caused by approximately 27 years of civil war. 19 Development
Workshop adopted some
criteria and a strategy that * * * » P o p u la tio n flTOWth it) W «f & PM C*
supported the emerging
Angolan civil society and
the process of local
government
decentralization while
working closely with local
community
organizations.20 The
establishment of such
criteria allows for the
specific classification and
identification of the
different types of
settlements presently
_L -U _L TSSi
Figure 45: Graph o f Urban popuiation in Angola growth in war and peace: Angola, - Development Workshop, 2005
19 Vicgas, S. L Urbanization in Luanda: Geopolitical Framework. A Socio-Territorial Analysis. International Planning History Society. Lisbon, p. 8. Retrieved: 28 Sep. 2012 from www.fau.usp.br/iphs/abs rractsAndPapersFilcs/-../Vl£GAS.pdf 20 Cain, A. (2005). Development IVorkshop. Development Workshop. Luanda. Retrieved: 2 Feb 2013 from http://www.dw.angonce.org
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 32
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f *Mussc<jues”
found within Luanda. Such criteria categorize the different types of informal settlement by their location,
existing physical structure, timing of construction, tenure security, access to public services, quality of
construction of the dwelling, and finally access to urban infrastructure such as piped water and drainage
system and electricity.21
The study below illustrates the different types of settlements that were included within this research.
The research analyzed in depth four different types o f informal setdements found within the Angola’s
capital region: Old Slums, Areas of Social Housing, Peripheral Slums and Transitional Slums. This study
allows professionals such as architects acting as agents, to direcdy compare the different aspects, features
and characteristics of the different types of setdements. By understanding the varying components o f the
different slums, architects can include such characteristics within the implementation of their proposed
interventions.
LUANDA’S INFORMAL SETTLEMENTS STUDY PERFRMED BY DEVELOPMENT WORKSHOP
CHARACTERISTICS
TYPE OF SETTLEMENTS 't i l l Shwii ,
Itiiiillllt ..... ASWMQRKHPII
Skua*
Studied Area in Luanda Val Saroca Panguila Paraiso Operario Age: Exists for
more than 35 years, was build before Angola’s independence
Constructed in 2002, after the end of the Civil war
Constructed less than 10 years ago
Established before Angola’s independence
Who Settled: Low-income Individuals and Families
Government Low-income Families
Individuals
Structure: (Land occupation)
Informal Setdement
Lined streets and minimally structured
Unplanned, irregular pattern
Initially informal, but gradually it Transforms into a neighborhood with more formal structure.
Located: Adjacent to the industrial district
Distant from the city center and difficult access to
Peripheral Very close to the urban area. Considered
21 Cain, A. (2005). Development Workshop. Development Workshop. Luanda. Retrieved: 2 Feb 2013 from http://www.dw.angonct.org
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 33
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City of"Moascques*
Luanda and the old Market Roque Santeiro
public transport area o f added value.
Service Access: Access to water supply through public and private water tanks; area partially covered by electricity
Formal provision of water and electricity, access to sewerage infrastructure.
Access to water through private tankers and water tanks; without electricity have no formal sewage system
Formal though have an outdated system for electricity, water and sewage
Housing: Structures precarious buildings and homes
Construction very elementary and substandard housing
Built or improved by the inhabitants over time
Improvements: Rebuilt; improvement s made mostly by residents, but at a slow pace
Gradual improvement in houses made by residents over time
Lack public investment to improve infrastructure, higher construction investment by private investors and residents
Some public investment to improve urban services. Other improvements made mosdy by residents, but a slow pace.
Population Scale (% of Luanda’s total) 40%
(2.3 million) 2%
(118,000) 21%
(1.2 million) 11% (623,000)
Examples: Most municipalitie sof Sambizanga, Cazenga and Rangel
Neighborhood Panguila and Zango and the municipalities of Cacuaco and Viana
Paraiso neighborhood in the city of Kicolo
Neighborhood Catambor, Operario and Mabor
Figure 46: Chart o f Luanda’s Informal settlement study: Luanda, Angola - Development Workshop, 2005
According to Development Workshop (2005) report, the urban built environment of Luanda can be
categorized as being comprised of two distinct parts:
• First: the formal city, which can be defined as being the old city structured in the colonial times with a
planned road network and associated urban infrastructure. 22
22 Development Workshop, (2012). Urban Land M arketfor Housing in Luanda. Washington: Development Workshop.
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page M
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Musseques”
Second: informal settlements know by the general population as “musseques” which are poor
informal settlements built by migrants as a result of the housing deficit within the city. 23
SETTLEMENT TYPOLOGIES IN LUANDA
A Old Urban Centre More than 35 years 165 693 3% B New Suburbs and Condominiums New Post-War 163 721 3% C Township Model (Bairro Popular) More than 35 Years 83 290 1% D Social Housing Zone New Post-War 118 380 2% E Self- Help Zone (Auto- Construfao) New Post-War 396 736 7% F Transitional Slums (Musseques) Post Independence 622 950 11% G Organized Slums (Musseques) More than 35 years 477 956 8% H Old Slums (Musseques) More than 35 years 2 321 701 40% I Peri-Urban Slums (Musseques) Post Independence 1 237 028 21% J Rural Settlements 241 787 4% K Industrial Zones 2 957 0,05%
Figure 47: C han o f Informal Settlements typologies in Luanda: Luanda, Angola - Development Workshop Agency, 2012
These informal settlements are usually located on the edge or the outskirts of the formal city, thus
preventing the city to expand or grow in any direction. According to Development Workshop, the
existing informal settlements found within the city of Luanda, are comprised of single-storey slum shacks
that are built of scrap metals and non-durable construction materials, on plots reaching densities of
approximately 400 to 500 inhabitants per hectare in the colonial era.24
In 2001, it was estimated by the National Statistic Office that the percentage of the population living
within Luanda’s urban areas was of approximately 60% of the city’s total population.25 In order for the
eradication of slums within Angola, it is important for architects as professionals to acquire realistic
information of what is truly happening within Luanda. This is important because during the same year,
the United Nations World Urbanization Prospects falsely reported that the percentage of the population
residing within Luanda’s urban areas to be 34.2%.26 This resulted in an underestimation of the issue by
almost half the absolute number of the urban population. In order for architects to establish a better
contextual understanding of the current urban situation within the city of Luanda, issues such as the
23 Development Workshop, (2012). Urban Land M arket fo r Housing in Luanda. Washington: Development Workshop. Ibid., p.Tl
25 UNDP, (2002). Angola: U N Common Country Assessment and Strategy (UNCCAS), Indicators and data. Luanda. 26 UN HABITAT, (2003). The Challenge o f Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements. London: Earthscan, p. 34
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 35
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity o f "Musseques1*
racial and social segregation experienced during the colonial period, the rural exodus, and the devastating
economical consequences of enduring decades of civil war will be explained.
As a community, the residents of Angola struggle with the issue of social inequality pertaining to the
annual income obtained by each individual. Also, within Luanda’s landscape, there are two extremes that
are experienced daily. These extremes can simply be categorized as being the existing margin between the
upper-class citizens (those that are considered to be rich or wealthy), which represents a minority, and the
lower-class citizens (the poor residents that reside within the informal settlements), which constitutes the
majority. This is said because Angola is a country with a nonexistent middle-class. David Smith, the
author of the (online) article called Flats, cars and oil fo r China: Angola's growth tempered by growing
inequality, 27 for The Guardian, 28 illustrates the inexistence o f the middle-class within Angola by stating
tha t" If I earn $4,000 to $5,000 USD, I'm not middle class. My rent would be $2,000 to $3,000 USD, I'd
need to budget $500 USD for water and $400 to $500 USD for two electricity generators in my house.
Doctors, lawyers and economists can't afford to save. You ask an Angolan doctor or lawyer how often he
can afford to take his family to a restaurant: it's two or three times a month." 29 The map bellow, which
was developed in 2010 by the African Development Bank, shows the distribution of middle-class in total
population in African countries.
Figure 48: Distribution of Middle Classes in Total Populations in African Countries in 2010 'African Development Bank; Deloitte Analysis, 2010
27 Smith, D. (2012). Flats, can and o il fa r China: Angola's growth tempered by growing inequality. United Kingdom: The Guardian. Retrieved: 3 Dec. 2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/workl/2012/aug/30/an goia-clcctions-china-oii-growing'Lncquaiity
24 The Guardian, (2013). The Guardian. United Kingdom: The Guardian. Retrieved; 3 Dec. 2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk 29 Smith, D. (2012). Flats, can and oil fa r China: Angola's growth tempered by growing inequality. United Kingdom: The Guardian. Retrieved: 3 Dec.
2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/30/angola-electionsKdiina-oil-growixig-incquality
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 36
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Musseques*
Smith also makes the argument that a typical lower-class resident of Luanda’s “mussequc” lives on less
than $2 USD (£1.32 BP) a day30 in a developing nation where a typical one-bedroom apartment located
within the city of Luanda’s urbanized core tends to cost approximately $11,404.50 USD (£7,500 BP) a
month to rent; and on the other hand, a normal size pizza costs approximately $24.33 USD (£16 BP),
tomatoes sell for approximately $11.15 USD (£7.33 BP) per pound, and a yearly membership to a gym
tends to set back a normal citizen of the city of Luanda a staggering $7,603 USD(£5,000 BP). 31 In
contrast to the above price analysis, Smith explains that within the context of Angola, a nation that
underwent several decades of civil war, the only thing that is cheap to purchase is a gun, because the price
of for a typical AK-47 ranges around $29 USD (£19 BP) 32. Such observations by David Smith allow us to
understand that individuals residing within Luanda’s informal setdements will never be able to afford
living a better or different style of life from that which they experience daily within slums. According to
the amount of income (of $2 USD a day) obtained by people inhabiting Luanda’s slums, such the
expensive lifestyle that is experienced within the city of Luanda is considered to be unattainable.
Unfortunately, based on the figures expressed above, slum dwellers as citizens find themselves in
situations of high percentage indigence below the poverty line and lack of urgent assistance and housing.
33 This margin represents three quarters of the population. The majority of the capital’s inhabitants who
dwell in slums are confined to precarious dwellings atop rubbish dumps.34 Therefore, it can be concluded
that professionals, such as architects acting as agents, need to implement drastic interventions within
Luanda’s informal settlements that will allow for the improvement of a typical slum dwellers life style. In
order for Angola’s capital city to move forward, innovative architectural solutions that meet the need of
slum dwellers should be carefully planned and implemented in a way that they will work toward solving
the present problem and not create new ones.
w Smith, D. (2012). Flats, cars and o il fo r China: Angola's growth tempered by growing inequality. Luanda: The Guardian. Retrieved: 3 Dec. 2012 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/aug/30/angola-cicctions-china-oii-growing-incquaJity
31 Jones, B., (2012). Hamburgers cost £32 and a one-bed flats go fo r £7,500a m onth... this boy lives in the most expensive city in the world (sadly fo r him, he's on the wrong side o f the tracks). Mail Online. Retrieved: 22 Feb. 2013 from Print http://wwwxlaiiymaii.co.uk/news/articie-2183616/Luanda' Thc-capitai-Angola-cxpcnsivc-city-worid-htmi
32 Ib id . p.TI 33 Antonio Gameiro, P., (2J0QI). A problemd tica da habitap a o cm Angola. Os Musseques e a Requaliflcap a o Urbana. Luanda. 34 Burgis, T., (2012). Property Picture Reveals Angola's W ealth Gap. Financial Times. Retrieved: 25 October 2012 from
http://www.ft.eom/ind/cms/s/O/78c274f0-cccl-l lel-9960-00144feabdc0Jitmi#axzz2AKLDOYXy
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 37
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: C ity o f “Musseques*
Figure 49: Vertical Slum: Luanda, Angola. Aamui, 2011
VERTICAL SLUMS IN LUANDA
The issue pertaining to the infestation of slums within the city
of Luanda is not only present in the outskirts of the city, where
migrants that fled during the period of civil war took residence
in the construction of numerous informal settlements. This
issue is also present within the formal urbanized city itself, in a
form of vertical slums. The term vertical slum can be defined or
characterized as being the act of homeless citizens invading or
occupying a deteriorating high-rise building. Such invasion
allows for the new inhabitants of the occupied structure to not
only have a place to reside, but also to experience the same
lifestyle as those residing within a normal slum setting that is
comprised of fragile shacks as dwelling. W ithin the context of
the city of Luanda, vertical slums are formed when slum dwellers decide to invade or occupy an
abandoned high-rise building that has been
vacant for a period of time. According to
Shantayanan Devarajan, the Chief
Economist of the World Bank’s Africa
Region, such invasion occurred when low-
income migrants from other regions of the
country, upon arrival in Luanda, occupied
and established their residences in buildings
that were either damaged during the civil war
period or their constructions were never
completed. 35 People living in vertical slums
experience the same issues or injustices as
those living within the normal informal
settlements: high levels of poverty, lack of
formal employment, lack of access to water,
lack of electricity and adequate sanitation.
These issues are experienced in buildings that
people tend to invade, because the buildings
Figure 50: Lagoa do Kinaxixi Building (Vertical Slums): Luanda, Angola. Miguel A. Lopes, 2010
” Devarajan, S., (2011). Luanda's Vertical Slums. W orld Bank. Retrieved: 14 Dec. 2012 from http://blogs.worldbank.org/africacan/luandas-vcrtical- siums
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 38
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Musseques"
themselves are at times partially constructed, old and lack maintenance. Once an inhabitant occupies an
unfinished building, he claims the space or apartment unit as his own, thus allowing him to incrementally
finish the construction within his claimed unit according to his own needs, specification and flow of
income.
Within Luanda’s city core, a good example where slum dwellers overtake a high-rise building and
transform it into an urbanized vertical slum is well expressed in an unfinished colonial building called the
Lagoa do Kinaxixi residential building (when translated means the Kinaxixi Pond building). Presently,
the ‘Lagoa do Kinaxixi’ residential building no longer exists within the context of the capital city of
Luanda. The Lagoa do Kinaxix building was ordered by the present government of Angola to be
demolished due to the fact that during its initial construction, 30 years ago, it was built on top of a pond
which allowed for the infiltration of pond water to damage the buildings foundation, resulting in the
building sinking on one side.
The lack of maintenance throughout these years also contributed to its state of deterioration that
endangered the lives of those
residing within and around the
building. After numerous
inspections, structural engineers
concluded that the building was no
longer safe to be inhabited, and it
was in danger of collapsing on top
of its inhabitants who refused to
abandon their dwellings. The
refusal of the inhabitants of the
Lagoa do Kinaxixi building to
evacuate and abandon their homes,
was not because they did not know
that their lives were endangered;
but because of the mere fact that by
evacuating the crumbling Lagoa do
Kinaxixi building they had
nowhere else to go but join the
surrounding slums. The
government forced the eviction of Figure 51: Lagoa do Kinaxixi Building (Vertical Slums): Luanda, Angola. Eric Laffbrguc,
2010
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 39
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost Ciry: City o f "Musseques*
its residents into a newly built social housing project that allowed for the demolition of the vertical slum
which was not only unsafe for the people residing within, but also an eyesore for the urbanized city of
Luanda.
Figure 52: Lagoa do Kinaxixi Building (Vertical Slums): Luanda, Angola. Miguel A. Lopes, 2010
According to Miguel A. Lopes, a photo journalist, during its
existence, the Lagpa do Kinaxixi building was an unfinished 17-
storey building that was located within Luanda’s downtown
region constructed in 1975, by the Portuguese colonial power.36
When abandoned, the building was in the last phase of
construction. Following the 1992 conflict within the city of
Luanda, people displaced from slums and various provinces of
the country, began to occupy the unfinished structure, even
though it was lacking basic utilities such as running water,
electricity, and adequate sanitation. It also lacked basic safety
features such as elevators, handrails for stairs, and railings for the
balconies. Lopes also explains, that despite these poor conditions, during its 30 years of existence
approximately 120 families inhabited the building. 37 The lack of electricity within the building forced
inhabitants of the vertical slum to depend mainly on their generators as a source of power. 38 The use of
generators impacted the city’s environment by not only
polluting the air with the fumes produced by generators
running at a constant cycle, but also by polluting the city’s
environment with the noise resulted from overcrowding of
people within the building.
The existence of vertical slums within the context of Luanda
can also be seen as positive. Vertical slums have the power to
serve as a good example for architects of what not to strive
for within the slums of Luanda. The implementation of a
design developed by an architect that allows for either the
upgrading or eradication of informal settlements, should not
allow for the reproduction o f the atrocities and negative
connotations that arc experienced and witnessed within the Figure 53: Lagoa do Kinaxixi Building (Vertical Slums): Luanda, Angola. Paulo C&ar Santos, 2007
* Lopes, A. M., (2010). Prldio da "Lagoa de Kinaxixi" - Luanda. Luanda: Fotojornalistas da Ag&ncia Lusa. Retrieved: 10 Feb. 2013 from http://off- lusa.blogspot.ca/2010/07/predio-da-iagoa-de-kinaxixi'luandaJumJ
i7lM , p .T l *IbuL, p .T I
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 40
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of"Musseques”
context of a vertical slum community. Architects working in Luanda need to understand that their
designs must attempt to solve not only the issue of eliminating the housing deficit that the developing
nation is currently undergoing as result of rapid population growth, but also need to attempt to solve the
numerous social issues, such as the creation and expansion of new slum communities, the increase in
urban poverty, and the lack of informal settlements. Thus, an appropriate design project for a slum needs
to not only cover the basis of creating housing for the low income residents that will reside within, but it
should also focus on creating opportunities that will perpetuate the elimination of issues such as the lack
of employment endured, which at turn would help towards eliminating poverty. Architects can achieve
this scheme through proposed designs that will allow for the generation o f income for low-income slum
dwellers. In turn such strategies will allow slum dwellers to afford to regularly maintain not only the look
but also the structure of the provided building, thus avoiding the creation of another vertical slum. Pride
in existence can follow!
\
URBAN POVERTY IN LUANDA’S SLUMS
Poverty Pwpk Hiring on l » than JU S 1 day, % of total
10 20 Sut-Mima Africa
ofwUektUM latiaAamita • O M t ta a CmptaiNl CwtniAcia NMUEKtaa4 Itorth Africa SouKKWofWlaat
Figure 54: Global Poverty Graph: People living on less than 11.25 a day - W orld Bank, 2009
As the world is becoming increasingly urban, there is a
growing demand for better understanding and better
solutions to the problem of urban poverty within
developing nations and their slums. This ongoing global
issue of urban poverty is currently estimated to affect
approximately one third of the world’s urban residents, or
one quarter of the total poor population of the developing
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola
Figure 55: Poverty in Africa - Ghana Pundit, 2009
Page 41
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity o f "Musseques**
Third World countries residing within slums or informal settlements.39 Without the implementation of
a global solutions towards the problem of urban poverty within developing nations, the issues pertaining
to slums, as they are known today will continue to worsen at an exponential rate, thus denying
underdeveloped societies the chance to upgrade or even eradicate slums.
Currently, according to the Development Workshop Agency, over 75% of the population that resides
within Luanda’s ‘musseques’ are considered to be experiencing urban poverty, and over 60% of the
inhabitants residing within informal settlements depend on the informal sector as a source for
employment.40 The low-incomc citizens that inhabit Luanda’s slums survive mainly by trading their
goods that are acquired in the informal market sector to generate income that enables them to support
their families. Homeless International argues that since those living in slums are considered to be low-
income citizens, banks and other finance institutions often tend to exclude them by not approving their
loan request to either purchase a home or a vehicle. For instance, some banks in developing nations, banks
found within the nation of Angola, consider low-income slum dwellers as ‘un-bankable’ citizens. 41
According to Homeless International, a result of the desperation of not being able to obtain a loan
through a recognized banking institution to improve their way of life, causes some slum dwellers to resort
to loan sharks. 42 Loan sharks are individuals that tend to charge slum dwellers extremely high interest
rates for their loans,
which further impoverish
a person that was initially
considered to be already
struggling to obtain
income to support their
family.
Even though considered
as a nation that is still in
development, Angola is
actually one of the richest
and prosperous nations in Africa. It currently has a present GDP (Gross Domestic Product) that is
19 Baker, L , (1986). Ghost Towns o f Texas. Norman: University o f Oklahoma Press, p. 1 40 Development Workshop, (2012). Urban Land M arket fo r Housing in Luanda. Washington: Development Workshop. 41 Homeless International. Promoting community involvement in planning. Homeless International Retrieved: 4 Feb. 2013 from
http://www.hoineless-intemational.org/our_projccts_l .aspx?id=0:611986cid=0:61193&id=0:59163&id=0:59153 '2 Ibid., p .T I
Pro—Pom—Ic Product t £. hi O ti. O -
S60S
S20Ii«
BO M M
1SBB ' 19BB ' t t io ' « « J IBM ‘ W86 * t9W ' 2000 ' 2008 ' 2004 ‘ 2006 ' 2006 ' 2010
Figure 56: Angola GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Graph - World Bank, 2013
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 42
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musseques*
estimates to be at around $100.99 billion USD (£67.1 billion BP).43 In order to put in perspective how
wealthy Angola is, it is important to understand the current oil and diamond industry.
Through Sonangol, the company responsible for the
management of oil and gas reserves in Angola, and a leader in the
continuing drive for the development of the country, the
African nation of Angola currently boasts $23.6 billions USD
(£15.3 billion BP) worth of international oil reserves that is
considered to be its ‘Ouro Negro’, which can be translated as
black gold. 44 According to Victoria Eastwood and David
McKenzie, in the CNN report entitled The billion-dollar
question: Where is Angola's oil money?, 45 Figure 57: Oil Rig in Angela: Luanda Angola.
Macau Hub, 2011
3000
2000
1000
!$ »
Gabon
Sudan and South Sudan
S ii I—J
Republic nf Congo
Nigsria
Algeria
Libya
Morocco
Egypt
South Africa
0 200 400 600 6(
Oil consumption (Thousand barrels/day)
Figure 58: Oil Production/Consumption in Selected African Countries: Luanda Angola, U.S. Energy Administration, 2011
Angola is an oil rich nation that produces an average o f2,000 barrels of oil per day, used locally or sold in
the international market. Currently, more than 90% of Angola's revenue comes from oil production.46
The current oil exports from the nation of Angola allow the country to be considered Africa’s second
World Bank, (2013)- Gross Domestic Product fo r Angola. Google. Retrieved: 9 Feb. 2013 from http://www.goo^e.ca/publicdau/expiore?ds=d5bncpp)of8f^__&met__y=ny_gdp_mlctp_cd&idim=country:AGO&dl=en&hl=en&q=angola%27s %20gdp
44 Jones, B., (2012). Hamburgers cost £32 and a one-bedflats gofor £7,500a m onth... this boy Uves in the most expensive city in the world (sadlyfor him, he’s on the wrong side o f the tracks). Mail Online. Retrieved: 22 Feb. 2013 from Print http://www.daiiymail.co.uk/news/article-21836l6/Luanda- The-capitai-AngoU'-cxpensivc'City-worldJitml
45 Eastwood, V., McKenzie, D., (2012). The billion-dollar question: IVhere is Angola's o il money? CNN. Retrieved: 10 Feb. 2013 from http://www.cnn.com/2Q12/ll/28/business/angola-oil-revenues/index.htmlJiid~article_sidebar
* ibid., p.n
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 43
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: C ity o f ‘ Musseques*
Figure 59: Angolan Diamond: Luanda Angola, Busrcp, 2006
largest oil exporting nation only after Nigeria, which currently produces around 2,500 barrels of oil per
day 47. Such oil production entices foreigners, such as the
Chinese and residents of other countries, to flock to Angola in
search for work and wealth.48
According to Endiama E.P {Empresa National de Diamantes
E.P.), a state-run diamond company that manages the diamond
industry, the discovery of the first diamond deposit within the
country of Angola dates back to 1590.49 In 2010, Endiama E.P.
produced and estimated 8.55 million carats of diamonds. 50 At a
recent mining conference in South Africa, the Angolan
government stated that within the next 15 to 20 years, Angola’s
diamond industry could rival its oil
sector in both output and volume.
Within Angola, the highest
concentration of diamonds on the
country is found within the
province ofLunda Norte located in
the Northeast region of the
country. According to the
certification scheme global
summary that was published by
Kimberly Process in 2009 of the
worlds top ten leading diamond
producing nations, Angola was
ranked fourth within the top ten
leading nations. Within that year
Angola had a diamond production that was worth $1.18 billions USD, and it was only surpassed by
nations such as Russia that was ranked first on the list with a production worth $2.34 billions USD,
Top 10 Ptom ond PredMdwg CouhM ii VtAwinMoni
lotfca: *ot»MC— co«o* Sch—», MWOMtoolWnimor,
Figure 60: Global Summary o f Top 10 Diamond Producing Nations: Kimberly Process Certification Scheme, 2009
*7 Eastwood, V., McKenzie, D., (2012). The billion-dollar question: Where is Angola's o il money? CNN. Retrieved: 10 Feb. 2013 from http://www.cnn.eom/2012/l l/28/business/angola-oil'revenues/indexJitml?udsarticle_sidebar
** Jones, B., (2012). Hamburgers cost £32 and a one-bedfiats go fo r £7,500a month... this boy lives in the m ost expensive city in the world (sadlyfor him, he’s on the wrong side o f the tracks). Mail Online. Retrieved: 22 Feb. 2013 from Print http://www.dailymaiLco.uk/ ncws/articic'2183616/Luanda- The-capital-Angola-expensive-city-world-htmJ
* Endiama EP. Angola and its M ineral Deposits. Endiama EP. Retrieved: 28 Feb. 2013 from http://www.endiama.co.ao/cnglish/c_inYescidor_resmin.php
w SODLAM (Socicdade de Comercializacao de Diamantes de Angola). Information regarding Angola’s current diam ond industry. SOD1AM. Retrieved: 2 Feb. 2013 from Print http://www.sodiam-angoLa.cQm
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 44
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: C ity o f “Musseques"
Canada was ranked second with a production worth $1.47 billions USD and in third place was the
African nation of Botswana that had a production worth $1.44 billions USD of diamonds. 51 Such
numbers only show Angola’s vast amount of wealth and its impact within the global diamond producing
industry. It can be argued that the other counties such as Russia, Canada and Botswana only ranked
higher than Angola because, compared to Angola, they are countries that are much more developed.
Despite Angola’s immense wealth generated through the trading
of their natural resources (petroleum (oil), diamonds, iron ore,
phosphates, copper, feldspar, gold, bauxite and uranium),
Angola still has one of the highest rates of poverty in the world.
According to the report published by International Fund for
Agricultural Development (IFAD), “in 2001 about 68% of the
total population of Angola, was living below the poverty line,
surviving on less than $1.68 USD per day.” 52 The report also
estimates that “15% of the households living within the slums of
Angola live in a state of extreme poverty”; 53 thus resulting in the rapid growth of slums and also resulting
in slum dwellers not being able to afford to purchase an apartment unit within the newly built Nova
Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project. Such figures indicate that currendy 76% of the population of
Angola lives within informal settlements. 54 It was also estimated that within the nation of Angola,
poverty is more prominent in its rural areas; 94% of the existing households are poor.55
After reviewing Angola’s history of informal settlements, poverty and its immense wealth it is only
appropriate to now analyze and explore the failed Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project that
was intended to solve such issues.
Figure 61: Poverty in Angola: Luanda, Angola - Lcilani D., 2008
” Kimberly Process Certification Scheme, (2009). Top 10 D iam ond Producing Countries. Kimberly Process. Retrieved: 2 Feb. 2013 from http://www.mazaidiamond.com/blog-cn/top-diamond-producing-countrics/
n International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Rural Poverty in Luanda. IFAD. Retrieved: 4 Feb. 2013 from http://www.ruralpovcrtyportal.org/ country/home/ta^/angola
''Ib id ., p-TI M Homeless International. Angola. Homeless International Retrieved 3 Feb. 2013 from h ttp :// wwwJiomcless-
internarionalorg/docum entl jspx?cat=0:1021977&id=0:6l 193&id=0:59163&id=0:59153 ” International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Rural Poverty in Luanda. IFAD. Retrieved: 4 Feb. 2013 from
http://www.ruralpovcrtyportal.org/country/homc/tags/angola
PART THREE: Slums in a Local Context - Luanda, Angola Page 45
RcJurrccringLusuida'sGhoitCicy: O iy o f M a a n ja c ^
PART FOUR: Africa’s First Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U S S E Q U E S ” M aster o f A rchitecture (M . A rch P rofessional)
■ Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
0 2013 Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of"Musseques"
PART FOUR: AFRICA’S FIRST GHOST CITY:
THE NOVA CIDADE DO KILAMBA KIAXI HOUSING PROJECT
“There is no middle class in Angola, just the very poor and the very rich, and so there is no-one to buy these sorts ojhouses”Elias Isaac '
Figure 62: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project: Luanda, Angola - Ruben Croxley, 2012
CONTENTS
• Luanda’s “Ghost City”: Reasons for its Design and Failure 48 - 54 • Existing Infrastructure within the “Ghost City” (Housing)................................................55 - 56 • Apartment District: ExistingTypes of Buildings and Apartment U nits.............................66-60 • Luanda’s Ghost City: The Good, The Bad and The U ^ y ....................................................60 - 64 • Timeline of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project.................................... 6 4 -6 6
1 Rcdvers, L , (2012). Angolas Chinese-built Ghost Town. ffiCNeasAfiaRetrieved 10 Dec. 2012 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-ahrica' 18646243
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 46
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity o f "Musseques”
AFRICA’S FIRST GHOST CITY: THE NOVA CIDADE DO KILAMBA KIAXI HOUSING PROJECT
“Belonging is not just about location but about meaning and association - the kind that offer a multiplicity o f opportunity for social exchange (cafe), informal encounters in transit (streets) and collective ownership (squares, courtyardsj " Nabccl Hamdi ’
Figure 63: Contemporary City" Project for three Million Inhabitants: Paris, France - Le Corbusier, 1922
Figure 64: Nova Cidade Do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Ekuikui, 2009
2 Hamdi, N., (2010). The Placemaker’s Guide to Becoming a Community. UK: Earthscan.p. 32
PART FOUR: Africa's first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 47
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Mosaeques"
LUANDA’S “GHOST CITY”: REASONS FOR ITS DESIGN & ITS FAILURE
The newly built ‘satellite city’ of mixed use social housing
development within the context of Luanda called Nova Cidade
do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project is currently located in an
isolated area 30km (18 miles) outside Angola’s capital city, and
its footprint has a span o f5,000 hectares (12,355 acres).3
¥
Luanda’s Urbanized CiCit^ C ore £Downtown Region)
Figure 65: Map o f Angola: Luanda, Angola. BBC, 2012
F ^ure 66: Location of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project: Luanda, Angola - Ruben
4
m
Figure 67: Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Total Spans o f 5000 hectares (12,355 acres)): Luanda, Angola — Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
' Redvcrs, Angola’s Chinese-built Ghost Town. HBCNawAfeaRetrieved 10 Dec. 2012 from http://wvm.bbc.co.uk/ncws/worki-afriea- 18646243
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 48
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Muaseque*"
According to Louis Ridvers the author of the (2012) BBC article entitled Angola’s Chinese-built Ghost,4
the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi residential project was commissioned to be built in three separate
phases. The phase that is currently built is
only phase 1 which is comprised of “710
apartment buildings, 20,000 apartment
units, 6,000 single family homes (still to be
built), schools for 43 360 students (27%) -12
secondary schools and 15 primary schools, 39
children centers, 1 hospital, 4 health care
centers, 4 police stations, 2 fire stations and
100 retail units for rent.” 5 The second and
third phase, which will also be compromised
of housing, but have yet to be presented to
the general public, will be built around the
existing Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Figure 68: Phases o f the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project:
p h aS C 1 h o u s i n g project. Luanda, Angola -Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
Figure 69: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Primary Schools: Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
* Rcdvers, L , (2012). Angola's Chinese-built Ghost Town. BBCNcwAfiia Retrieved 10 Dec. 2012 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/ncws/world-africa- 18646243
5 Ibid., p. Tl
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 49
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity o f "Musseques”
Figure 70: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Secondary Schools: Luanda, Angola — Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
L Figure 7 ): Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Children Centers: Luanda, : Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
PA RT FOU R: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page SO
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Musseques*
Figure 72: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Hospital and Health Care Centers: Luanda, Angola-joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
•»'T4
Figure 73: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Police Stations and Fire Stations: Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
This newly built satellite housing project which cost $3.5 billions USD (£2.2 billions British Pounds) to
build, was financed and constructed by the state-owned China International Trust and Investment
Corporation (CITIC), at the request of the Government of Angola, for the exchange of Angolan natural
resources such as petroleum (oil). 6 The satellite city social
housing project was initially commissioned by Presidential
Decree No. 32/11 (of 9 February) at the request of Angola’s
current President, His Excellency Dr. Jose Eduardo Dos Santos,
through the National Program of Urbanism and Housing
(Programa Nacional de Urbanismo e Habita^ao), stating that
the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project needed to
be built in under three years in a plot of a maximum size of 54 CITIC Group Km2. 7 The Presidential Decree was ordered as part of the , __
r Figure 74: C ITIC Group. Logo: China.
6 Redvcrs, L., (2012). Angola's Chinese-built Ghost Town. EBCNwsA&a. Retrieved 10 Dec. 2012 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa- 18646243
7 Israel Marques, J., (2013). (PDF presentation). Prcjecto Habitacional ‘Cidade Do Kilamba. * Luanda, p. 5
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 51
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musseques**
solution in solving the problems that resulted from enduring 27 years of civil war. As mentioned
previously, the civil war in Angola led the population to migrate from rural regions toward the capital
city; this led to the rapid increase of Luanda’s population, and the establishments of numerous slum
problems and housing deficits. The President established the
National Program of Urbanism and Housing right after the
signing of the peace agreement in 2002, and its main objective
was to rebuild the country’s housing and basic infrastructure in
order to eliminate the existence of slums and the current
housing deficit in a short period of six years. 8 The intended
infrastructure ordered to be built through such a program
included plants for the treatment of water and generation of
electricity, sanitation systems, and more than one million social
homes and new urban centers (satellite cities). Currendy, the
housing projects already built though the National Program of
Urbanism and Housing are the Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (ghost
city) housing project, Panguila housing project, and the Zango
housing project. 9 Through this program, the Government t Figure 75: His Excellency Dr, Jos£ Eduardo Dos
aimed to eliminate the musseques found not only in Luanda Santos (President o f Angola). Wikipedia
but also throughout the country.
■ «
ft
Figure 77: Zango Satellite City Housing Project: Luanda, Angola - Google Earth 2013
1 Israel Marques, j., (2013). (PDF presentation). Projecto Habitacumal "Cidade Do Kilamba.9 Luanda, p. 5 9 Moore, T., (2012). Can the W orld Really Afford More Empty Cities f Architecture Source. Retrieved: 3 February 2013 from
http://dcsignbuiidsourcc.com^»u/worid'aiford-cmpty-cities
Figure 76: Panguila Satellite City Housing Project: Luanda, Angola - Googje Earth 2013
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 52
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musseques"
According to Development Workshop (2009) report, the target of one million homes throughout the
county in a short period of only six years, was to cover the different types of sectors found within the
country of Angola; the Public Sector which required the construction of 115,000 dwellings (11.2%); the
Private Sector which required the construction of 120,000 dwellings (12%); the Cooperatives Sector
which required the construction of 80,000 dwellings (8%); and finally the Self-Build Sector that is found
in rural and urban areas which required 685,000 dwellings (68.5%).10
The construction of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing projects, was recognized as Africa’s
largest and most expensive housing project ever undertaken within a developing nation.11 According to
IFAD, this housing project was initially commissioned to house up to half a million lower-income, slum
dwelling families that survive on less than $1.68 US dollars per day. 12 Even though recognized
internationally as a huge construction accomplishment
for a developing nation, unfortunately, according to
Louis Ridvers, the international communities are
currently considering the newly built Nova Cidade do
Kilamba Kiaxi residential project as a complete failure.
13 Such harsh comments arise because, instead of
building low income social housing for the lower class
citizens living within Luanda’s slums (the project’s
initial aim), CITIC (China International Trust and
Investment Corporation) chose to design and
construct luxury apartments units that were priced
between $130,000.00 USD (for a three bedroom unit)
and $200,000.00 USD (for a five bedroom unit) ^ 7 8 :N o v i a d ^ d 0Kilambi Kî = L u » d ^ U -
reserved for a non-existent middle class. 14 According
to Ridvers, internationally, the current stipulated prices “are correct for the quality of the luxurious
apartments and for all the conditions that the city can offer,” 15 but for a country that has no middle class
and 76% of its inhabitant residing within the existing slums 16 earning less than $2 USD a day, 17 the
10 Development Workshop, (2009). Peri-Urban Inform al Rental Housing M arket in Luanda. Washington: Development Workshop. 11 Homeless International. Angola. Homeless IntemationaL Retrieved 3 Feb. 2013 from http://wwwJiomeless-
intcmacional.org/dociuncnt_l.aspx?cat-0:1021977&id=0:6lI93&id=0:59163&:id=0:59153 12 International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Rural Poverty in Luanda. IFAD. Retrieved: 4 Feb. 2013 from
http://www.ruralpovertyportal.org/country/home/tags/angoia 11 Redvcrs, L , (2012). Angola’s Chinese-built Ghost Town. BBCNawAfia, Retrieved 10 Dec. 2012 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-
18646243 "Ib id ., p .T I "ib id ., P.n 16 Homeless IntemationaL Angola. Homeless International. Retrieved 3 Feb. 2013 from http://www.homclcss-
international.org/docuinent_ 1 .aspx?cat=0:1021977&id-0:61193&id=0:59163&id=0:59153
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 53
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musseques1*
prices arc considered not only to be outrageous but also ridiculous. Currently, Ridvers also explains that
“the sales of the apartment units within the newly built Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project
are going very slowly due to the difficulty of low-income citizens obtaining mortgages through national
banks* 18
The crucial design error made by the Chinese design firm CITIC, was that it failed to recognize that the
primary intention for the President of Angola commissioning the social housing project, as stipulated by
the National Program of Urbanism and Housing, was to eliminate the current housing deficit exiting
within Luanda. With apartment units being sold at the prices that were stipulated above a typical slum
dwelling citizen of Luanda who survives on less than $1.68 USD per day, 19 cannot afford to inhabit the
satellite city. It has been calculated by Redvers that in order for a single slum dweller to afford the current
prices for the high-end luxury apartment units he or she would need to work for more than 160 years.20
After nearly a year since the inauguration of the project, in the early months of 2012, the first batch of
2,800 luxury apartments went on sale and only 220 were sold; thus putting more emphasis on why the
satellite city is being labeled ‘Africa’s first Ghost City’. 21
17 Redvers, L , (2012). Angola's Chinese-built Ghost Town. HBCNswAftaRetrieved 10 Dec. 2012 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-affica- 18646243
ia Homeless IntemationaL The impacts o f slums. Homeless IntemationaL Retrieved: 4 November 2012 from http://www.homcIcss- intemationaLorg/About-Slums/impacts-of-slums
19 International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Rural Poverty in Luanda. IFAD. Retrieved; 4 Feb. 2013 from http://www.ruralpovertyportaLorg/country/home/tags/angola
20 IBTimcs Staff Reporter, (2012). Angolas $3. SB, Chinese-Built Ghost Town. International Business Times. Retrieved: 4 Nov. 2012 from http://www.ibrimcs.com/angolas-35b-chinese-built-ghost-town-722923
21 Redvers, L., (2012). Angola's Chinese-built Ghost Town. BBCNnwA&a Retrieved 10 Dec. 2012 from h ttp ://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa- 18646243
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City*. The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 54
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Musseques*
EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE W ITH IN TH E “GHOST CITY” (HOUSING)
The site chosen for the implementation of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxa residential project, spans
5000 hectares (12,355 acres), and is subdivided into three different districts; which are the Town Centre
district, the Apartment District and the Housing District.
The Tower Center district is located in the center of the Nova Cidade and is considered to be the
commercial hub where large companies can establish their business, by either renting existing spaces that
are designated for retail or building their headquarters.
Figure 79: Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Different Districts (Town Center District): Luanda, Angola - joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
The Apartment District, located on the West and East side of the Town Center District, is considered to
be a residential area comprising of apartment towers, subdivided and categorized into three different
types of buildings (will be discussed in more depth in a further section). This district is estimated to have
around twenty thousand (20,000) apartment units that cover a total of twenty-four (24) different areas
that resemble a typical city blocks. 22 The city blocks within the apartment district are divided in 10
blocks on the West end lot, and 14 blocks on the East end of the lot. The apartment units found within
this district are currently ready to be purchased and inhabited.
n Israel Marques,J., (2013). (PDF presentation). Projecto Habitacional '‘Cidade Do K ilam ba m Luanda, p. 8
PART FOUR: Africa's first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 55
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Mutsequrs"
Figure 80: Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Different Districts (Apartment District): Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
The Housing District is a residential area that is still under construction. Once construction is completed
it will be comprised of six thousand (6,000) single-family homes divided into two different parts. 23 The
Housing District covers a total of nineteen city blocks, which are then divided into eleven (11) on the
West end of the Nova Cidade, and eight (8) on the East end of the lot.
Figure 81: Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Different Districts (Housing District): Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
APARTMENT DISTRICT: EXISTING TYPES OF BUILDINGS AND APARTMENT UNITS
Each individual residential city block found within the Apartment District contains an average of
approximately thirty-five apartment buildings, a recreational facility, a school and a few retail spaces. 24
As mentioned previously, the housing project only has three different types of buildings: Building Type
#1: T3, Building Type #2: T3+1 and Building Type #3: T5.
2} Israel Marques, J., (2013). (PDF presentation). Projccto Habitacional "Ctiladt Do K ilam ba,"Luanda, p. 7 24 Ibid., p. 23
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page!*
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Musseques”
BUILDING TYPE #1: T3 Apartment Units
Within each of the twenty-four (24) residential blocks found in the Apartment District, one can find an
average of twenty-eight (28) five-storey high Building Type #1 structures. 2S Within the context of the
satellite city, these Building Type #1 structures are considered to be the most common and also the
smallest of all three different building types. 26 This type of
building is constituted of only three bedrooms T3
apartments units, each priced at $130,000.00 USD:
comprised of 1 master suite, 2 bedrooms, 1 living/dinning
room, 1 bathroom, 1 kitchen, 1 storage space and 2
balconies. 27 Each Building Type #1 has four different
apartment units on each floor, with each having a
maximum area of 110m2 (1,184ft2) per apartment; thus
adding up to each building having a total of twenty (20)
apartment units. In total there are 123 Building Type #1 Figure 82: Ci<Udc do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type# 1:T3): Luanda, Angola -Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
structures and 2,460 T3 apartment units currently available
to be sold each at a price of $130,000.00 USD.28
h .v m m
« ■ * >
Figure 83: Building Type #1 (T3 - Three Bedrooms Apartment unit): Luanda, Angola - Delta Mobiliaria, 2013
25 Israel Marques, J., (2013). (PDF presentation). Projecto HabiUuional “Cidade Do Kilamba. ’ Luanda, p. 23 u Ibid., p. 23 27 Delta Imobiliaria. Real estate agents selling apartment units a t the Nova Cidade do Kilamba K iaxi. Retrieved: January 25,2013 from
hctp://deltaimobiiiaria.co.ao/li$tagemimoveis.aspx?list-de$taqucs 29 Israel Marques, j., (2013). (PDF presentation). Projecto Habitacional “Cidade Do Kilamba. "Luanda, p. 23
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 57
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Musseques”
BUILDING TYPE #2; T3+Den/Office Apartment Units
Within each of the twenty-four (24) residential blocks, one can find an average of two nine-storey high
Building Type #2 structures. 29 Within the context of the satellite city, these Building Type #2 structures
are considered to be the least common of all three different
building types. 30 This type of building is constituted of
only three bedrooms T3 plus den/office apartments units
each priced at $140,000.00 USD, each comprising of 1
master suite, 2 bedrooms, 1 living/dinning room, 1
den/office, 1 bathroom, 1 powder room, 1 kitchen, 1
storage space, and 2 balconies. 31 Each Building type 2 is a
nine storey high building that has four different apartment
units on each floor, with each having a maximum area of
120m2 (1,292ft2) pier apartment; thus adding up to each
building having thirty-six (36) apartment units. 32 In total
there are 68 Building Type #2 buildings and 2,449 T 3+ 1
apartment units currendy available to be sold each at a price
of $140,000.00 USD.33
Figure 84: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type #2): Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques,
2013
Figure 85: Building Type #2 (T3+Den - Three Bedrooms + Den Apartment unit): Luanda, Angola - Delta Mobiliaria, ------------------------------------------- 2013
29 Israel Marques, J., (2013)- (PDF presentation). Projecto Habitacional "Cidade Do Kilamba. * Luanda, p. 25 w Ib id , p. 25
Delta Imobiliaria. Real estate agents selling apartment tw its a t the Nova Cidade do Kilamba K iaxi. Retrieved: January 25,2013 from http://deltaimobiliaria.co.ao/listagemimoveis.aspx?list=destaques
32 Israel Marques, J., (2013). (PDF presentation). Projecto Habitacional "Cidade Do Kilamba. ’ Luanda, p. 25 ” Ib id , p. 25
PART FOUR: Africa's first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 58
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Musscquec”
BUILDING TYPE *3; T5 Apartment Unit?
Within each of the twenty-four (24) residential blocks, one can find an average of five thirteen-storey
high Building Type #3 structures. 34 Within the context of the satellite city, these Building Type #3
structures are considered to be the second most common of all three different building types. 35 This type
of building is constituted of only four bedrooms T5 plus den/office apartments units each priced at
$200,000.00 USD, each comprising of 2 fully loaded master
suites, 2 bedrooms, 1 living/dinning room, 1 den/office, 1
bathroom, 1 powder room, 1 kitchen, 1 storage space, 2
balconies and 1 storage space. 36 Each Building Type #3 is a
thirteen-storey high building that has four different luxurious
apartment units on each floor, with each having a maximum
area of 150m2(l,6 l5ft2) per apartment; thus adding up to each
building having fifty-two (52) apartment units. In total there are
58 BuildingType #3 buildings and 3,016 T5+1 apartment units
currently available to be sold.37 KilIi* (Building Type #3): Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
3
% Figure 87: BuildingType #3 (T5 - Four Bedrooms Apartment plus Den/officc unit): Luanda, Angola - Delta Mobiliaria, 2013
M Israel Marques, J., (2013). (PDF presentation). Projecto Habitacional "CidadeDo Kilamba. 'Luanda, p. 27 ” Ibid., p. 25 * Delta lmobiliaria. Real estate agents selling apartment units a t the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi. Retrieved: January 25,2013 from
http://deltaimobiliaria.co.ao/listageminiovcis.aspx?Ust=destaqucs i? Israel Marques, j., (2013). (PDF presentation), Projecto Habitacional "CidadeDo Kilamba. 'Luanda, p. 25
PART FOUR: Africa's first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 59
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C ity of"Muascqucs”
Based on the comparison of all three existing building types, it can be argued that the building type that
does not fit the profile for a slum dweller to inhabit is Building Type #3. The apartment units found
within Building Type #3 arc considered to be the largest units, T5 (four bedroom plus den/office)
apartments units with an area of 150m2 (1,615ft2)), compared to the other two T3 (three bedrooms) and
T3+1 (three bedroom plus den/office). Compared to the other two types of apartment units, the T5
apartment units are also the most expensive units priced at $200,000.00 USD each. Based on these facts
and on the design features of the apartment units themselves, slum dwellers can not only afford to inhabit
such an expensive unit, but the vast amount of space within the four bedroom apartment can be
considered as waste of space. The T5 units do not possess aspects and features that might be relatable to a
slum dweller’s way of life, even though it might satisfy a slum dweller’s need of having a suitable dwelling
that rivals the reality of the shelters that exist within a slums.
LUANDA’S GHOST CITY: THE GOOD. TH E BAD AND THE UGLY
"It’s hard to see how the city will ever prosper due to the centrally-planned, rainbow-hued cluster bomb o f buildings. The car-dependent culture disconnected from the capital and lack o f basic amenities like local shopping and gathering places seem to doom the development to the scrap heap. From Chicago ’< Cabrini Green to Soviet Era block housing few mega-scale housing projects lead to a better life fo r the occupants. More likely the housing will end up serving an immigrant population feeding the flow o f oil to China in the comingyears ... ’’Andrew M ichler38
Figure 88: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Ruben Croxlcy, 2012
** Croxlcy, R., (2012). Angola's New Citadels: Nova Cidade do Kilamba, Harare: Architect Africa Online. Retrieved: 12 Mar. 2013 from http://architcctafrica.com/Nova-Cidadc-dc-Kilamba-lxCHs
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 60
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City of "Musscques*
Nabcel Hamdi, the author of the (2010) The Placemaker's Guide to Becoming a Community, established a
categorical theory called The Bad, The Good, and The Ugly. 39 This places the newly build Nova Cidade
do Kilamba Kiaxi residential project, as a community, into three different analytical categories that allow
for a thorough, yet simple, analysis or breakdown. Nabeel Hamdi strongjy believes that for a project to be
placed within the category of being “good”, it has to have evident reasons to show how “the process and
the interventions delivered the practical goods and services
on the ground, while creating space for longer term and
more strategic development.” 40 Even though at first glance,
based on the international recognitions of the construction
of the Nova Cidade as being a grandiose project, its primary
intention was to eliminate the housing deficit within the
city of Luanda by providing the necessary housing for more
than half a million low income slum dwellers. According to
Hamdi’s theory, this housing project can be categorized as
‘Good’ because it aims to create adequate housing for slum
dwellers that desperately need another alternative, and a
more durable solution for their existing fragile inadequate
housing problem. Based on this theory of ‘Good’, one can
argue that any architectural project, such as the Nova
Cidade, that aims to help individuals who are struggling to
cope with an existing problem or situations, such as slums,
is deemed to be ‘Good’ because it is working toward
improving the quality of life of those in need.
Figure 89: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type #2): Luanda, Angola - Yuri Airis, 2012
On the other hand, at first glance the housing project seems
to be beautifully designed with a vast amount of apartments
and other necessary amenities such as schools, retail and
recreation spaces, amenities desperately needed to improve
the quality of life for those residing within slum conditions.
According to Hamdi’s ‘Bad’ theory, the fact that the Nova
Cidade was designed and built by O T IC (China
International Trust and Investment Corporation) is
considered to be ‘Bad’; Hamdi’s theory states this because the housing project was “designed by outsiders
Figure 90: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type #2): Luanda, Angola - Yuri Airis, 2012
39 Hamdi,N., (2010). The Placemaker’s Guide to Becoming a Community. UK: Earth sc an, p.21 40 Ibid., p. 35
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 61
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of"Musscqoes”
Figure 91: Ghost City being built in the Kangbashi District o f Ordos: China - Mamta
Barkar, 2012
maximizing their return with considerable technical competence (sometimes) but no intelligence of life
and handed over on completion.” 41 Arguably, based on Hamdi’s
theory, only those residing within the country of Angola can
understand and relate to the different issues and problems
experienced daily within their slums. By hiring an international
construction company (such as the Chinese firm CITC) that
does not understand nor can relate to the existing contextual
reality of the slums, one can argue that this resulted in O T IC
implementing a design project that does not solve the different
problems that needed to be solved within the city of Luanda.
Such action of hiring international firms, can lead to the
creation of new issues. Upon further examination it is clear that
CITIC chose to take the easy route of designing and
constructing a characterless, generic residential satellite city that
can be implemented anywhere in the world. Such design
resembles the different ghost cities currently being built within
China, such as the famous ghost city built within the Kangbashi
District of Ordos 42 This aspect leads us to ask the important question of why China is constructing
characterless generic residential projects in other nations, such as Angola, when they know that the same
approach or formula is not working within their own
country?
From afar, the cluster o f750 residential towers erected
within the isolated site of the Nova Cidade do
Kilamba Kiaxi housing project, resembles Le
Corbusier’s vision of the "Contemporary City” project
for (1922) three million Parisian inhabitants. The
features implemented within Luanda’s satellite city
show the same building types found writhing a single
residential block repeated throughout the project, in a
style referred to as ‘cookie cutter style’. Such aspects
led Andrew Michler, a writer and consultant in favour
Figure 92: Contemporary City" Project for three Million Inhabitants: Paris, France - Le Corbusier, 1922
41 Hamdi, N., (2010). The PLuemaker’s Guide to Becoming a Community. UK: Earthscan, p. 23 42 Baker, L-, (1986), Ghost Towns o f Texas. Norman: University o f Oklahoma Press.
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 62
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f *MtmequesM
of environmentally responsible buildings, to express himself by saying that the newly built housing
projects is "a candy-colored city o f identical midrise apartments ... monolithic development feels more
like a prison camp than community.” 43 It can be argued that this design approach undertaken by CITIC,
lacks characteristics identifiable by low-income slum dwellers. As an outside firm that chose to design in
Angola, CITIC neglected to include slum dwellers within the process of design. That was a crucial
mistake because by allowing the participation of slum dwellers in the design process, CITIC would have
had the chance to learn and understand the different issues and important aspects found within a slum
dweller’s daily lifestyle and struggles. Arguably, CITIC neglected to study and explore the most
important aspects of the slums and their inhabitants. This crucial study o f Luanda’s informal setdements
and its slum dwellers would have allowed CITIC to understand how slum dwellers live on the daily basis,
how slum dwellers construct their minimal multi-functional shelters, the aspect of sustainability within a
slum (circulation), the importance of informal settlement communities working together as a family, the
issue of poverty and the issue of informal employment.
The newly built Nova Cidade residential project was
only successful or “Good” in its initial aim to work in
eliminating the existing aspect of the housing deficit
within the city of Luanda. But according to Hamdi’s
established theory, the “Ugly” component of the
satellite city housing project was that it failed to solve
the crucial problem that led to its commission. The
initial goal was simply to create affordable social
housing for the innocent lower-class citizens of the
slums as a solution to the dire problem of the housing
deficit and the rapid growth of the informal
settlements within the outskirts of the city of Luanda
that prevent the urbanized city core to grow or expand.
But the fact that no apartments were being bought or
sold after they were introduced to the housing market, for the mere reason that they were too expensive
for the low income citizens of Luanda, shows that during the design stage of the project, right before the
construction and implementation stage, CITIC really did not analyze their strategy pertaining to the
issue of slum and their reality within Luanda’s context. This new problem that was created within the city
of Luanda, through the construction of the failed Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project, is no
,5 Croxlcy, R., (2012). Angola 's New Citadels: Nova Cidade do Kilamba. Harare: Architect Africa Online. Retrieved: 12 Mar. 2013 from http://architectafnca.com/Nova-Cidadc-de-Kilamba- IxCHs
Figure 93: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Yuri Airis,2012
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 63
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Musscques”
longer considered to be a CITIC problem or even a Chinese problem, but yes an Angolan problem! This
problem desperately needs to be and can be addressed through the implementation of a radical
architectural intervention within the existing context of the newly built satellite city housing project,
Africa’s first ‘Ghost City’, that will allow for its resurrection by being able to inhabit the low income slum
dwellers.
TIMELINE OF THE NOVA CIDADE DO KILAMBA KIAXI HOUSING PROTECT Date: May 27th, 2006 Kilamba Kiaxi site before the implementation of the Nova Cidade.
Date: June 6 lh, 2008 Figure 94: Nova Ciciadc do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda. Angola - Google Earth, 2013 Stage one of the constructions of the Nova Cidade.
Figure 95: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 64
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of"Musseqoca”
Date: June 7th, 2010 Stage two of the constructions of the Nova Cidade.
Figure 96: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013
Date: August 14th, 2011 Stage three of the constructions of the Nova Cidade.
Figure 97: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 65
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of"Muascques”
Date: June 11th, 2012 Stage four where the Apartment District is almost complete. During this time the President of Angola, His Excellency Dr. Jos^ Eduardo Dos Santos, inaugurated the project and the apartment units o f the projects were introduced into the housing market to be sold.
Figure 98: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013
PART FOUR: Africa’s first Ghost City: The Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Housing Project Page 66
Resurrecting Luanda’sGhosrCity: Ctejrof*MaaKqaaT
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U SSE Q U E S" M aster o f A rch itecture (M .A rch P rofession a l)
V CarletonU N I V E R S I T Y ©2013
Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost Ciry: City o f "Mussequcs*
PART FIVE: GHOST CITY RESURRECTION INTERVENTION PROTECT
“Slum upgrading programs are being used by national and city governments in many countries to improve the welfare o f households living in slum and squatter settlements. These programs typically include a combination o f improvements in neighborhood infrastructure, land tenure, and building quality. ”
Basab Dasgupta and Somik V, Lall1
(.1 i O S T C I T V R1 S I ' R R I C; I I O N
Figure 92: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project. Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
1 Dasgupta, B., V. Lall, S., (2006). Assessing Benefits O f Slum Upgrading Programs In Second-Best Settings. Retrieved: 20 Feb. 2013 from http://elibrary.worURMuik.org/content/workingpapcr/10.1596/1813-9450-3993, p. 12
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 67
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: C ity o f "Mnssequcs”
CONTENTS:
• Project Context: Intervention Proposal....................................................................................... 69 • Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project
• Existing Problems in Luanda.................................................................................. 69 - 70 • Proposed Solution for Luanda’s Problems............................................................. 70 - 72
• Calculation Formulas of the Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project • Intervention Within the T5 (Four bedrooms plus den/office) Apartment Units:
Total Unit Area.............................................................................................................. 73 • Intervention Within the T5 (Four bedrooms plus den/office) Apartment Units:
Total Unit Price............................................................................................................. 74 •....T5 - Apartment Units Existing in a Single Building Type #3: Existing and Proposed
...........................................................................................................................................75 • T5 - Apartment Units Existing Within the Apartment District: Existing and
Proposed.......................................................................................................................... 76
• Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Projects: Existing and Proposed Design • Title Page (Existing and Proposed Design 3D Rendering).......................................... 77 • Title Page (Existing and Proposed Design Floor Plans)............................................... 78 • Title Page (Existing Design Floor Plan & 3D Rendering)...........................................79 • Existing Design................................................................................................................80 • Existing Building Access Points......................................................................................81 • Existing Apartment U nits...............................................................................................82 • Existing Access to Luxury T5 Apartment U nits........................................................... 83 • Existing Horizontal Circulation.................................................................................... 84 • Existing Vertical Circulation..........................................................................................85 • Existing Facade................................................................................................................86
• Title Page (Proposed Design Floor Plan & 3D Rendering)......................................... 87 • Design Implementation of Interventions: Proposed Design........................................ 88 • Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project: Building Deconstruction..................89 • Proposed Access Points.................................................................................................. 90 • Proposed Apartment Units Layouts and Functionality.................................. 91-99 • Proposed Wall Cavity and Ceiling Rail System D etail............................................... 100 • Access to Proposed Residential U nits .................................................................. 101 • Fire Exits: Existing and Proposed................................................................................. 102 • Proposed Horizontal Circulation.................................................................................103 • Proposed Vertical Circulation.......................................................................................104 • Proposed Common Spaces/Community Gathering Spaces............................ 105 -106 • Proposed Commercial Spaces - Income Generating Strategy................... 107-108 • Proposed Commercial Units Physical M odel...................................................... 109 • Proposed Access to Commercial U nits........................................................................110 • Facade (Existing and Proposed)....................................................................................I l l
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 6*
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: C ity of"Mtuscqocs*
GHOST CITY RESURRECTION INTERVENTION PROJECT_____________________________
“Architecture has to be greater than just architecture. I t has to address social values, as well as technical and aesthetic values. On top o f that, the one true gift that an architect has is his or her imagination. IVe take something ordinary and elevate it to something extraordinary. "Samuel Mockbee 2
PROTECT CONTEXT: INTERVENTION PROPOSAL
The purpose of the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project is to establish a viable and radical
architectural intervention within the newly built Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project. The
Ghost City Resurrection intervention project aims to resurrect Luanda’s ghost city, by eliminating the
existing housing deficit and the existence of slums within the city of Luanda. Such architectural
intervention will attempt to solve such issues by initially focusing on the existing design of the newly built
Angolan ghost city that was implemented by CITIC.
GHOST CITY RESURRECTION INTERVENTION PROTECT:
• EXISTING PROBLEMS IN LUANDA: Angolan Government wanted to create Social Housing for low income slum dwellers to eliminate the existence of
SLUMS in the city of Luanda, but the solution to die problem failed and resulted in the creation of AFRICA’S FIRST GHOST CITY
Aims to bring lift to the Ghost City through the implementation of low income minimal affordable apartment units to inhabit shun dwellers
f .....................................■*! i
PROBLEMS I 1 PROBLEMS riiGH LfeVMi bfc I m a n | GHOST CITY I AFRICA’S FIRST
POVERTY • RESURRECTION 1 GHOST CITY
LACK of FORMAL EMPLOYMENT
LACK OF DURABLE HOUSING
INTERVENTION PROJECT
Architects working in partnership the
Angoian Government to solve
problems of slum growth, housing
deficit and resurrecting Africa's
First Ghost City
. . . i
btScttEb foA Vhe took EXISTING MIDDLE CLASS
POOR CAN NOT AFFORD EXPENSIVE LUXURY UNITS
Aims to solve issues of slum growth and housing deficit by implementing a relacable strategy of minimal affordable apartment units that will allow for families (three times more) to afford inhabiting Ghost City
Now the Angolan government is looking for a solution that will allow for the resurrection of "AFRICA’S FIRST GHOST CITY" and will allow for slum dwellers to inhabit the housing project
Figure 94: Problem Diagram: Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
2Nanu, (2001). 101 Inspirational Quotes by Famous Architects and A rtists- Philip Johnson. Architecture and W eb art. Retrieved: 3 March 2013 from http://www.archtopia.com/201 l/01/30/101-inspirational-<juotes-from-famous-architcct$-and-artists/
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 69
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musscquec”
The contextual problems that led to the application o f the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project
are initially found in the understanding that the current exponential growth of slums and informal
settlements within the city of Luanda and its future projections are crucial problems that need to be
addressed and resolved immediately. A typical inhabitant of Luanda’s slums cannot afford to purchase
the expensive luxurious apartment units that are currently found within the newly built satellite city
housing project due to their daily income of less than two dollars $2 USD.3 It can be argued that the
problems stressed above are good enough reasons for an architect to understand that the capital city of
Angola is in need of a drastic implementation within its context. The city of Luanda is in need of a major
radical architectural intervention that will serve as the link and solution to both major issues, such as the
resurrection of the existing ghost city and the prevention of slums and their social issues currently being
experienced.
• PROPOSED SOLUTION FOR LUANDA’S PROBLEMS:
EXISTING PROBLEM ¥
PROPOSED SOLUTION Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project
Renting the Comm ercial U nits Generaces Profit for the G overnm ent on to p o f the stipulated $ 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 .0 0 U S D per A partm ent un it
of Angola
Commercial Units Generate Income to pay For A partm ent Units
i m m m rm m m m m m m m m m i
Commissioned Social Housing
But Chinese designed luxury
Apartment Units - - - - *
local Aita: 150 m2 Tocal: $ 200,000.00
USD
4 apartment units flow
Apartment Units are
Subdivided into smaller
affordable units for Slum Dwellers
¥
II I I I
1
T.A: 50 m2 T :$ 6 7 ,000.00
Intervention Allows for the Creation of
Formal Employment for Slum Dwellers
Single Existing Luxury
Apartment
INTERVENTION Proposes Affordable Apartment
Units for Shxm Dwellers I I
Intervention Allows Slum Dwellers to Alford Purchase Apartment Units ^
Proposed Commercial
Units
Figure 95: Solution Diagram: Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
This proposed intervention solution will strive to provide affordable housing for Luanda low-income
citizens within the present context of the newly built housing project. After understanding the
3 Redvcrs, L., {20\2). Angola's Chinese-built Ghost Town. EBCNwsAfici Retrieved 10 Dec. 2012 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worId-afirica- 18646243
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 70
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Mtrocqucs*
contextual reality of the existing failed satellite city social housing project, the implementation of the
Ghost City Resurrection intervention project as a solution, to revitalize Luanda’s ghost city will be
proposed and implemented within all 58 thirteen
storey Building Type #3 structures found in the
Apartment District of the housing project that are
comprised of 3,016 T5 (four bedroom plus den/office)
apartments units. The reason why Building Type #3 is
a perfect candidate for the proposed Ghost City
Resurrection intervention project is as mentioned
previously, considered to be the largest and tallest
building on site, with the largest apartment units (four
bedrooms plus den/office T5 apartments units) that
have a maximum floor area of 150m2 (1,615ft2) per
unit. It also has the most expensive units found in the
Nova Cidade, priced at $200,000.00 USD.
The solution being proposed by the implementation of the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project
is to redesign the large luxury T5 (four bedrooms plus den/office) apartments units, by equally
subdividing the existing total retail price of the unit of $200, 000.00 USD, and the existing units
maximum floor area o f 150m2 (1,615ft2) per unit, into three parts, thus resulting in the creation of three
smaller manageable and affordable apartment units. The newly created apartment units will have a new
total area and price of 36m2 (388ft2) priced at $57, 300.00 USD, 42m2 (452ft2) priced at $65, 300.00
USD and 51m2 (549ft2) priced at $77, 300.00 USD. Therefore, the floor area that was initially designed
for a single middle-class family to inhabit will be able to house three different low-income slum dwelling
families. A single floor of the existing Building Type #3 was meant to inhabit four middle-class families;
now with the implementation of the proposed architectural intervention a single floor of the same
building type will inhabit twelve (12) different slum dwelling families. This solution will allow for more
residents of Luanda’s informal settlements to inhabit and afford purchasing an apartment unit within the
Nova Cidade, thus giving life to Luanda’s satellite city (Africa’s first ghost city). W ith the
implementation of the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project within the existing context of
Luanda’s largest satellite city, the issue of slum dwelling residents needing to work for 160 years in order
to pay for a singly existing luxury apartment unit, 4 as it was calculated previously by Louise Redvers, no
4 lBTimes Staff Reporter, (2012). Angola's S3.SB, Chinese-Built Ghost Toum. International Business Times. Retrieved: 4 Nov. 2012 from http://www.ibtimcs.com/angolas-35b-chineje-built-ghost-town-722923
Figure 96: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type 3): Luanda, Angola - Yuri Airis, 2012
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 71
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: C ity o f "Musseques”
longer exists; because with the implementation of the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project now
a low-income slum dweller that earns less than $2 USD per day would only have to work for 53 years or
less to pay off the newly proposed price for an apartment unit. This newly proposed price is considered to
be much more manageable and a much more realistic figure, compared to what was initially calculated by
Louise Redvers.
Even though the strategy mentioned above sounds applicable, viable and realistic towards solving the
current problems endured by the residents of Luanda’s slums, it can be argued that such approach is not
enough to solve the current issue that slum dwellers that earn less than $2 USD per day will never be able
to afford purchasing an apartment unit within the newly built ghost city, or even afford to purchase the
new proposed price established through the implementation of this Resurrection architectural
intervention project. Therefore, the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project will also attempt to
implement a strategy that will allow for the generation of income, thus reducing the levels of poverty
experienced by slum dwellers. This interventional approach of attempting to eradicate the issue of
poverty caused by the lack of informal employment with Luanda’s informal settlements that is
experienced by low-income citizens, will give the new inhabitants (slum dwellers) a chance to generate
income that will allow them to not only support their own families, and also afford the newly proposed
affordable apartment units, but it will also avoid the creation of vertical slums within the 58 Building
Type #3 structures that currently exist in the newly built ghost city. The income generation feature that
will be included within the proposed design will be implemented in the form of commercial units that
will allow for the low-income residents of the different Building Type #3 structures to rent in order to
establish their own business as a way of generating income. The proposed intervention project will not
only help solve the numerous slum issues found within Luanda, but it will also satisfy the need of the
Angola government that owns the existing housing project, to earn the same amount of profit of
$200,000.00 USD per apartment unit that was initially stipulated in the existing design. Through the
implementation of such architectural intervention, the government of Angola will also have the chance
to earn more profit on top of the stipulated unit price, that with time will cover the cost of implementing
the intervention project in all Building Type #3 structures found within its existing ghost city by the
rental of the newly implemented commercial units.
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 72
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Musscqucs*
CALCULATIONS FORMULAS OF THE GHOST CITY RESURRECTION INTERVENTION
INTERVENTION W ITH IN THE TS (four bedrooms plus den/office) APARTMENT UNITS; TOTAL UNIT AREA
Existing unit area of .1. Number of = New New New T5 units within Proposed Smaller Proposed Proposed Proposed
BUILDINGTYPE Affordable Affordable Affordable Affordable #3 Units Units Size 1 Units Size 2 Units Size 3
Figure 97: C han o f Intervention within the T5 Apartment Units: Luanda, Angola (Total U nit Area) - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
The above chart shows the calculation formula that was used through the implementation of the
intervention project within the existing Building Type #3 T5 (four bedrooms plus den/office) apartment
units with an area of 150m2 (1,615ft2), found within the Apartment District o f the Nova Cidade. This
calculation formula was implemented within the existing luxury apartment unit in order to subdivide its
existing size, which was initially designed by CITIC to house for a non-existent middle class family, into
three much smaller minimal and affordable apartment units sized for slum dwellers. Such divisions of the
existing luxury apartment units will allow for, instead of four non-existent middle class family’s
inhabiting an existing floor within the Building Type #3 structure, the architectural intervention project
is proposing for twelve slum dwelling families to inhabit a single floor. The 14% that is missing on the
above calculation is of the apartment unit hallways that were found in the existing design which arc still
hallways in the proposed design.
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 73
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost Ciry: C ity o f "Mussequcs*
INTERVENTION W ITHIN THE TS (four bedrooms plus den/office) APARTMENT UNITS; TOTAL UNIT PRICE
Existing unit price -r Number of = New New New ($) of T5 units Proposed Smaller Proposed Proposed Proposed
within Affordable Affordable Affordable Affordable BUILDING TYPE Units Units 1 Price Units 2 Price Units 3
#3 Price
Figure 1 IS: Chart onntervention within the T5 Apartment Units (Total Unit Price): Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
The above chart shows the calculation formula that was used through the implementation of the
intervention project in order to reduce the existing price of the T5 (four bedrooms plus den/office)
luxury apartment units to a much more affordable price for the less fortunate low income slum dwellers.
Similarly, within this architectural interventional process, the stipulated market price of $200,000.00
USD per T5 (four bedrooms plus den/office) luxury apartment unit that is currently found within all
Building Type #3 structure of the existing ghost city, will be subdivided into three equal parts to be
allocated within the three newly proposed smaller and manageable apartment units in order for slum
dwellers to afford to inhabiting Africa’s first ghost city. Such a proposed architectural strategy will not
only allow for the government of Angola to still acquire the same amount of profit of $200,000.00 USD
that was initially stipulated for the non-existent middle class luxury apartment units that were designed
by CITC, but it will also allow low-income slum dwellers to afford the new prices being proposed by the
Ghost City Resurrection intervention project.
PARTFIVF: Ghost Ciry Resurrection Intervention Project Page 74
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Massequcs”
TS - APARTMENT UNITS EXISTING IN A SINGLE BUILDING TYPE *3: EXISTING AND PROPOSED
Apartment Units per floor in all
BUILDING TYPE #3
X Number of Storey’s in a BUILDING TYPE 3
Total T5 Apartment Units pre
B u ild ing Ljp ^ P B B W
4 X 13 52
^ ^ ^ j G g g g g g g B B B H H m Figure 119: Chart o f T5 Apartment Units Existing in a Single BUILDING TYPE #3 (existing & Proposed): Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
The above chart shows the calculation formula that was used in order to not only calculate the existing
number of apartment units currently found within a single Building Type #3 structure that are found
within the Apartment District of the newly built satellite city, which is calculated to currently have a
total of 52 (T5 (four bedrooms + den/office)) existing luxury apartment units per Building Type #3.
Such a formula also allowed for the calculation of the number of apartment units being proposed, which
will have a calculated total of 156 manageable smaller, and affordable apartments units that are suitable
for the current inhabitants of Luanda’s slum communities. The proposed architectural intervention
strategy that will be implemented will allow for the creation of more low-income affordable apartment
units, three times more to be exact, in every Building Type #3 structure that currently exists within the
context of the newly built satellite city.
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 75
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City of"Mosscqucs”
TS - APARTMENT UNITS EXISTING W ITH IN THE APARTMENT DISTRICT: EXISTING AND PROPOSED
Total T5 Apartment Units
pre Building
X Number of BUILDING TYPE # 3 in the Apartment
District
Total Number T5 Apartments in Nova
Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing
project • j q a g w w g _ v**-^ i , . ,<•» • . ’y , ’
52 X 58 = 3,016
i -....... ........
Figure 121: Chart of Total T5 Apartment Units Existing within the Apartment District Block (Existing and Proposed): Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
The above chart shows the calculation formula that was used in order to compare and calculate the total
existing and proposed number of T5 (four bedrooms + den/office) apartment units found within the
Apartment District of the existing satellite city. According to the above calculations, currently the
Apartment District has an exiting number totaling 3,016 T5 (four bedrooms + den/office) apartment
units that are located in all 58 existing Building Type # 3 structures found within the newly built satellite
city. Similarly, based on the above calculation, the proposed Ghost City Resurrection intervention
project aims to implement and propose a total of 9,048 T5 (four bedrooms + den/office) apartment
units within all 58 existing Building Type # 3 structures that are currently found within the Apartment
District. This calculation shows that the proposed architectural intervention strategy will allow for the
creation of more low-income affordable apartment units, three times more to be exact, in every
BUILDING TYPE # 3 structure that currently exists within the entire context of the newly built satellite
city.
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 76
R cairrecangL uanda'sG hosC ity : C iC )r«(*M M eqi(/
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project
Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type #3)
EXISTING DESIGN
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U S S E Q U E S " M aster o f A rch itecture (M .A rch P rofessional)
V CarletonU N I V E R S I T Y ©2013
FrancUco Dos Santos Panzo
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City! C ity o f 'M t M t q m ’
G HOST CITY RESURRECTION IN TERV EN TIO N PROJECT E X IS T IN G & P R O P O S E D D ESIG N
Balcony Extending from Community Gathering Space SWVW' V' SWW
Rentable Commercial U nits for the Generation o f Income (Accessible for General Public and Residents)
Double Floor Curtain W all in community Gathering space to open up Facade (found in all four comers o f the Building
EXISTING BUILDINGTYPE » i
PART FTVF • G host C ity Resurrection Intervention Project P a r 77
G HOST CITY RESURRECTION IN TERV EN TIO N PROJECT
EXISTING & PROPOSED DESIGN FLOOR PLANS
EXISTING BUILDING TYPE » 3: FIRST FLOOR PLAN
Expensive T5 (Four Bedroom plus Den/Office) Apartment Units (Ghost City) 13 Existing Floors per BuildingType # 3 Structures
4 Existing Luxurious T5 (Four Bedrooms plus Den/Office) Apartment Units per Floor 52 Existing Luxurious T5 (Four Bedrooms plus Den/OfRce) Apartment Units per Building Type# 3 Structure
58 Total Existing Building Type # 3 Structure 3016 Existing Luxurious T5 Apartment Units within the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project
PROPOSED BUILD IN G TYPE # 3: FIRST FLO O RPLA N
Resurrection o f Luanda’s Ghost City 13 Existing Floors per Building Type # 3 Structures
Proposes 12 Minimal Multi-functional Affordable Apartment Units per Floor for Slum Dwellers Proposes 156 Minimal Multi-functional Affordable Apartment Units per Building Type # 3 Structure
58 Existing Building Type # 3 Structure Proposes 52 Commercial Units Per BuildingType #3 Structure
Proposes 28 Common Community gathering Spaces per building type #3 Structure Proposes 9,048 Minimal Multi-functional Affordable Apartm ent U nits for slum dwellers w ithin the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi
housing project
PART FIVE: G host C ity Resurrection Intervention Project Page 78
Resurrecting Luanda's C h o st City: C i ty c f 'M w M f M ^
G HO ST CITY RESURRECTION INTERVENTION PROJECT
E X IS T IN G D E SIG N
EXISTING BUILDING TYPE » 3
EXISTING BUILDING TYPE # 3: FIRST FLO OR PLAN
Expensive T5 (Four Bedroom plus Den/Office) Apartment Units (Ghost City) 13 Existing Floors per Building Type # 3 Structures
4 Existing Luxurious T5 (Four Bedrooms plus Den/Officc) Apartment Units per Floor 52 Existing Luxurious T5 (Four Bedrooms plus Den/Office) Apartment Units per Building Type # 3 Structure
58 Total Existing Building Type # 3 Structure 3016 Existing Luxurious T5 Apartment Units within the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project
PART FIVE: G host C ity Resurrection Intervention Project Page 79
EXISTING DESIGN;
In order to implement a viable architectural intervention and solution within
Luanda, this portfolio section will explore the design features o f the exiting
Building Type * 3 structure that was built by CITIC. This section will
explore the Building Type # 3 structure by analyzing its current building
access points, apartment unit layouts, horizontal and vertical circulations and
its existing facade.
Exitting Budding Type #3: fcD ftaM&riag}
PART FIVE: G host C ity Resurrection Intervention Project
Resurrecting L uanda’s G host City: C ity
PigcSO
Resurrecting Luanda’s G host City:
EXISTING BUILDING ACCESS E.QINTS
Currently, the existing Building Type # 3 structure has a total number
o f only two access points that are located on the first floor of the
building, one on the North of the building and the other on the.
These access points are reserved for the resident to enter and exit the
building in order to access their luxurious four-bedroom T5
apartment unit. This observation shows that the inhabitants of such
building have no other way to access or exit the building besides
through both of these to entrance points
ExbdagAccentoBsiM iAgTrpeO: (3D Rendering}
EXISTING RESIDENTIAL ACCESS POIN TS
S
Fritting Acctaa to BaildingTypc *3: (Floor Pian)
PART FIVE: G host C ity Resurrection Incervenboo Project Page 81
EXISTING APARTMENT UNITS LAYOUT; BUILDING TYPE * 3
Within each of the twenty-four (24) residential blocks, one can find an avenge o f five thirteen-storey high Building Type #3 structures.1 These Building Type
#3 structures are considered to be the second most common o f all three different building types.2 This type of building is constituted o f only four bedrooms T5
plus den/office apartments units each priced at $200,000.00 USD, each comprised o f 2 fully loaded master suites, 2 bedrooms, 1 dining/dinning room, 1
den/office, 1 bathroom, 1 powder room, 1 kitchen, 2 balconies and 1 storage space.3 Each Building Type #3 is a thirteen-storey high building that has four
different luxurious apartment units on each floor, with each having a maximum area o f 150m2 (1,615ft2) per apartment; thus adding up to each building having
fifty-two (52) apartment units. In total there are 58 Building Type #3 buildings and 3,016 T5+1 apartment units currtndy available to be sold.
fawdng TS (mar Bedrooms p u t am/office) Apartment Units Layout (3D Rendering}
1 Urad Marque*. J„ (2013). (PD F presentation). P rtftc u H ab iun tm a l 'C uLide D e K iU m bd.' Luanda, p. 27 1 Ib id , p. 25 * D tkzlm o b ikiriA . R a d aU M agexa te llin g apartm ent u n til 4 t the N eva C uU dedt K iiam btiC utX t. RrrrirvcA- January 2 1 M H
PART FIVE: G host City Resurrection Intervention Project
EXISTING ACCESS TO LUXYRY TS (FOUR BEDROOMS PLUS DEN/OFFICE) APARTMENT UNITS
W ithin the existing Building Type # 3 found in the Apartment
District, the access to all four luxury T5 (four bedrooms plus
den/office) are found in the center o f the floor plan right beside the
elevators.
ACCESS T O EXISTING T5 (FOUR BEDROOMS PLUS DEN /O FFICE) LUCYRY APARTM ENT UNITS
\
b 'o i
BM:> o
Osfi
PART FrVE: Ghost C ity Resurrection Intervention Project
Eristing Access to TS (fo tB e droonnphts Am/1 office) Ltotnry A y mwetit Units (H oefH ie)
P * ^ 8 3
Resurrecting Luanda’s G host City: C ity o f M w a t f U i *
EXISTING HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
The horizontal circulation that exists within the design of the
Building Type # 3 structure found in the Apartment district is
comprised of a single, double loaded corridor, where the entrances
of all apartments lead. The horizontal circulation that is found
within the existing design only allows for the inhabitants of the
building to travel on a North to South direction.
EXISTING PRIVATE H ORIZON TA L CIRCU LA TIO N
(Inside Existing TS A partm ent Units)
EXISTING SEMI-PRIVATE A N D PUBLIC H O RIZO N TA L CIRCU LA TIO N
(Apartment Building Hallways)
1
w m w w> 9 m W ariM M il r i i m l t r i M (Flag* P h i )
PA RT FIVE: G h o u City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 84
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City: C ity o f*M aM a |*cs”
EXISTING VERTICAL CIRCULATION
W ithin the design of the Building Type # 3 structures, one can find two different types of vertical circulation. The first type is comprised o f two existing large heavy-duty elevators that are located in the middle o f the design o f the building which are lacing each other
in a West and East direction. The placement o f the elevation position gives residents direct access to the elevators as they leave their luxurious apartment units. The second type o f vertical circulation is comprised o f two existing stair wells that are accessed through ail
thirteen floors o f the buildings and that axe used as fire exits or means o f egress by the inhabitants of the building in the event o f an emergency where the elevators are no longer operational and the inhabitants have to evacuate the building
i t □
Existing Elevator Shafts
f i - v v v m v v i I-----
Existing Stair Wells
"Irl 'Irl l r \
irl inirir ir ii- in Hi
t a a a '
1 V V B V
I
■» V ■» ■»
m 1
1 J
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1 “ 1
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£ x M n | Vertical Ci
n i ib HI IB HB ■■ na ■■ I
PART FIVE: G host City Resurrection Intervention Project
r t i l l in g ? ! ir l« ■! ^ n S n ^ i l ^ ) *ir rr in n TTirnngh Train
Pap: *5
Resurrecting Luanda’s G host Ciry: C ity o f “tltuM rqun1*
EXISTING FACADE
The existing facade of all Building Type # 3 structures can be considered as being bland and characterless. They are characterized in such a way because these facades can fit any residential building anywhere in the world, and such facade design* do not embrace the
theme that relates to the lifestyle of those intended to inhabit the apartment building (slum dwellers). The facade is comprised o f regular window openings, balconies, balcony door openings and air-conditioned stalls.
Apartment U nit Balcony Regular W indow Opening 18 M eters Gap where Proposed Commercial U nits are Implemented
*
PART FIVE: Gho«t C ity I ta arrccrion Intervention Ptojcct
ResurrcctingLuanda’sGhostCity:Cit)rof*M aaeqBe^>
PART FIVE: Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project
Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type #3)
PROPOSED DESIGN
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U S S E Q U E S ” M aster o f A rch itecture (M .A rch P rofessional)
Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
0 2013 Francisco Dos Santos Panxo
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City: C l ty e f ^ d a M f M l*
Elevator Shaft
Balcony Extending from Community Gathering Space
G HO ST CITY RESURRECTION INTERVENTION PROJECT
P R O P O S E D D E SIG N
Rentable Commercial Units for the Generation o f Income (Accessible for - General Public and Residents)
Main Entrance to Bnili
Double Floor Curtain Wall in communit Gathering space to open up Facade (found in all four corners o f the Building
I Entrance to Commercial Units
PROPOSED BUILDING TYPE » 3
" I -iLU-Uj
t H ’ 1 ? h
■ s ip r
PROPOSED BUILDING TYPE * 3 FIRST FLO O R PLAN
Resurrection o f Luanda’s Ghost City 13 Existing Floors per Building Type # 3 Structures
Proposes 12 Minimal Muiti-frmctional Affordable Apartment Units per Floor for Slum Dwellers Proposes 156 Minimal Mulct-functional Affordable Apartment Units per Building Type # 3 Structure
58 Existing Building Type # 3 Structure Proposes 52 Commercial Units Per Building Type #3 Structure
Proposes 28 Common Community gathering Spaces per building type #3 Structure Proposes 9,048 Minimal Multi-functional Affordable Apartm ent Units for slum dwellers within the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi
housing project
PA RT FIVE: G h te t C ity Resurrection intervention Project
DESIGN IMPLEMENTATION OF INTERVENTION: PROPOSED
Implementation o f GHOST CITY RESURRECTION intervention project
This portfolio section will highlight the important features o f the Ghost
City Resurrection intervention project that will help solve the before
mentioned existing problems currently found within Luanda.
PA RT FIVE: G host C ity Rcturrccboo Intervention Project
. -------- - j 3D M odd ofProposed Design
B f o d t ) l w w i i B d K A |M m ( K O M a
Resurrecting Luanda's G host C ity: C ity o f “I
Full Proposed 3D Model Proposed 3D Model without Exterior Walls Proposed 3D Model w ithout Exterior W alls Sc
Proposed 3D Model without Exterior Walls Sc Floor Slabs Proposed 3D M odel without Exterior Walls, Commc U nits & Floor Slabs
Commercial Units Elevator Shaft
sidential U nits Elevator Shaft
Commercial Units
G HOST CITY RESURRECTION INTERVENTION PROJECT Building Deconstruction
PART FIVE: GhoK City Resurrection Intervention Project
PROPOSED ACCESS ROUSTS TO BUILDING
In all Building Type #3 structures, the intervention project proposes to
implement two extra points o f entry that will facilitate the entry o f the
inhabitants into the budding. Compared to the existing design that only has
two points of access, the new proposed design will have four (4) different
access points all located on the first Boor.
Above the first Boor, residents will also have a chance to enter and exit the
building through two access points that are located in all twelve (2) Boors that
connect directly to the newly implemented commercial units. These access
points are a direct representation o f the irregular path of movement that is
seen within a slum in order for a slum dweller to access the entrance o f their
dwelling. One can see from the illustration bellow, the Cazenga Slum that is
found within the city o f Luanda, that within a slum, all shacks are accessible
from different points or directions. Some shacks have their main entrances
locates on the North side o f the dwelling others are accessed from the South,
others from the West side and others from the East. The four access points
found within the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project proposed
design, are divided into two different perpendicular points o f access to the
building, which are referred to as the Residential Access Points and the
Commercial Access Points that will allow for residents and commercial
clients to have multiple access point to the existing Building Type # 3
structure.
C M a y S l iM itA c c w i to S « i» P iw liB y S lid ) r ) i I ■■ndi. A ngola
PART FIVE: (show City ftew m ctiaxt Intervention Project
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City: C ny
i EXISTING RESIDENTIAL ACCESS POIN TS i PROPOSED COMM ERCIAL ACCESS POIN TS
L f
M t - ' T n
l a w — L — >
Proposed R n Floor Plan: Proposed A ccra Points to Building
Page 90
PROPOSED APARTMENT UNITS LAYOUTS AND FUNCTIONALITY
The implementation of the new proposed Ghost City Resurrection
intervention project, allows for the creation of 12 minimal apartment
units per floor within the selected Building Type # 3 structure. In
total the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project proposed for
156 new apartment units to be designed and implemented within a
single Building Type # 3 structure, each has a total area that ranges
from 36m2 to 42m2 to 51m2. The apartment sizes being proposed
allow for the creation of bachelor units, one-bedroom units and two
bedrooms units, or all of those mentioned units sizes comprised in \
one singje apartment unit.
1 V
PART FIVE: G hoji City Resurrection In tem o tio n Project
hopoeed Apertmem U ala Leyoet
Page 91
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City: C ity o f "M e I*
The minimal and affordable apartment units, designed for slum
dwellers, that are being proposed though the implementation of
the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project are derived
from key points o f the current existing floor plan of the four
luxurious T5 (four bedrooms plus den/office) apartment units
currently found on the existing design by C1TC o f the Building
Type # 3 structure.
For example:
All Apartment Units Type # 1 found in the proposed design arc
derived from combining the second frilly loaded master suite
and the washroom for the two extra bedrooms that exists
within the luxurious T5 (four bedrooms plus den/office) that
was designed by CITIC.
All Apartment Units Type # 2 found in the proposed design are
derived from the combination o f the two extra bedrooms and
the office space that exists within the luxurious T5 (four
bedrooms plus den/office) that was designed by CITIC.
All Apartment Units Type # 3 found in the proposed design are
derived from the combining the living room, dinning room and
kitchen space chat exists within the luxurious T5 (four
bedrooms plus den/office) that was designed by CITIC.
I PROPOSED APARTM ENT U N IT TYPE #1 PROPOSED APARTM ENT U N IT TYPE #3
rr\ m
3 b
Existing Floor Phuti Where Proposed Apsnmca* U a ia Derived F m
PA RT FIVE: G host City Resanectioii Intervention Project Pege 91
Resurrecting Luanda's G host C ity: City
These newly proposed minimal and affordable apartment units are
arranged in a way chat each unit is oriented differently in a manner
that they are all accessed in a non-conventional way. This proposed
strategy was implemented as a way for the newly integrated
apartment units to resemble the order-less nature o f shack (slum
dwelling) placement of construction observed within the mindless
design o f a slum. In order to access a unit from another unit,
residents need to follow a hallway that shifts and turns from one
corner to another in order to locate the entrance o f the other units.
This design scheme allows for the proposed design to resemble the
walkablc aspect that is experienced within the exploration of an
informal settlement
PROPOSED APARTM ENT U N IT TYPE #1 PROPOSED APARTM ENT U N IT TYPE #2 PROPOSED APARTMENT UNIT TYPE #3
3
m*m
C i w i ip Shun (Shut Dwdunci L aym Sndy); i — Angola
Propoted Apartment Units Layout*; lower Spocc (Floor* 2 ,4 ,6 , S .10,12)
PA RT FIVE: Gho*t C ity Rcnurection intervention Project Page 93
R esurrecting Luanda's G host C ity: C ity o f* M ai
Within the apartment units themselves, the most important features
that are being proposed arc that all apartment units have the ability
and intent to capture the aspect of space economy, multi-functional
spaces and the transformative aspect that is experienced within a
minimum slum dwelling. Similarly, the ability o f allowing for the
proposed apartment units to expand and contract while being used,
or even transforming itself by attaining a different characteristic and
size depending on the time of the day (day and night) as to the needs
of the residents is the most important feature that the project intends
to focus and implement within the proposed building.
For example, spaces that are not used during the day such as
bedrooms, are tucked within a hidden wall cavity that is found within
each proposed apartment unit, thus allowing for other spaces such as
the living room, that are typically used during the day to be more
accessible and spacious. At night when the living room is not being
used, the bedrooms are accessed by it expanding into the living room
space, making the living room much smaller to the point of it being
completely eliminated. Such strategy is also important if the number
of family members within the household increases or decreases.
I PROPOSED APARTMENT UNIT TYPE # 1 - Has a proposed total area of 36m* (388ft2) and a proposed price o f $57,300.00 USD
Proposed Apartment Unit Type # 1 (Floor PUn): Dty Time (Bedrooms «« racked is wall cavity and tiring Propoaed Apartment U nit Type 1 1 (Floor Piamh Night Time (Bedrooms are oj room sutd redaction of bring room)
Propoaed Apartment Unit Type * 1 (3D Rendering): Day Time (Bedroom* arc tscked in wall cavity and living room u •ccemiMe)
Proposed Apartment Unit Type# 1 (3D Rendering): Night Time (Bedroom arc open rliminaiioc o f dinning room and redaction o f llrifif room)
Propoaed A partm ent U n it T ype* 1 (Section): D ay T im e (Bedroom* are racked in w all cavity and bring room i i accmaflde) Propoaed A partm ent U n it T ype * 1 (Section): Nigh* Tim e (Bed roo tn r m ig room and redaction o fb v te g room )
PART FIVE: Ghoat C ity Resurrection Intervention Project Pa**
Resurrecting Luanda’s G host City: C ity af'M aM K qaef’
PROPOSED APARTMENT UNITS PHYSICAL MODELS: PROPOSED APARTMENT UN IT TYPE # 1 - Has a proposed total area o f 36m 2 (388ft2) and a proposed price o f *57, 300.00 U SD
PA RT FIVE; G host C ity Resurrection Intervention Project
Resurrecting Luanda's G host C ity: C ity o f 'M i w ^ i e l *
Within the new proposed intervention design, the aspect of the multi'
functional and transformation scheme can happen simply by the
shifting of walls in order to expose a new, smaller bedroom unit that
has a bed wedged within the wall cavity that drops as the apartment
walls are being shifted The created bedroom will be used for the sole
purpose of why a bedroom exist, which is to sleep. Therefore no
unnecessary space will be created because the bedrooms themselves
will be as wide as the beds within the apartment units. Such a new
strategy will allow for an apartment that is initially advertised as being
a bachelor unit to transform itself to either a one or two bedroom unit
just by the shifting and expanding o f walls. This allows the inhabitant
of the apartment unit to cither expand or transform his living space in
order to create a large or small bedroom and living room. In order for
this proposed strategy o f walls being able to shift and spaces
transforming themselves depending on the time o f the day to work, a
proposed systems o f rails where the shifting walls will be anchored
using a system of sliding wheels will be attached on the ceiling of each
individual apartment unit, thus allowing for the shifting walls to be
connected to an electrical system which can be switched on or off
depending on the time of the day and on the need of the inhabitants
of the apartment unit.
PROPOSED APARTMENT UNIT TYPE # 2 - Has a proposed total area of 42m z (452ft2) and a proposed price o f $65,300.00 USD
Proposed ApirtiKDt Unit Type t 3 ( F W N u ) : Day T ine (Bedroom , ore rucked in wall cavity and lm ng re
Propoaed Apartment Unit Type # 2 (3D Rendering): Day Time (Bedroom, arc rocked in wall cavity and living room in cctwiblr )
Proponed Apartment Unit Type f 2 (Floor Man): Night Time (Bedroom, ai S ny. " J im iim iiiii n f wyw and reduction o f living room)
r Propowd Apartment Unit Type # 2 (3D Rendering): Night Time (Bedroom, arc open d
room and reduction a flh in c room)
Propoaed A partm ent U n it Type # 2 (Section): Day T im e (Bedroom, arc rocked in wall cavity and living room iaocceniblc) Propoaed Apartm e n t U n i, T ype # 3 (Secooo): N ig h t T im e (Bed r oom , are q g ro o m a n d redncdoo o f Bviog room )
PART FIVE: G hoir City Resurrection Intervention Project Page 96
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City: C ity of'M »aaeq*c> '
PROPOSED APARTMENT UNITS PHYSICAL MODELS: PROPOSED APARTM ENT U N IT TYPE # 2 - Has a proposed coral area o f 4 2 m 2 (452ft2) a n d a p roposed price o f $ 6 5 ,3 0 0 .0 0 U SD
Resurrecting Luanda's G host C ity: C ity r f * M i n » t i *
PROPOSED APARTMENT U N IT TYPE # 3 * Has a proposed total area o f 5 lm 1 (549ft1) and a p roposed price o f $ 7 7 ,3 0 0 .0 0 U SD
J E
■ F ^j: ■
Proposed Apart™cat Unit Type f 3 {Floor Plan); Pay Time (Bcdrooai are tucked in wad cavity and iMng room is accessible)
Proposed Apartment Unit Type 9 3 (3D Rendering): Day Time (ftrdmnmi are tndtcd ip wall eerily and bring room it scccwibU)
Proposed Apartment Unit Type * 3 (Floor Plan): N ip t Time (Bedrooms are opes o f dinning room and redaction of living room)
Proposed Apartment Unit Type * 3 (3D Rendering); Night l im e (Bedrooms art open chminatioo o f dinning room sod redaction of bring room)
?rn]Wi>ii Apart Hi t i l t Ink Type * t j W ira i ): l ^ j T t n r (Swimni.. mrr mHiwI f* Tr-'Tf
PART FIVE: Ghott City Resurrection Intervention Project
Proposed A psttssH it U n it Type # 3 (Section): N ight T im e (Bedroom s ■ n s a d redaction o f b r in g room )
P*&9S
Resurrecting Luanda's G host C ity; C ity o / 'M M s e q a a '
PROPOSED APARTMENT UNITS PHYSICAL MODELS; PROPOSED APARTMENT UNIT TYPE # 3 - Has . proposed total area o f 51m1 (549ft2) and a proposed price o f S77 ,300.00 USD
PART FIVE; G host Ciry Resurrection lnter»em>oo Project
Resurrecting Luanda's G hosi C ity: C ity o f "M user g a rs’*
W ALL CA VITY A N D C E ILIN G RAIL SYSTEM DETAILS
PART FIV E-G host C ity Resurrection Intervention Project Pa^clOO
ACCESS TO PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL UNITS
In an existing slum or informal settlement, all shacks or dwellings are accessed from a
different point or direction as seen bellow in the diagram that illustrates the shacks found
within the Cazenga slum within the context of the city of Luanda. Just like seen within the
irregularity of accessing or entering a shack (slum dwelling) within a slum, the entrance or
access point for an inhabitant to access their apartment unit will be explored. Such a proposal
will attempt to capture the aspect of irregularity of dwelling placements similar to what is
experienced within the context of a slum by placing the entrances of all the apartment units
opposite from each other in a way that it might be perceived as being chaotic or unorganized.
Within all twelve-apartment units being proposed on each floor of all the Building Type # 3
structures, the inhabitants access their units by either facing the North direct or faring the
South.
PART FIVL; G tw iC i ty Rcwurectkwi Im errtn tion Project
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City? C h y o f “M«
m | PROPOSED ACCESS T O PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL UNITS
A t« a t» P w y o i« d i>tiiit a iitallJ iu B itJp p trS fic t(F lo w » 3 ,5 ,7 ,> ,ll, 13)
P a * 101
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City: C ity o f 'M i w n y n *
FIRE EXITS: PROPOSED AND EXISTING
EXISTING FIRE EXITS Existing Stairs
PROPOSED FIRE EXITS Commercial U nits Stairs
PART FIVE: G hoat Chy Resurrection Intervention Project P a p 102
Resurrecting Luanda’s G host City: C i iy o f * M tw f w l*
PROPOSED HORIZONTAL CIRCULATION
Unlike the horizontal path that is found in the existing design by CITIC of the Building Type #3 structure, where there was no walkable path whatsoever, the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project introduces three new types o f horizontal circulation paths
that are categorized as being either public, semi-pubic or private circulation paths, which resembles the same types o f circulation paths that can be found within a slum setting. The horizontal circulation scheme that is being implemented within the proposed d«ign
for the existing Building Type #3 structure attempts to replicate the idea that the circulation path within a slum branches out from a major or public space (center core) into a semi-private space and then to a more private path. The idea o f shifting and branching is
also an attempt of replicating the walkable aspect chat is seen and experienced within a slum community.
PRIVATE (Inside Apartment Units) SEMI-PRIVATE (Apartment Building Hallways) PUBLIC (Commercial Units)
C ittB fi Shun (Shin Q kdUoodStudy): Luanda, Angola
Within the design scheme, the public circulation path can be said to be the path that is
taken by the resident o f the building and the general public that come to purchase
merchandise within the commercial component o f the project. Next, the shifting (corner
to comer) hallways are considered to be the semi-private circulation path within the
design because they branch out form the cenccr o f the floor plan. This semi-private
circulation path is mostly accessed by the inhabitants o f the building and at times by the
general public, for instance when an individual is coming to visit an inhabitant o f the
building. Finally, within this proposed design intervention, the newly designed minimal
apartment units are considered to be the private circulation path because they arc the
only space that is accessed by the private owners o f the apartment units themselves.
o
m i t Q a t ■ ■
PA RT FIVE: G host City Resurrection Intervention Project
PROPOSED VERTICAL CIRCULATIONS
Unlike the vertical circulation path or scheme that is found within
the exiting Building Type #3 design where there were only two stair
wells that are used as fire exits and two elevator shafts that arc used
for regular access of the building, the intervention project proposes
three different types of vertical circulation paths that are categorized
as being either common spaces, commercial units, elevator and fire
exin (emergency exits), or vertical parts. Similar to the walkable
scheme used within the horizontal circulation path, this path allows
for the inhabitants of the building to move freely from one space to
another by using either stairs or elevators to go up and down the
building, thus resembling the aspect of an informal settlement where
people are move freely, with numerous circulation paths to choose
from.
The common space vertical paths chat are being proposed, are stairs
chat are found within the 2 storey high common space designed for
the gathering of the community, located on all four corners of the
building which allows for the connection of two floors by leading
the residents towards an open area or a public space area where they
can interact with each other. Within the newly proposed
commercial units, there are two types of vertical circulation that
were put in place to serve the general public. The two types of
vertical circulation paths within the commercial units are elevators,
which allow for the commercial units to be accessible to those,
resident or the general public, that are physically incapable of using
the stairs. Finally, the same two stair wells or fire exits (emergency
exit) that arc found within the proposed intervention are the same
stairs that are found in the existing plans, that serve as the fastest way
to exit the building in the even to of an emergency.
■ PUBLIC VERTICAL CIRCULATION PATH ELEVTIORS & STAIRS (Located within die Commercial Units) EXISTING PRIVATE VERCITCAL CIRCULATION PATH (Elevators and stairs inside the existing Building type # 3)
PART FIVE: G host City Resurrection Intervention Project
Resurrecting Luanda's G host City:
r -W
M i M r l M n i - K M l e f t
e ia- » » - -■ i - j t - i 1 - H i
m m "■ Proposed Vertical CircoUrion Path: Elevator Shaft* Propoaed Verticil] C lr ta h tim Path: Stain
Propoaed Vertical Ctrcalation Fsdu Common Space Stain Pwpon d Vertical C lw lir io a Pwk: Stain d Vertical C linihtiog Path: E h n ta n sod Stain
Pape 104
Resurrecting L uanda’s G host City: C ity r f* M »ia»qa t i *
PROPOSED CO MMON SPACES / COMM UNITY GATHERING SPACES PROPOSED CO M M O N SPACES: CO M M U NITY G ATHERING SPACE
Propoaed Common Spaces; Lower Space (Floors 2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,1 0 .12)i <
The concept of common spaces and community gathering spaces is inexistent within the context o f the existing floor plans o f all Building Type 3
structures found within the newly built satellite city. Slums are vibrant communities o f people that are the constructive results o f the collective efforts o f
a group or community. Within a slum, one can find a whole range o f community spaces and facilities. Just like within a slum, the proposed common
spaces that the intervention project is proposing, are located on all four corners of the building, and are considered to be spaces where the community
gathers to interact with one another. These proposal common spaces are shared one per every two floors, thus allowing for the creation o f open spaces
(double floor height spaces) within the interior of the proposed design. Having double floor height spaces within the design allowed for the installation o f
large glazing (curtain walls) that are arranged in a slum like pattern of chaos and disorder, which in turn resulted in the implementation of a much more
interesting facade that is much more open and soft looking, as oppose to the faced that currently exists in all Building Type 3 structures. These curtain
walls that are being proposed that arc found on the exterior of the common spaces. Through th< implementation o f the intervention projects, there will
be a total o f 24 common spaces being proposed for a single building.
EtiLUl
Proposed Common Spaces: Upper Space (Floors 3, 5, 9,11.13): Common Space* /
PA RT FIVE: G ho ttQ cy Raurteetfcn Intervention Project Cawng* SI— (SI— Community Gathering Space S tad j): L iw J i , Angola
Pay 105
PART FIVE: G host C hy Rs Proposed Cotmmon Space: Lower Space (Floors 2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,1 0 .1 2 )
Resurrecting Luanda's G host Ciry:
Proposed C enuB oo Space: U pper Space ( n o o n 3 ,5 ,7,9, U , 13) Pape 106
R esurrecting L uanda’s G host C ity: C ity o / 'M u M f K i ’
PROPOSED COMMERCIAL SPACES - INCOM E GENERATING STRATEGY
:d Commercial Tower
r i i
- i * t
! 1I %b « ■* •» 1
Propoee d CoouBerdal Spaces: Upper Space (Floors 3 ,5 ,7 ,9 , 11. >3)
Proposed Commercial Tower
Building PccoaatnsctitHii i>, , | " i i 1<*——*«-u i Units
Unlike the existing design, the intervention is proposing to incorporate the aspect of creating formal employment for the
inhabitants o f the building by implementing commercial spaces that the inhabitants can rent from the government o f Angola in
order to set up their own business and generate income that will allow them to afford paying for their apartments units while also
affording to take care of their families. This strategy attempts to eradicate crucial slum issues such as the high levels o f poverty and
lack of formal employment within the context o f the city of Luanda. This strategy will also capacitate low-income slum dwellers
by giving them a chance to afford to inhabit the housing project, thus reviving the ghost city. Prop o td Commcraci U atn Flooc Mao
PART FIVE: Gho*t C ity Resurrection Intervention Project P a * 107
Resurrecting Luanda's G host C ity: C ity o f “I
A single commercial unit within this proposal will have enough space to be shared by two different families. These commercial units will be controlled and maintained by the inhabitants o f the building. The commercial units are 13 storey high steel frame structures
(or towers) that are wedged in between the 18-meter open space or gap on the side o f the exiting Building Type # 3 structure. Both commercial towers will be accessed from two different access points, one from the inside o f the building that they are being anchored
from which allows the residents to have direct access to the commercial units, and the other from the streets, which allows for the general public to access and also benefit from the merchandise being sold by the inhabitants within the implemented commercial units.
Both commercial towers are comprised of two different types o f circulation
paths, an elevator that will serve to those that are incapable o f climbing a set o f
stairs and a set o f stairs that spiral in a and out o f the commercial units
mimicking the movement o f slum dweller moving within a slums landscape o f
temporal shacks. Within the design of the commercial space that the
intervention is proposing, the aspect of community gathering space is also
implemented. These gathering spaces, which are found in all 13 floors of the
commercial tower, interchange its location from one floor to another. With the
design o f the commercial towers, such spaces were considered as breathing spaces
in the design where people can stop and rest or stop to interact with one another
while accessing the commercial units. In total there are two commercial towers
being proposed, each has 26 commercial units and a community gathering space
per floor, thus allowing each building to have a total o f 52 commercial units and
26 gathering spaces. In turn these units can be rented out by the Angolan
government, who owns the buildings, to the inhabitants o f the buikding, thus
allowing the government to generate more profit than it was initially stipulated
for the sale of a single apartqy r v V ^
* 1 i i PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL ACCESS AND CIRCU LA TIO N T O COMMERCIAL UNITS
PROPOSED PUBLIC ACCESS AND CIRCU LA TIO N T O COMMERCIAL UNITS
Proposed Commercial Unkti Section Tnromgh Elerat
Proposed ConUMftiiJ Unite: F im Floor Man (PaU kA cct
Fjariag Bnildiag Type # 3 Elmrimii 18 merer Gap wfccrc Propoacd Commercial Unto were
PA RT FIVE: G h o tt City Resurrection intervention Project
Prop eaed C on itw H il Untea: 3D Rendering
Pag; 108
PROPOSED COMMERCIAL UNITS PHYSICAL MODELS
PART FIVE; GhoK City Resurrection Intervention Project
R esurrecting Luanda's G host C ity : C h y o f '‘M w c q a t l*
PROPOSED ACCESS T O COMMERCIAL UNITS ( PROPOSED RESIDENTIAL ACCESS TO COMM ERCIAL UNITS PROPOSED GENERAL PUBLIC ACCESS T O COM M ERCIAL U N ITS
The commercial units component being implemented through the
intervention project is accessible for both the residents o f the building
and the general public in need to purchase merchandise. The
commercial units are accessible for the general public from the entrance
located outside the main building, and can be accessed by the residents
from inside the building itself.
J OIIO
1
Lower Space (Floor* 2 .4 ,6 , S. 10,12)
PART FIVE; G host City Resurrection Intervention Project
FACADE f EXISTING AND PROPOSED)
The main emphases of the proposed facade is the large glass curtain
walls, which are enclosed with shifting glass panels that identify the
common spaces that are found within the proposed design. As
mentioned previously, these common spaces arc open spaces with
double floor ceiling height reserved for the gathering and interaction of
the community. The facade that the intervention project proposed also
allows for the building face to be free from the aspect o f boring
repetition that is present within the facade found in all existing
Building Type 3 structures. The propped Facade design attempts to
capture the chaotic nature o f slums by adding different glass panels in
patterns that resembles movement or shifting
In conclusion, as seen through die numerous calculations, the Ghost
City Resurrection intervention project aims to propose and implement
9,048 new affordable low-income apartment units and 3, 016
commercial units that will generate income for both the slum resident
of the new implemented apartment units and the governmental entity
responsible for the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project.
Arguably the 9,048 apartment units that the intervention is proposing
are suitable and affordable for the needs and lifestyle of a slum dweller,
because they were designed through the analysis and understanding of
the way o f life and the struggles experienced by slum dwellers residing
in the city of Luanda. Compared to the existing numbers of luxury T5
(four bedrooms plus den/office) apartment units that were designed
and implemented by C1TIC, the existing satellite city currently has
3,016 luxury T5 (four bedrooms plus den/office) apartment units that
were designed for the non-existent middle class, each priced at
$200,000 USD. The strategy used within the implementation o f the
intervention will not only allow for slum dwellers to afford inhabiting
and resurrecting Luanda's and Africa’s First Ghost City, but it will also
allow for the government of Angola to generate profit, on top o f the
initial stipulated luxury apartment price o f $200,000.00 USD, from the
rental o f the newly implemented commercial unit.
PART FIVE: G hott C ity Resurrection Interrention Prefect
Resurrecting Luanda's G host C ity: C ity o f
Prep o tt J lkoU ling Type > 3 N o trh and S o « h Focadc d B ailding Type # 3 Em a d W cat Facade
P a p 111
Resu r rccting Luanda’sG ho« City: C f t j ro fM ia e q a t^
PART SIX: Post-Script
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U S S E Q U E S ” M aster o f A rch itecture (M .A rch P rofession a l)
Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
©2013 Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost Cits-: City o f “Musaeques"
PART SIX: POSTSCRIPT
“What is a slum?... it is something that mostly exists in the imaginations o f middle-class do-gooders and bureaucrats: people who d o not have to live in them in the first place and do not have to live in what they put up afterwards once they have pulled them all down. One person's slum is another person's community. ’’
May Hobbs '
Figure 101: Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi H ousing Project: Luanda Angola, - Ruben Croxlcy,2012
1 Hobbs, M., (2013). M ay Hobbs Q uotations. Retrieved; 23 Feb. 2013 from http://quotes.dictionary.com /auchor/M ay-fH obbs
PART SIX; Post-Script Page 112
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: Cityof*M usscques”
POST- SCRIPT - Part 1_________________________________________________________________
The number of people residing within informal settlements in developing nations around the world
keeps rising at a fast pace. The fact that such figures are estimated to double within the next few decades,
allows architects, as professionals, to understand the crucial need for a global social architecture
intervention that allows underdeveloped nations, such as Angola, the ability to solve or cope with such
drastic issues. Such intervention needs to focus on either the upgrading of slums (or even its complete
eradiation!) within a nation that suffers with issues pertaining to social equality and social inclusion.
How much more urgent and contrasting must the issue of social inequality and social inclusion be within
the context of the city of Luanda? Within Luanda, informal settlers are more preoccupied in accepting
the misfortune of residing within the existing slums, where people are ignored by society through the
deprivation of basic human needs and basic human rights. Architects acting as agents, through the
implementation of adequate housing within the existing context of informal settlements, equipped with
the installation of basic infrastructures (such as access to clean water, sanitation, and electricity), will
allow slum dwellers the chance to cope with the daily struggles endured within a slum and change their
lives. The intent of the Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: The City o f “Musseques” research was not to
talking negatively about the government of Angola, or towards issues like corruption, that exist within
Angola just as exists in many other nations around the globe. This research explored alternative
architectural solutions to allow the government of Angola to work in partnership with knowledgeable
professionals such as architects. Important questions were raised in order to better understand why
China, as a developed and powerful nation, (itself also impacted by the construction of numerous ghost
cities within their nation) would choose to implement a characterless and unaffordable social housing
strategy within the context of the city of Luanda. The thesis revealed that the strategies used in the design
and implementation of the newly built Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project (Africa’s first
ghost city) led to the failure of the project. Through the numerous arguments stressed within this
research, it is important and necessary to ask the question that if an architectural intervention is not
implemented to resurrect Luanda’s ghost city, will its existence be seen as a violation of the social right of
the Angolan citizens, or will such existence result in the low income inhabitants of Luanda slums actually
having better housing alternatives? Such questions need to be asked because the issues being argued can
(and might) cause the creation of social unrest within a nation that has already endured 27 years o f civil
war.
Initially, before the implementation of the architectural intervention as the solution to Angola’s current
issues, an attempted to examine, understand, and recognize the effort of the Angolan government in
solving the present issues of slums and the housing deficit found within Luanda, reveals numerous design
mistakes made by CITIC. However, reflecting on the issue at hand, the research possibly raises more
PART SIX: Post-Script Page 113
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Mussequc*”
questions than it set out to answer - can professionals really have a positive impact within Luanda’s
informal settlement or its newly built Ghost City? Is the proposed intervention project feasible and
realistic to be implemented in a society that is plagued by social issues such as corruption and poverty?
Will such strategy allow for slum dwellers to inhabit the newly built Nova Cidade do Kilamb Kiaxi
housing project? Will this project revitalize or resurrect the Ghost City? And will the proposed
interventions be accepted or rejected by those residing within informal settlements? Since the Angolan
government is the body that initially recognized the need to address slums with urgency, it is difficult to
anticipate contingencies that might suggest or even question if such intervention projects are appropriate
for slum dwellers, or even if the Angola government will accept the solution that this thesis proposes.
Arguably, any architectural intervention that aims to tackle issues found within an informal settlement
will quite likely be affected by unforeseen factors. However, social architecture projects shouldn’t seek to
create an ideal and innovated solution that will only solve the problems that are experienced in today’s
world. Such strategies should also focus on the ability of preventing catastrophes and empowering slum-
dwellers to improve their unfortunate predicament of living within the harsh reality a slum.
The project component of this thesis - The Ghost City Resurrection intervention project - is a tentative
exploration into some of these alternative methods and approaches that can be implemented within the
failed Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project, as a possible solution to Luanda’s rapid slum
growth. Such architectural intervention is about reusing, reshaping and readapting the existing building
structures that are currently found within the newly built satellite city (ghost city). The Ghost City
Resurrection intervention project embraces the slum dwellers’ way of life by transforming the existing
luxurious apartment units currently found within the housing project, into smaller affordable units that
are suitable for a slum dweller. Aspects such as space economy, poverty, sense of community, lack of
informal employment, circulation, method of building, sustainability and accessibility were analyzed
within the proposed Ghost City Resurrection intervention project in the best interest suitable and
beneficial to slum dwellers. As architects we have the opportunity to act as mediators and problem
solvers, mediating between the conflicting formal and informal environment, and empowering informal
sctders to democratically define and shape their own communities.
Currently, as a solution to the failed Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project, the government of
Luanda chose to implement a non-architectural intervention strategy. The proposed solution currently
being implemented is to lower the prices of the existing luxurious apartment units found within the
Apartment district of the newly built satellite city. By comparing the initial prices that were stipulated
upon the inauguration of the housing project, with the current new prices that the government of Angola
chose to implement as a solution, and also with the apartment unit prices that will result from the
implementation of the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project, the question left to answer is which
PART SIX: Post-Script Page 114
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f "Miuseqoes*
strategy is better suitable and affordable for slum dwellers residing within the city of Luanda? Finally the
chart bellow attempts to answer the simple question of which intervention is suitable for slum dwellers to
inhabit the failed ghost city while resurrecting the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project.
mm U N IT 1
BACHELOUR U N IT T H A T TRASFORMS IN TO T W O
BED RO OM U N IT
U N IT 2 BACHELOUR U N IT T H A T TRASFORMS IN T O T W O
BED RO OM U N IT
U N IT 3 BACHELOUR U N IT T H A T TRASFORMS IN T O TW O
BED RO OM U N IT
T3 (three bedrooms Apartment
T 3 + 1 (three bedrooms plus
den/office Apartment unit)
T5 (Four bedrooms plus
den/office Apartm ent unit)
150m2
(1,615 ft1)
110
(1,184 ft2)
120 m
(1,292 ft2) (388 ft2) (452 ft2 (5 4 9 ft2)
5130,000.00
USD
$140,000.00
USD
$200,000.00 USD
$ 5 ,3 0 0 .0 0
USD
$65,300.00
USD
S77.300.00
USD
$80,000.00
USD
$90,000.00 USD $180,000.00
USD
N O T APPLICABLE
N O T APPLICABLE
N O T APPLICABLE
BAD SO LU TIO N STRATEGY G O O D SO L U T IO N STRATEGY
Figure 102: Existing and Proposed Com parison Chart: T o tal Price and T otal Area - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
In conclusion, the information shown in the chart above proves that even with the current changes in
prices that the Angola government has implemented, one can clearly see that the prices obtained through
the implementation of the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project are still much more viable and
affordable for low income slum dwellers. Not only will these strategies allow for the resurrection of the
Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project, it will provide homes for three times more inhabitants
than initially proposed in the existing design. The implementation of the Ghost City Resurrection
intervention project will also allow the government to profit through the rental of the commercial units
proposed for the generation of income and formal employment within the new satellite city. Therefore it
reasonable to understand that the Ghost City Resurrection intervention project is an architectural
solution strategy that aims to solve some of the existing problems of revitalizing Luanda’s ghost city, and
the part eradication of slums within Luanda by the creation of suitable housing for slum dwellers. The
scheme also allows the government to profit on top of the unit price that was initially stipulated in the
inauguration of the housing project.
PART SIX: Post-Script Page 115
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost Ciry: City o f *Mus*eques"
PO ST -SC R IPT -Part 2_________________________________________________________________
As a thesis that aimed its focus on agency by defining the role of architects and architecture within the
context of the capital city of Luanda, the next stage for the Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of
“Musseques” is to raise awareness of not only the different types of housing issues being experienced by
slum dwellers residing within Luanda’s informal settlements (musseques), but also raise awareness of the
Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project that is being proposed as a solution to not only Luanda’s
slums and housing deficit, but also for the resurrection of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing
project.
Such awareness will be applied and implemented by first gaining media exposure on Angola’s national
broadcasting stations: TP A (Televisao Popular de Angola) and TV Zimbo, social media, and newspaper.
Secondly, the Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of “Musseques” will be distributed to ministers
and government officials that work in sectors responsible for the implementation of change within the
country that benefits the people. Finally, I intend to set up workshops and give forum lectures in
Luanda’s architectural universities, which will allow me, as an aspiring architect, to educate students and
the general public of the benefits and different solutions that the Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City
of “Musseques” thesis aims to attain and implanted for not only those residing within the city of Luanda
but also for the country as a whole.
After being recognized and approved by government officials in charge of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba
Kiaxi Hosing Project, the implementation of the Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project can be
applied within the context of one of the 58 Building Type #3 structures that currently exists within the
context of the newly built satellite ghost City. This implementation strategy will allow for the proposed
design to prove as a prototype in a real world scenario, which will allow for experts to analyze if the
proposed intervention is a viable solution strategy for the resurrection of Luanda’s (and Africa’s) first
Ghost City. Once proven, the strategy can be replicated on all other buildings found within the satellite
city housing project, thus resurrecting Luanda’s Nova Cidade do Kilamaba Kiaxi Housing Project.
Throughout the exploration of the different pattern languages found with the Cazcnga slum, and the
implementation of such patterns within the proposed Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project, I
truly believe that the changes being proposed for all 58 Building Type #3 structures found within the
Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project will be beneficial for Luanda’s low income slum dwellers.
Such benefits will not only allow for slum dwellers to relate to the proposed changes that reflect on the
different characteristic and struggles that are experienced daily with Luanda’s slums, it also allows
residents of Luanda’s informal settlements that urgently require better housing options to support and
PART SIX: Post-Script Page 116
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost Cits-: City o f "Musseques'*
raise their families in a much more suitable and humane environment. Finally, such benefits also give
slum dwelling inhabitants the chance to afford inhabiting the existing ghost city housing project to be
reconstructed by architects working in cooperation with those residing within Luanda’s numerous
informal settlements communities.
In conclusion, this strategy can only be applied with financial backing and support of the Angolan
government, which is recognized within the Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City of “Musseques”
thesis as entities working hard to solve issues such as the growth of informal settlement which prevents
the growth of Luanda’s urbanized core, and the existing housing deficits which will allow for a better
housing option for the citizens residing in Luanda’s different slums (musseques).
PART SIX: Pojt-Script Page 117
Resurrecting Luanda'sGhonCity: C i t y o f M i K ^ i a ’
PART SEVEN: References for Images, Maps and Charts
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C I T Y O F “M U SSE Q U E S* M aster o f A rchitecture (M . A rch P rofession a l)
K Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
0 2013 Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost Ciry: City o f "Musscqocs*
IM AGE LO G : REFERENCES FO R IMAGES, PIC TU R ES, M APS A N D CH A R TS
TITLE PAGE 1. Nova Cidade Do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - 2009
http://www.skyscrapcrcity.com/showthread.phpit—700158
2. Nova Cidade Do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - 2012 http://www.theatlanticcities.com/design/2012/07/ghost-city-angola-built-chinese/2608/
3. Slum Settlement: Metro Manila - Neal Oshima, 2006 http://wsvw.urbanlandscapc.org.uk/ nealo/squatter00.htm
4. Children standing in Luanda’s Chicala slum: Luanda, Angola - Barbara Jones, 2012 http://www.thesoulfather.com/luanda-angola-rich-poor-in-the-most-expensive-city-in-the-world/
ABSTRACT 5. Nova Cidade Do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - 2012
http://wsvw.theatlanticcities.com/design/2012/07/ghost-city-angola-built-chinese/26O8/
C O N T E N T S 6. Slum in Luanda: Luanda, Angola - Construction Online India, 2010
http://svsvw.constructionweekonline.in/article-6478-govt_amends_city_planning_models/
P A R T O N E : IN T R O D U C T IO N T O T H E GLOBAL ISSUE O F SLUMS____________________________________________________________
7. Mumbai Slum - Mumbai, India: Ian Woolverton http://www.wolvo.net/gallery/v/Mumbai+Slum+Dwellers_001/Mumbai+slums.html
PREFACE 8. Slum Housing: Luanda, Angola - Alex Perry, 2010
http://svsvw.thcroadto2010.com/?p=1863
9. People o f Slums: Luanda, Angola - Alex Perry, 2010 http://www.theroadto2010.com/?p=1863
10. Children In the Slums: Luanda, Angola - Alex Perry, 2010 http://www.theroadto2010.com/?p=1863
IN T R O D U C T IO N 11. World Population Growth - Eli Attia, 2010
http://svsvw.huffingtonpostxom/eli-attia/haitis-rebuilding— the_b_478790.html
12. World Population Grosvth - Worldometers, 2012 http://wsvw.worldometers.info/world-population/
13. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing Project. Luanda Angola, 2012 https://www.facebook.com/pages/Cidade-Do-Kilamba/413417178751827?id=413417178751827&sk=phocos_stream
14. Urban & rural population of the world, 1950-2030- UN Population Division, 2006 http://svsvw.un.otg/esa/population/publications/WUP2005/2005WUP_FSl.pdf
15. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing Project. Luanda Angola, 2012 https://www.faccbook.com/pagcs/Cidade-Do-Kilamba/4l 3417178751827?id=413417178751827&sk=photos_stream
P A R T T W O : A R C H ITE C T S LEA RN IN G FRO M SLUMS
16. Favcla Cloud a formal scheme to redevelop the Brazilian slums of Santa Marta: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Johan Kurc, Kemo Usto and Thiru Manickam, 2012 http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/807260/learning-ffom-lagos-contemporary-architects-harvest-the-slums-for-design- inspiration
17. Slums of Sangli: Sangli, India-An Phung.2012 http://bigthink.com/think-tank/google-earth-used-as-tool-to-rchabilitate-slums
18. ETC developing architectural strategies to support the informal. Teddy Cruz, 2011 http://aarchlens.blogspot.ca/2011 /06/teddy-cruz-architecture-radicalizing.html
PART SEVEN: References for Images, Pictures, Maps and Charts Page 118
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost Cits': City o f ‘‘Musseques*
19. Elemental: Incremental Housing. Quinta Monroy, 2011 http://wvew.archdaily.com/16311/learning-from-the-slums-22-the-retliscovery/
SLUM SHELTERS 20. Slum Shelter: Cape Flats, South Africa - 2012
http://georesumos.blogspot.ca/2012/03/fevelas-africanas.html
21. Slum Shelter: Jim Spence, 2010 http://newsnewmexico.blogspot.ca/2010_12_08_archive.html
22. Slum Shelter in China (Temporal Material): China - Ame Boll, 2010 http://www.treehugget.com/corporate-responsibility/china-no-longer-a-developing-nation-per-capita-carbon-emissions- highcr-than-frances.html
C O M M U N ITY G A T H ER IN G SPACES W IT H IN A SLUM 23. Cazenga Slum: Luanda, Angola. Google Earth, 2013
SUSTAINABILITY IN SLUMS 24. Dharavi Slum: Mumbai, India, Daniel Berehulak, 2009
http://www.guardian.co.uk/artanddesign/2009/fcb/06/prince-charles-slum-comments
SLUM MISCONCEPTIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT 25. Ajegunle-Legos, Nigeria-2012
http://georesumos.blogspot.ca/2012/03/fevelas-africanas.html
26. Rocinha Favela in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil - Rio on Watch, 2012 http://rioonwatch.org/ ?p=2920
27. Mumbai Slums: Mumbai, India - India Wires, 2012 http://indiawires.com/11216/news/state-news/mumbai-vested-intercsts-behind-rise-of-mumbai-slums-says-raj-thackeray/
28. Informal Market within Dharavi Slum: Mumbai, India - Ojibwa, 2013 http://www.dailykos.com/story/2013/02/13/1186835/-Slums#
29. Women working in the spices factory in the Dharavi Slum: Mumbai, India - Getty Image http://au.totaltraveLyahoo.eom/travel-ideas/galleries/g/-/15422502/12/daily-lifc-in-dharavi-one-of-asias-largest-slums/
30. Dharavi Slum primary water source: Mumbai, India - Project Front Foot, 2013 http://www.projectfrontfoot.org/!id=aboutus&pid=dharavi
31. Dharavi Slum Clothing Factory: Mumbai, India - BBC World Service, Anil Swarup, 2009 http://www.flickriver.com/photos/bbcworldservice/3494488125/
INFORM AL EM PLO Y M EN T IN SLUMS 32. Informal employment in Bangladesh: Dhaka, Bangladesh - Naimul Haq, 2013
http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/01/poverty-plagues-children-in-bangladesh/
33. Informal employment in South Africa: Cape Town, South Africa- Robin Hammond, 2009 http://panos.orguk/fcatures/a-race-to-the-bottom-for-the-worlds-poorest/
ROLE O F A N A R C H IT E C T IN A SLUM 34. Architect Sketching: Architect, 2011
http://archinect.com/news/article/22619820/sketching-out-a-new-course-for-architects
35. SupitchaTovivich beliefs of the role of an architect working with the urban poor: Tovivich, Supitcha, 2008
P A R T T H R E E : SLUMS IN A LOCAL C O N T E X T : LUANDA, AN G O LA ___________________________________________________________
36. Placement Map of Angola: Wikipedia, 2013 http://en,wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angola_(orthographic_projection).svg
H ISTO R Y O F A N GOLA: LU A N D A A ND ITS SLUMS I M U SSEQUES! 37. Map of Angola: Luanda, Angola. BBC, 2012
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-aftica-13036732
38. Map of the city of Luanda District: Luanda, Angola. Amnesty International, 2007
PART SEVEN: References for Images, Pictures, Maps and Charts Page 119
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost Cits': City o f "Musseques*
39. The leaders o f the main political parties (from L-R) Dr. Holden Roberto (FNLA), Dr. Agostinho Ncto (MPLA) and Dr. Jonas Savimbi (UNITA): Luanda, Angola, BBC Getty Image, 2012 http:// wsvw.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13037271
40. Chart of Population Growth Rate in Luanda: Luanda, Angola - Development Workshop Agency, 2012
41. Graph of Luanda's total Population: Luanda, Angola - Dar AI-Handasah, 1996, Oppcnhcimcr and Raposo, 2003, Mourao, 2006
42. President of Angola his Excellency Dr. Jos/ Eduardo Dos Santos: Luanda, Angola - 2012 http://www.worldfolio.co.uk/region/africa/angola/jose-eduardo-dos-santos-president-angola
SETTLEM EN TS FO U N D W IT H IN T H E C IT Y O F LU A N D A 43. Informal Setdcments in the city of Luanda, Adrca Carina De Almeida Bettencourt, 2011 44. Map of the city o f Luanda Slums: Luanda, Angola - Development Workshop Agency, 2012
45. Graph of Urban population in Angola growth in war and peace: Angola - Development Workshop, 2005
46. Chart of Luanda’s Informal settlement study: Luanda, Angola - Development Workshop, 2005
47. Chart of Informal Settlements typologies in Luanda: Luanda, Angola - Development Workshop Agency, 2012
48. Distribution o f Middle Classes in Total Populations in African Countries in 2010 -African Development Bank; Dcloitte analysis, 2010
VERTICAL SLUMS IN LUANDA 49. Vertical Slum: Luanda, Angola Aamul, 2011
http://www.panoramio.com/photo/55847274
50. Lagoa do Kinaxixi Building (Vertical Slums): Luanda, Angola. Miguel A. Lopes, 2010 http://off-lusa.blogspot.ca/2010/07/ptedio-da-lagoa-de-kinaxiai-luandahtml
51. Lagoa do Kinaxixi Building (Vertical Slums): Luanda Angola Eric Lafforgue, 2010 http://www.flickr.com/photos/mytripsmypics/5333707314/.
52. Lagoa do Kinaxixi Building (Vertical Slums): Luanda Angola Miguel A. Lopes, 2010 http://off-lusablogspot.ca/2010/07/predio-da-lagoa-de-kinaxixi-Iuandahtml
53- Lagoa do Kinaxixi Building (Vertical Slums): Luanda, Angola Paulo Clsar Santos, 2007 http://de.wikipediaorg/wiki/Datei:Musseque_vertical,_LuandaJPG
URBAN PO V ERTY IN LU A N D A 'S SLUMS 54. Poverty in Africa - Ghana Pundit, 2009
http://lordadusei.blogspot.ca/2009/08/poverty-africas-modern-day-slavery.html
55. Global Poverty Graph: People living on less than $1.25 a day-W orld Bank, 2009 http://www.economist.com/node/13562149
56. Angola GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Graph - World Bank, 2013 http://www.google.ca/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=ny_gdp_mktp_cd&idim=country:AGO&dl=en&hi =enficq=angola%27s%20gdp
57. Oil Rig in Angola Luanda Angola Macau Hub, 2011 http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2011/06 /14 /angolan-oil-sector-provides-70-9-pct-of- state-revenucs/
58. Oil Production/Consumption in Selected African Countries: Luanda Angola U.S. Energy Administration, 2011 http://svww.cnn.eom/2012/l l/28/business/angola-oil-revcnues/index.html?iid=article_sidcbar
59. Angolan Diamond: Luanda Angola Busrep, 2006 http://svsvw.diamondsnesvs.com/angoIa_diamond_licences.htm
60. Global Summary of Top 10 Diamond Producing Nations: Kimberly Process Certification Scheme, 2009
61. Poverty in Angola Luanda Angola - Leilani D „ 2008 http://svsvw.flickr.eom/photos/27902437@N04/2623371463/
PART SEVEN: References for Images, Pictures, Maps and Charts Page 120
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City of"Mnsseqocs”
P A R T F O U R : AFRICA'S FIR ST G H O S T CITY: T H E NOVA CID A D E D O KILAMBA KIAXI H O U S IN G PR O JEC T _________________________________________________
62. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project: Luanda, Angola - Ruben Croxley, 2012 http://architectafTica.com/Nova-Cidade-de-Kilamba-lxCHs
63. Contemporary City" Project for three Million Inhabitants: Paris, France - Le Corbusier, 1922 http://www.studybIuc.com/notes/notc/n/arch-311 -presentation- 13-lc-corbusier-pauI-rudolph/deck/93899
64. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Ekuikui, 2009 http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=700158&page=7
LUANDA'S “G H O S T CITY *: REASONS F O R JT S D E SIG N & ITS FAILURE
65. Map of Angola: Luanda, Angola BBC, 2012
66. Location of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housimg project: Luanda Angola - Ruben Croxley, 2012 http://architectafrica.com/Nova-Cidade'dc'Kilamba'lxCHs
67. Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Total Spans o f 5000 hectares (12,355 acres)): Luanda Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
68. Phases of the Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project: Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
69. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Secondary School: Luanda Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
70. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Primary School: Luanda Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
71. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Children Center: Luanda Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
72. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Hospital and Health Care Centers: Luanda Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
73. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Police Stations and Fire Stations: Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
74. O T IC Group. Logo: China http://www.citicgroup.com.cn/wps/portal/encitic
75. His Excellency Dr. Jos£ Eduardo Dos Santos (President of Angola). Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos6__Eduardo_dos_Santos
76. Panguila Satellite City Housing Project: Luanda, Angola - Google Earth 2013
77. Zango Satellite City Housing Project: Luanda, Angola - Google Earth 2013
78. Nova Cidade Do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angpla - Ekuikui, 2009 http://www.skyscrapcrcity.com/showthread.php?t=700158&page=7
EXISTING INFRASTRUCTUREMIHINTHE “GHOST CIiriHQUSING) 79. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Different Districts (Town Center District): Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
80. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Different Districts (Apartment District): Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
81. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi Different Districts: Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
A PA RTM EN T D IST R IC T : EXIS1T1NG TYPES O F BU ILD IN G S A N D A PA R T M E N T U N IT S 82. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type #1): Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=700158&page= 15
83. BuildingType #1 (T3 - Three Bedrooms Apartment unit): Luanda, Angola - Delta Mobiliaria, 2013 http://dcltaimobiliaria.co.ao/detalhe.aspx?RID=2276
84. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type #2): Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013 http://www^kyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=700158&page= 15
85. Building Type #2 (T3+Dcn - Three Bedrooms + Den Apartment unit): Luanda, Angola - Delta Mobiliaria, 2013 http://deltaimobiliaria.co.ao/detaihe.aspx?RID=3516
PART SEVEN: References for Images, Pictures, Maps and Charts Page 121
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: City o f "Mtuscqaes"
86. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type #3): Luanda, Angola - Joaquim Israel Marques, 2013 http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread-php?t=700158&pagc= 15
87. BuildingType #3 (T5 - Four Bedrooms Apartment plus Den/office unit): Luanda, Angola - Delta Mobiliaria, 2013 http://deltaimobiliaria.co.ao/dctalhe.aspx?RID=l 117
LUANDA'S G H O S T CITY : T H E G O O D ,T H E BAD A N D T H E UGLY 88. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Ruben Croxley, 2012 http://architectalrica.com/Nova-Cidade-de-Kilamba-lxCHs
89. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (BuildingType #2): Luanda, Angola - Yuri Airis, 2012 http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=700158&pagc= 15
90. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (BuildingType #2): Luanda, Angola - Yuri Airis, 2012 http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=700158&page= 15
91. Ghost City being built in the Kangbashi District o f Ordos: China - Mamta Barkar, 2012 http://business.financialpost.com/2012/08/29/what-china-doubters-have-wrong-about-its-ghost-cities-stephen-roach/
92. Contemporary City" Project for three Million Inhabitants: Paris, France - Le Corbusier, 1922 http://community.simtropolis.com/topic/46885-physically-expanding-the-island-of-manhattan/
93. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi: Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013
94. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Time Line Before Construction): Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013
95. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Time Line State 1): Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013
96. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Time Line State 2): Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013 97. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Time Line State 3): Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013
98. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Time Line State 4): Luanda, Angola - Google Earth, 2013
PART FIVE: G H O S T C IT Y R E SU R R EC TIO N IN T E R V E N T IO N PR O JEC T _______________________________________________________
99. Ghost City Resurrection Intervention Project, Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
PROIF.CT CONTEXT: INTERVENTION PROPOSAL
100. Slums Dwellings - World Vision Australia, 2009 http://www.worldvision.com.au/issues/WaterSanitationHygiene/Where_is_it_happening_.aspx
IM PLE M E N T A TIO N O F T H E G H O S T CIT Y R E SU R R EC TIO N IN T E R V E N T IO N PR O IE C T ; ESTABLISHING LUANDA'S C U R R E N T PROBLEM S 8c SO LU TIO N S
EX ISTIN G PROBLEM S IN LUANDA: 101. Problems Diagram: Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
PROPOSED SOLUTION FOR LUANDA’S.PROBLEMS: 102. Solution Diagram: Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
103. Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi (Building Type #2): Luanda, Angola - Yuri Airis, 2012 http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=700158&page= 15
CA LC U LA TIO N S FORM ULAS O F T H E G H O S T C IT Y R E SU R R EC TIO N IN T E R V E N T IO N
IN TE R V E N TIO N W IT H IN T H E T5 (four bedroom s plus den/office) A PA R T M E N T U N IT S: T O T A L U N IT AREA 104. Chart o f Intervention within the T5 Apartment Units (Total Unit Area): Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo,
2013 IN TE R V E N TIO N W IT H IN T H E TS ffour bedroom s plus den/officef A PA R T M E N T U N IT S : T O T A L U N IT PR IC E 105. Chart of Intervention within the T5 Apartment Units (Total Unit Price): Luanda, Angola - Francisco Dos Santos
Panzo, 2013
TS - A PA R TM EN T U N IT S EX ISTIN G IN A SIN G LE B U IL D IN G TY PE »3: E X IS T IN G A N D PR O PO SE D 106. Chart o f T5 Apartment Units Existing in a Single BUILDING TYPE 3 (existing & Proposed): Luanda, Angola -
Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
PART SEVEN: References for Images, Pictures, Maps and Charts Page 122
Resurrecting Luanda's Ghost City: C ity o f “Mosscqocs*
TS - APARTMEN T UNITS EXISTING W ITH IN TH E APARTMENT DISTRICT: EXISTING AND PROPOSED 107. Chan ofTotal T5 Apartment Units Existing within the Apartment District Block (Existing and Proposed): Luanda,
Angola - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
(All o th e r im ages in P A R T FIVE th a t arc n o t lis ted w ere c reated by F rancisco D o s S an tos P an zo the a u th o r o f th is thesis)
P A R T SIX: POST-SCRIPT 108-Nova Cidade do Kilamba Kiaxi housing project: Luanda, Angola - Ruben Croxley, 2012
http://architectafrica.com/Nova-Cidade-de-Kilamba-lxCHs
109. Existing and Proposed Comparison Chart: Total Price and Total Area - Francisco Dos Santos Panzo, 2013
PART SEVEN: References for Images, Pictures, Maps and Charts Page 123
Rcsu rrecring Luanda’ tG h o s City: C ityofM uaeque*"
PART SEVEN: Bibliography
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U SSE Q U E S" M aster o f A rchitecture (M .A rch P rofessional)
■ Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
©2013 Randico Dos Santos Panzo
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: City o f “Musseques*
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BUILDING TYPE # 3 - EXISTING DESIGN
BUILDING TYPE # 3 - PROPOSED DESIGN
Buildine Tvne # ^ (Nova Cidade do Kilamha Kiaxil - laianda Aneola: Francisco Dos Santos Panto.
PART SEVEN: Closing Image Page 129
Resurrecting Luanda’s Ghost City: C h y o fM s a e q a c ^
R E S U R R E C T IN G L U A N D A ’S G H O S T C IT Y : C IT Y O F “M U S S E Q U E S ” M aster o f A rchitecture (M .A rch P rofessional)
9B Carleton U N I V E R S I T Y
© 2 0 1 3 Francisco Dos Santos Panzo
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