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the kijiji kit

A t h e s i s p re s e n t e d t o t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Wa t e r l o o i n f u l f i l l m e n t o f t h e t h e s i s re q u i re m e n t f o r t h e d e g re e o f

M a s t e r o f A rc h i t e c t u re

Wa t e r l o o , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a , 2 0 0 8 © L i l y K i m 2 0 0 8

by Lily Kim

a strategy for slum upgrading in Nairobi, Kenya

ISBN

I h e a r b y d e c l a re t h a t I a m t h e s o l e a u t h o r o f t h i s t h e s i s . T h i s i s a t u re c o p y o f t h e t h e s i s , i n c l u d i n g a n y re q u i re d f i n a l re v i s i o n s a s a c c e p t e d b y m y e x a m i n e r s .

I u n d e r s t a n d t h a t m y t h e s i s m a y b e m a d e e l e c t ro n i c a l l y a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p u b l i c .

AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

iii

ABSTRACT

T h i s t h e s i s i s s i t e d i n M u k u r u - K w a - N j e n g a , a s l u m c o m m u n i t y i n N a i ro b i , Ke n y a . L i k e m a n y o t h e r s a ro u n d t h e w o r l d , t h i s c o m m u n i t y f a c e s i s s u e s o f h e a l t h , s a n i t a t i o n , m o b i l i t y, a n d b a s i c s e r v i c e s . T h ro u g h t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e s e i s s u e s , a s e t o f g u i d e l i n e s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d t o h e l p t h i s s l u m c o m m u n i t y b e c o m e a re s p o n s i b l e a n d s u p p o r t i v e e n v i ro n m e n t t h a t p ro m o t e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n f ro m i t s re s i d e n t s , l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , a n d t h e g l o b a l p o p u l a t i o n .

A f t e r f i r s t a c k n o w l e d g i n g t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e s i t u a t i o n w i t h re g a rd s t o t h e f o r m a t i o n a n d g ro w t h o f s l u m s , a n d t h e m u l t i - l a y e re d p ro b l e m s t h a t e x i s t w i t h i n t h e m , t h e g u i d e l i n e s p re s e n t e d h e re a re c o m b i n e d a n d h e re i n n a m e d “ K i j i j i K i t ” . “ K i j i j i ” m e a n s “ c o m m u n a l s e t t l e m e n t ” i n S w a h i l i . H e n c e , t h e K i j i j i K i t i s a re s o u rc e t o o l f o r s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s t h a t c a n h e l p b u i l d c o m m u n a l l i v i n g e n v i ro n m e n t s f o r t h e u r b a n p o o r. I t c o n s i s t s o f p ro b a b l e m e t h o d s o f z o n i n g p ro c e s s e s ( d e t e r m i n e d t h ro u g h s i t e a n a l y s i s ) , c o m m u n i t y i n f r a s t r u c t u re e s s e n t i a l s ( s u c h a s h e a l t h c a re a n d e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s ) , a n d i n d i v i d u a l i n f r a s t r u c t u re s y s t e m s ( s u c h a s r a i n w a t e r c o l l e c t i o n ) . I t i s n o t a p h y s i c a l e n t i t y b u t a l o n g - t e r m w o r k i n g m o d e l o f t h e c o m m u n i t y o p e r a t i n g o n t h re e s c a l e s : c i t y, c o m m u n i t y, a n d i n d i v i d u a l . O n a c i t y s c a l e , c o l l a b o r a t i o n b e t w e e n g o v e r n m e n t s , i n s t i t u t i o n s , m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e s e c t o r s , a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y i s i n t e g r a l . T h e re s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e s t a t e , s p e c i f i c a l l y i n t e r m s o f f u n d i n g a n d p o l i c i e s , p l a y a s i g n i f i c a n t f a c t o r i n s t re n g t h e n i n g u r b a n s l u m s . O n a c o m m u n i t y s c a l e , c e r t a i n i n f r a s t r u c t u r a l s y s t e m s a n d b a s i c s e r v i c e s a re re q u i re d , s u c h a s p u b l i c t r a n s i t , h e a l t h c a re , a n d h o u s i n g t o e n s u re t h a t p ro p e r s u p p o r t e x i s t s f o r t h e c o m m u n i t y t o f u n c t i o n e f f e c t i v e l y. S l u m u p g r a d i n g i s o n e m e t h o d t h a t c a n b e g i n h e l p i n g c o m m u n i t i e s d e v e l o p re s o u rc e f u l l y a n d i n d e p e n d e n t l y. F i n a l l y, t h e i n d i v i d u a l s w h o f o r m t h e c o m m u n i t y m u s t b e a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e p ro c e s s e s t h a t a f f e c t t h e m . T h e y m u s t w a n t c h a n g e a n d b e w i l l i n g t o p u t t h e t i m e a n d d e d i c a t i o n i n t o t h e p ro c e s s e s t h a t w i l l b r i n g p o s i t i v e g ro w t h t o t h e i r c o m m u n i t y.

B a s e d o n t h e b a s i c n e e d s o f t h e m o s t v u l n e r a b l e p o p u l a t i o n – t h e o r p h a n s – t h e K i j i j i K i t i s a c o m p re h e n s i v e a n d h o l i s t i c a p p ro a c h t o i m p ro v i n g l i f e i n u r b a n s l u m s a n d c a l l s f o r a n o v e r l a p p i n g o f m a n y d i s c i p l i n e s , i n c l u d i n g a rc h i t e c t u re . A rc h i t e c t u re i s a n e s s e n t i a l c o m p o n e n t i n d e v e l o p i n g a n d s t r u c t u r i n g c o m m u n i t i e s . T h i s t h e s i s e x p l o re s t h e s o c i a l i m p a c t o f a rc h i t e c t u re a n d h o w i t c a n b r i n g c h a n g e t o b o t h t h e p h y s i c a l a n d s o c i a l e n v i ro n m e n t o f s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s .

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T h a n k y o u t o t h e f o l l o w i n g a d v i s o r s f o r t h e i r i n s i g h t , g u i d a n c e , a n d s u p p o r t f o r t h e c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e e x t e n t o f t h i s re s e a rc h :

T h e s i s S u p e r v i s o r : R y s z a rd S l i w k a , A s s o c i a t e P ro f e s s o r U n i v e r i s t y o f Wa t e r l o o

C o m m i t t e e : A n d re w Le v i t t , A d j u n c t A s s o c i a t e P ro f e s s o r U n i v e r s i t y o f Wa t e r l o o

G e o f f T h u n , A s s i t a n t P ro f e s s o r U n i v e r i s t y o f Wa t e r l o o

E x t e r n a l Re a d e r : A l l a n C a i n , A rc h i t e c t D e v e l o p m e n t Wo r k s h o p Lu a n d a , A n g o l a

E d i t o r : K a t h r i n e K a r a k a s i s

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

�ii

To t h e C a n a F a m i l y H e a l t h a n d Re s c u e C e n t e r a n d m y f a m i l y.

DEDICATION

A b s t r a c t v A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s v i i D e d i c a t i o n i x Ta b l e o f C o n t e n t s x i L i s t o f I l l u s t r a t i o n s x i i i P re f a c e x v i i i I n t ro d u c t i o n 1

G LO B A L I Z A T I O N A N D I T S T R E N D S O n S l u m s 6 O n H I V / A I D S 1 0

S I T E A N A LY S I S Ke n y a 1 6 N a i ro b i 1 8 M u k u r u S l u m s 2 8 C a n a F a m i l y H e a l t h a n d Re s c u e C e n t e r 3 4

T H E S T R A T E G Y Re s e t t l e , Re b u i l d o r U p g r a d e 4 2 W h a t i s S l u m U p g r a d i n g ? 4 4 T h e C h a l l e n g e 4 6 T h e P ro c e s s 4 8

T H E K I J I J I K I T T h e K i j i j i K i t 5 3 Z o n i n g P ro c e s s e s 5 4 K i j i j i I n f r a s t r u c t u re s 6 3 D e c e n t r a l i z e d I n f r a s t r u c t u re s 7 9

M U K U R U K W A N J E N G A : 2 0 3 0 9 4 P R I C I P L E S F O R C H A N G E P r a c t i c e 1 0 2 Pa r t i c i p a t i o n 1 0 4 Pa r t n e r s h i p 1 0 6

C o n c l u s i o n 1 0 8

A p p e n d i x A : C a s e S t u d i e s 1 1 2 A p p e n d i x B : Te c h n i c a l D a t a 1 4 0 E n d n o t e s 1 4 9 B i b l i o g r a p h y 1 5 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

I N T R O D U C T I O N i . i I m a g e o f a c h i l d w a n d e r i n g a l o n g t h e e d g e o f t h e M u k u r u s l u m s i n N a i r o b i , Ke n y a . . . . 2 S o u r c e : I m a g e s b y a u t h o r.

C H A P T E R 1 1 . 1 Po p u l a t i o n p r o j e c t i o n s b y r e g i o n . 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 ( m i l l i o n s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 S o u r c e : T h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s 2 0 0 6 , U N - H A B I TAT. 1 . 2 Po p u l a t i o n v s . G D P b y 1 0 l a r g e s t c i t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 S o u r c e s : P l a n e t o f S l u m s ; M i k e D a v i s ( Po p u l a t i o n r a n k f ro m T h o m a s B r i n k h o f f : w w w. c i t y p o p u l a t i o n . d e ; G D P r a n k f ro m D e n i s e Pu m a i n : S c a l i n g L a w s a n d U r b a n S y s t e m s ) . 1 . 3 A n n u a l G r o w t h o f C i t y a n d S l u m Po p u l a t i o n s . 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 0 ( % ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 S o u r c e : T h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s 2 0 0 6 , U N - H A B I TAT. D i a g r a m b y a u t h o r. 1 . 4 Ro c i n h a Fa v e l a - B a i r r o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / e c o s - a q u i . b l o g s p o t . c o m 1 . 5 A s l u m c o m m u n i t y e n c r o a c h i n g o n t o a s e w a g e l i n e i n M u m b a i , I n d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / o n l y b o m b a y. b l o g s p o t . c o m / 2 0 0 7 / 0 2 / m u m b a i s - s l u m - s c a n d a l . h t m l 1 . 6 K i b e r a – t h e o l d e s t s l u m i n N a i r o b i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. o i k u m e n e . o rg / e s / a c t i v i t i e s / l a - re d a / re c u r s o s - y- e n l a c e s / re d a - g a l e r i a - d e - f o t o s / w a t e r- a n d - s a n i t a t i o n- a t - t h e - k i b e r a - s l u m - n a i ro b i - k e n y a . h t m l . 1 . 7 2 5 Ye a r s o f A I D S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 S o u r c e : 2 0 0 6 R e p o r t o n t h e G l o b a l A I D S E p i d e m i c . U N A I D S J o i n t U n i t e d N a t i o n s P ro g r a m m e o n H I V / A I D S , U N - H A B I TAT. 1 . 8 H I V p r e v a l e n c e a m o n g m e n a n d w o m e n a g e d 1 5 - 4 9 i n u r b a n a n d r u r a l a r e a s i n s e l e c t e d s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a n c o u n t r i e s . 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 4 ( % ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 S o u r c e : 2 0 0 6 R e p o r t o n t h e G l o b a l A I D S E p i d e m i c . U N A I D S J o i n t U n i t e d N a t i o n s P ro g r a m m e o n H I V / A I D S , U N - H A B I TAT. 1 . 9 O r p h a n s l i v i n g i n u r b a n a n d r u r a l c o n d i t i o n s i n s e l e c t e d c o u n t r i e s o f s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a . 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 4 ( % ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 S o u r c e : T h e J o i n t U N A I D S / U N I C E F / U S A I D c o l l a b o r a t i o n J u l y 2 0 0 4 R e p o r t o n N e w O r p h a n s E s t i m a t e s a n d F r a m e w o r k f o r A c t i o n . 1 . 1 0 I n c r e a s i n g Po p u l a t i o n o f O r p h a n s i n s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a . 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 S o u r c e : T h e J o i n t U N A I D S / U N I C E F / U S A I D c o l l a b o r a t i o n J u l y 2 0 0 4 R e p o r t o n N e w O r p h a n s E s t i m a t e s a n d F r a m e w o r k f o r A c t i o n .

C H A P T E R 2 2 . 1 A n a n a l y s i s o f Ke n y a b y Te r r a i n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 S o u r c e : M a p o f Ke n y a . 1 : 1 0 , 0 0 0 . J o h n B a r t h o l o m e w & S o n s L t d . , 1 9 8 3 . 2 . 2 A n a n a l y s i s o f Ke n y a b y C l i m a t e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / u n o s a t . w e b . c e r n . c h / u n o s a t / a s p / p ro d _ f re e . a s p ? i d = 4 2 . 2 . 3 A n a n a l y s i s o f Ke n y a b y Po p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 S o u r c e : C e n t e r o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l E a r t h S c i e n c e I n f o r m a t i o n N e t w o r k ( C E I S I N ) . h t t p : / / s e d a c . c i e s i n . o rg / g p w / c o u n t r y. j s p ? i s o = K E N . 2 . 4 A n a n a l y s i s o f Ke n y a b y Tr i b e D i s t r i b u t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 S o u r c e : Ke n y a ( C a r t o g r a p h i c M a t e r i a l ) . U n i t e d S t a t e s : C e n t r a l I n t e l l i g e n c e A g e n c y, 1 9 7 4 . 2 . 5 A n a n a l y s i s o f Ke n y a b y Ve g e t a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 S o u r c e : Ke n y a ( C a r t o g r a p h i c M a t e r i a l ) . U n i t e d S t a t e s : C e n t r a l I n t e l l i g e n c e A g e n c y, 1 9 7 4 . 2 . 6 A n a n a l y s i s o f Ke n y a b y A g r i c u l t u r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6 S o u r c e : Ke n y a ( C a r t o g r a p h i c M a t e r i a l ) . U n i t e d S t a t e s : C e n t r a l I n t e l l i g e n c e A g e n c y, 1 9 7 4 . 2 . 7 - 9 I m a g e s o f d o w n t o w n N a i r o b i ’ s m a j o r s t r e e t s a n d b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 - 1 9 S o u r c e : I m a g e s b y a u t h o r 2 . 1 0 N a i r o b i ’ s Ke n y a t t a I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e C e n t e r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r

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2 . 1 1 N y a y o M o n u m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r 2 . 1 2 T h e C o o p e r a t i v e B a n k H e a d q u a r t e r s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r 2 . 1 3 N a i r o b i ’ s S l u m E n u m e r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 S o u r c e : Ke n y a n Po p u l a t i o n a n d H o u s i n g C e n s u s , 1 9 9 9 . 2 . 1 4 S e c t i o n s o f t h e u r b a n f a b r i c o f t h r e e t y p i c a l s l u m t y p o l o g i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 S o u r c e : I l l u s t r a t i o n b y a u t h o r 2 . 1 5 N a i r o b i ’ s Tr a n s p o r t a t i o n S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 S o u r c e : M a p o f N a i ro b i ( h t t p : / / w w w. h a s s c o n s u l t . c o . k e / m a p / n b i n e w m a i n . h t m ) 2 . 1 6 N a i r o b i ’ s P u b l i c a n d M u n i c i p a l S e r v i c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 S o u r c e : M a p o f N a i ro b i ( h t t p : / / w w w. h a s s c o n s u l t . c o . k e / m a p / n b i n e w m a i n . h t m ) 2 . 1 7 View of cor r ugated metal roof tops of one of Nairobi’s many shantytowns...............28 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / z h . g l o b a l v o i c e s o n l i n e . o rg / h a n s / c a t e g o r y / t o p i c s / d i a s p o r a / 2 . 1 8 A m a j o r m a r k e t s t r e e t i n a N a i r o b i s l u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 8 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / b l o g . re d c ro s s . c a / a d a m j o h n s t o n / 2 . 1 9 A r e s i d e n t i a l c o u r t y a r d i n a N a i r o b i s l u m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. m w e l u . o rg / 2 . 2 0 A r e s i d e n t i a l p e d e s t r i a n s t r e e t c o r r i d o r i n t h e M u k u r u s l u m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 9 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r 2 . 2 1 - 2 2 T h e N g o n g R i v e r b e i n g u s e d a s a g a r b a g e d u m p s i t e a n d l a t r i n e f o r s l u m r e s i d e n t s l i v i n g i n t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 - 3 1 S o u r c e : I m a g e s b y a u t h o r 2 . 2 3 A e r i a l i m a g e o f t h e M u k u r u s l u m s i n N a i r o b i , Ke n y a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 S o u r c e : G o o g l e E a r t h P ro a e r i a l i m a g e c a p t u re 2 . 2 4 P l a n o f s i t e b o u n d a r i e s a n d C F H RC ’ s f a c i l i t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 S o u r c e s : M a p o f N a i ro b i ( h t t p : / / w w w. h a s s c o n s u l t . c o . k e / m a p / n b i n e w m a i n . h t m ) ; G o o g l e E a r t h P ro a e r i a l i m a g e c a p t u re 2 . 2 5 E x i s t i n g c o m m u n i t y i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s a n d b u i l d i n g t y p o l o g i e s o f C F H RC . . . . . . . . . . 3 6 - 3 7 S o u r c e : I m a g e s a n d p l a n s b y a u t h o r 2 . 2 6 I m a g e s o f C F H RC ’ s e x i s t i n g c o m m u n i t y i n f r a s t r u c t u r e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 - 3 9 S o u r c e : I m a g e s b y a u t h o r

C H A P T E R 3 3 . 1 - 3 D i a g r a m s o f t h r e e s l u m i m p r o v e m e n t s t r a t e g i e s : 1 Re s e t t l e ; 2 Re b u i l d ; 3 U p g r a d e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3 S o u r c e : I l l u s t r a t i o n s b y a u t h o r

C H A P T E R 4 4 . 1 T h r e e z o n i n g a r e a s ( c i r c u l a t i o n , c o m m u n i t y, a g r i c u l t u r e ) a n d t h e p r o p o s e d p r o c e s s t i m e l i n e s f o r e a c h z o n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m b y a u t h o r 4 . 2 T h e C i r c u l a t i o n Z o n e ’ s p r o c e s s e s a n d r o u t e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m b y a u t h o r 4 . 3 T h e C o m m u n i t y Z o n e ’ s p r o c e s s e s a n d p h a s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m b y a u t h o r 4 . 4 T h e A g r i c u l t u r a l Z o n e ’ s p r o c e s s e s a n d p h a s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m b y a u t h o r 4 . 5 G r o u n d w o r k I n f r a s t r u c t u r e s e l e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m s b y a u t h o r 4 . 6 H e a l t h & S a n i t a t i o n e l e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m s b y a u t h o r 4 . 7 H o u s i n g e l e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m s b y a u t h o r 4 . 8 E d u c a t i o n e l e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m s b y a u t h o r 4 . 9 S o c i a l S u p p o r t S t r u c t u re e l e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m s b y a u t h o r

xi�

4 . 1 0 M a r k e t P l a c e e l e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m s b y a u t h o r 4 . 1 1 C u l t u re a n d I d e n t i t y e l e m e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6 S o u r c e : I l l u s t r a t i o n b y a u t h o r 4 . 1 2 Wa t e r C o l l e c t i o n : D i a g r a m s o f a s i m p l e D o m e s t i c Ra i n w a t e r C a t c h m e n t S y s t e m a n d a C o m m u n a l Ra i n w a t e r. C a t c h m e n t Re s e r v o i r S y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0 S o u r c e s : h t t p : / / w w w. e n g . w a r w i c k . a c . u k / D T U / r w h ? i n d e x . h t m l ; h t t p : / / w w w. u n e p . o r. j p / e t c / Pu b l i c a t i o n s / U r b a n / U r b a n E n v - 2 / 9 . a s p 4 . 1 3 Fr a m e w o r k - I n f i l l S y s t e m : E x p l o d e d a x o n o m e t r i c d i a g r a m s h o w i n g t h e d i f f e r e n t p h a s e s o f t h e p r o p o s e d a d a p t a b l e h o u s i n g s y s t e m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 S o u r c e : “ E l e m e n t a l P ro g r a m R e t h i n k i n g H o u s i n g i n C h i l e ” f ro m P r a x i s I s s u e 8 : R e : P ro g r a m m i n g ; Ta l l e r d e C h i l e . 4 . 1 4 U p g r a d i n g a n d I n f i l l D e t a i l s : S e c t i o n o f a t y p i c a l s l u m h o m e w i t h d i f f e r e n t u p g r a d i n g a n d i n f i l l d e t a i l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4 S o u r c e : D i a g r a m b y a u t h o r 4 . 1 5 I l l u s t r a t i o n o f S o l a r C o o k e r e s s e n t i a l s , h o w i t w o r k s , a n d t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e . . . . . . . 8 6 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. s o l a r c o o k e r s . o rg / b a s i c s / h o w. h t m l 4 . 1 6 - 1 8 I m a g e s o f t h e C o o K i t Pr o g r a m i n Ke n y a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. s o l a r c o o k e r s . o rg / a b o u t / p ro g r a m s / m u l t k e n y a . h t m l # i m a g e s 4 . 1 9 Ve n t i l a t e d I m p r o v e d P i t ( V. I . P. ) L a t r i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 S o u r c e : TA G Te c h n i c a l N o t e N o . 1 3 : T h e D e s i g n o f Ve n t i l a t e d I m p ro v e d Pi t L a t r i n e s ; D . D u n c a n M a r a . 4 . 2 0 T h e n e w c o m m u n i t y w a s h r o o m f a c i l i t y i n t h e M u k u r u S l u m s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r 4 . 2 1 - 2 4 I n t e r i o r i m a g e s o f t h e n e w w a s h r o o m f a c i l i t y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 S o u r c e : I m a g e s b y a u t h o r 4 . 2 5 T h e c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i z e r s a n d v o l u n t e e r s w h o c o o r d i n a t e d t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e f a c i l i t y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r

C H A P T E R 5 5 . 1 Pr o p o s e d p l a n o f M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a i n 2 0 3 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r 5 . 2 V i e w i n t o t h e Pe r m a n e n t M a r k e t Pa v i l i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r 5 . 3 V i e w o f t h e M o b i l e C l i n i c S t a t i o n a n d H e a l t h C l i n i c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r 5 . 4 V i e w o f t h e P u b l i c S q u a r e / P l a y g r o u n d a n d t h e C a n a C o m m u n i t y C e n t e r. . . . . . . . . . . 9 8 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r 5 . 5 V i e w o f t h e C a n a Re s c u e H o m e a n d a c t i v i t y a l o n g t h e p e d e s t r i a n p a t h w a y. . . . . . . 9 9 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r

C H A P T E R 6 6 . 1 S e l e c t e d l o g o ’ s , i c o n s , a n d i m a g e s o f g o v e r n m e n t s , c o m m u n i t y g r o u p s , o r g a n i z a t i o n , a n d p e o p l e w o r k i n g t o c r e a t e b e t t e r c o m m u n i t i e s f o r t h e u r b a n p o o r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 7 S o u r c e s : h t t p : / / w w w. c a n a d a . g c . c a ; h t t p : / / w w w. k e n y a . g o . k e ; h t t p : / / w w w. u n . o rg / e n g l i s h ; h t t p : / / w w w. a r c h i t e c t u re f o r h u m a n i t y. o rg ; h t t p : / / w w w. s i d a re c . o rg ; h t t p : / / 5 0 x 1 5 . a m d . c o m ; h t t p : / / w w w. g r a m e e n- i n f o . o rg ; h t t p : / / w w w. s o l a r c o o k e r s . o rg / b a s i c s / w h y. h t m l ; h t t p : / / w w w. ru a f. o rg .

A P P E N D I X A A . 1 A v i e w o f Pe t a r e , a s l u m c o m m u n i t y i n C a r a c a s , Ve n e z u e l a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 S o u r c e : h t t p : w w w. s p r a g u e p h o t o . c o m / p h o t o _ i n d e x _ d e t a i l . l a s s o ? i d = 1 3 4 1 3 & s k i p = 2 2 2 3 & b i g s k i p = 2 2 0 0 A . 2 Pa i n t e d s t e p s t o e n l i v e n t h e p e d e s t r i a n p a t h i n Pe t a r e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 2 S o u r c e : h t t p : w w w. s p r a g u e p h o t o . c o m / p h o t o _ i n d e x _ d e t a i l . l a s s o ? i d = 1 3 4 1 4 & s k i p = 2 2 2 3 & b i g s k i p = 2 2 0 0

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A . 3 H a s s a n Fa t h y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. rd s f. c o m / W S / H F / h a s s a n _ f a t h y. a s p . A . 4 S i t e p l a n o f N e w G o u r n a i n L u x o r, E g y p t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w e b . m i t . e d u / 4 . 6 1 1 / w w w / L 1 9 . h t m l

A . 5 A r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g r e v e a l i n g t h e v e r n a c u l a r s t y l e o f c o n s t r u c t i o n used for the New Gour na community...........................................................114 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. g e o c i t i e s . c o m / a r c . h a s s a n f a t h y / g o u r n a - e . h t m l A . 6 S a m M o c k b e e w i t h a r e s i d e n t o f H a l e C o u n t y, A l a b a m a a n d t h e r e s i d e n t ’ s t w o s o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6 S o u r c e : R u r a l S t u d i o : S a m u e l M o c k b e e a n d a n A r c h i t e c t u re o f D e c e n c y ; D e a n , A n d re a O p p e n h e i m e r D e a n . A . 7 T h r e e s t u d e n t s w o r k i n g o n t h e S a n d e r s - D u d l e y H o u s e ( 2 0 0 1 ) i n S a w y e r v i l l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 6 S o u r c e : R u r a l S t u d i o : S a m u e l M o c k b e e a n d a n A r c h i t e c t u re o f D e c e n c y ; D e a n , A n d re a O p p e n h e i m e r D e a n . A . 8 - 9 B r y a n t ( H a y B a l e ) H o u s e b u i l t i n 1 9 9 4 , a n d t h e c h a n g e s t h e h o u s e has adapted over time (2000)....................................................................118 S o u r c e : R u r a l S t u d i o : S a m u e l M o c k b e e a n d a n A r c h i t e c t u re o f D e c e n c y ; D e a n , A n d re a O p p e n h e i m e r D e a n . A . 1 0 - 1 2 T h e A k r o n B o y s a n d G i r l s C l u b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8 S o u r c e : R u r a l S t u d i o : S a m u e l M o c k b e e a n d a n A r c h i t e c t u re o f D e c e n c y ; D e a n , A n d re a O p p e n h e i m e r D e a n . A . 1 3 A e r i a l v i e w o f Fe r n a o C a r d i m b a i r r o i n B r a z i l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 0 S o u r c e : Fa v e l a - B a i r ro P ro j e c t : J o rg e M a r i o J a u re g u i ; M a c h a d o , R u d o l f o ( e d i t o r ) . A . 1 4 A b e f o r e a n d a f t e r p h o t o g r a p h o f a p e d e s t r i a n w a l k w a y t h a t w a s c o n s t r u c t e d a s p a r t o f a n u p g r a d i n g p r o j e c t i n o n e o f t h e b a i r r o ’ s of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil...........................................................................120 S o u r c e : Fa v e l a - B a i r ro P ro j e c t : J o rg e M a r i o J a u re g u i ; M a c h a d o , R u d o l f o ( e d i t o r ) . A . 1 5 A d i v e r g i n g p e d e s t r i a n p a t h w a y, w i t h p u b l i c l i g h t i n g a n d p l a n t i n g , t h e r e s u l t o f a n u p g r a d i n g p r o j e c t i n o n e o f t h e b a i r r o ’ s o f R i o d e J a n e i r o , B r a z i l . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 0 S o u r c e : Fa v e l a - B a i r ro P ro j e c t : J o rg e M a r i o J a u re g u i ; M a c h a d o , R u d o l f o ( e d i t o r ) . A . 1 6 T h e l o g o s o f A C O R N ( t h e g r a s s r o o t s c o m m u n i t y g r o u p i n N e w O r l e a n s ) a n d o f t h e m a i n p a r t i c i p a t i n g u n i v e r s i t i e s : C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y, C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y, a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s a t U r b a n a - C h a m p a i g n . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. re b u i l d i n g t h e n i n t h . o rg / e v e n t s . A . 1 7 A C O R N H o u s i n g / U n i v e r s i t y Pa r t n e r s h i p r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p r e s e n t i n g “ T h e Pe o p l e ’ s P l a n ” t o p o s s i b l e f u n d i n g p a r t n e r s i n N e w Yo r k C i t y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. re b u i l d i n g t h e n i n t h . o rg / e v e n t s . A . 1 8 A p u b l i c u n v e i l i n g o f “ T h e Pe o p l e ’ s P l a n ” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. re b u i l d i n g t h e n i n t h . o rg / e v e n t s . A . 1 9 A e r i a l v i e w o f S u l t a n b e y l i i n I s t a n b u l , Tu r k e y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 S o u r c e : G o o g l e E a r t h P ro i m a g e c a p t u re . A . 2 0 - 2 3 D a y a n d n i g h t i m a g e s o f p u b l i c p e d e s t r i a n s p a c e s i n S u l t a n b e y l i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. s u l t a n b e y l i . b e l . t r. A . 2 4 - 2 7 A p u b l i c s e r v i c e s b u i l d i n g ’ s c o n s t r u c t i o n s e q u e n c e i n S u l t a n b e y l i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 4 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. s u l t a n b e y l i . b e l . t r. A . 2 8 - 3 2 E x a m p l e s o f t h e d i f f e r e n t w a y s i n w h i c h m i c r o - f i n a n c i n g c a n h e l p t h e p o o r s t a r t a f o r m o f i n c o m e g e n e r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 6 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. g r a m e e n- i n f o . o rg / i n d e x . h t m l . A . 3 3 M u h a m m a d Yu n u s , f o u n d e r o f G r a m e e n B a n k , m e e t i n g w i t h t h e w o m e n of a community in Bangladesh...................................................................126 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. g r a m e e n- i n f o . o rg / i n d e x . h t m l . A . 3 4 B e e r a B a p t i s t M i s s i o n C h u r c h i n J o h a n n e s b u r g , S o u t h A f r i c a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. h o l e i n t h e w a l l . o rg / z a . A . 3 5 - 3 7 I m a g e s o f t h e “ D o o r o f H o p e ” ( b a b y b i n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 8 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. h o l e i n t h e w a l l . o rg . z a . A . 3 8 T h e N y u m b a n i s i g n a t t h e e n t r a n c e o f t h e o r p h a n a g e i n t h e t o w n o f K a r e n . . . . . . . 1 3 0 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r

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A . 3 9 A n a e r i a l v i e w o f t h e N y u m b a n i O r p h a n a g e g r o u n d s i n K a r e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 0 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. n y u m b a n i . o rg / o r p h a n _ h i s t . h t m l . A . 4 0 - 4 6 I m a g e s o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e N y u m b a n i V i l l a g e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 2 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. n y u m b a n i . o rg / v i l l a g e _ p i c s . h t m l .

A . 4 7 E n t r a n c e s i g n f r o m t h e m a i n r o a d i n t o M u l l y C h i l d r e n ’ s Fa m i l y N d a l a n i B r a n c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r A . 4 8 - 5 0 A f e w o f t h e m a n y a c t i v i t i e s a n d p r o g r a m s t h a t o c c u r a t i n M C F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 4 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. f l i c k r. c o m / p h o t o s / d a n s c o t t 7 7 / 7 4 1 5 3 7 8 6 0 / i n / s e t - 7 2 1 5 7 6 0 0 1 1 7 4 3 7 9 3 2 . A . 5 1 Green beans growing inside the greenhouses...............................................137 S o u r c e : h t t p : / / w w w. f l i c k r. c o m / p h o t o s / d a n s c o t t 7 7 / 7 4 1 5 3 7 8 6 0 / i n / s e t - 7 2 1 5 7 6 0 0 1 1 7 4 3 7 9 3 2 . A . 5 2 A p a n o r a m i c v i e w o f t h e g r e e n h o u s e s a n d t h e l a n d s c a p e b e y o n d a t M C F N d a l a n i B r a n c h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 7 S o u r c e : I m a g e b y a u t h o r.

A P P E N D I X B B . 1 S t a n d a r d Fo r m u l a s a n d C h a r t s f o r Ra i n w a t e r C a t c h m e n t S y s t e m s . . . . . . . . . 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 S o u r c e s : Fo r m u l a s : h t t p : / / w w w. u n e p . o r. j p / e t c / Pu b l i c a t i o n s / U r b a n / U r b a n E n v - 2 / 9 . a s p ; N a i ro b i ’ s M o n t h y R a i n f a l l S t a t i s t i c s : h t t p : / / w w w. w e a t h e r. c o m / o u t l o o k / t r a v e l / b u s i n e s s t r a v e l e r / w x c l i m a t o l o g / m o n t h l y / g r a p h .

B . 1 S t a k e h o l d e r s M a t r i x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 2 - 1 4 7 S o u r c e : M e t h o d : D e v e l o p m e n t W o r s h o p , A l l e n C a i n

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I n S e p t e m b e r 2 0 0 6 , I h a d t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o g o t o N a i ro b i , Ke n y a a n d w o r k w i t h t h e C a n a F a m i l y H e a l t h a n d Re s c u e C e n t e r ( C F H R C ) l o c a t e d i n t h e s l u m c o m m u n i t y o f M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a . U p o n a r r i v i n g a t C F H R C , I s t e p p e d o u t o f t h e v a n a n d s w a r m s o f c h i l d re n f ro m C a n a E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l c a m e t o s e e w h o h a d a r r i v e d . A l t h o u g h t h e re h a v e b e e n v o l u n t e e r s a n d f o re i g n e r s v i s i t i n t h e p a s t , t h e s e c h i l d re n w e re e x t re m e l y e x c i t e d a n d i t s e e m e d a s t h o u g h t h e y h a d n e v e r s e e n a f o re i g n e r b e f o re . H a v i n g b a re l y s t e p p e d o u t o f t h e v a n , I h a d c h i l d re n h o l d i n g o n t o e a c h o f m y f i n g e r s , o t h e r s g r a b b i n g m y a r m a n d c l i n g i n g o n t o m y w a i s t y e l l i n g “ M z u n g u ! M z u n g u ! ” ( W h i t e - m a n ! W h i t e - m a n ! ) . A t f i r s t , I f e l t t h e i r s m a l l h a n d s , ro u g h a n d c o v e re d i n w h a t I h o p e d w a s j u s t d i r t . H o w e v e r, a f t e r re a d i n g c o u n t l e s s a r t i c l e s d e s c r i b i n g t h e o v e r- c ro w d e d a n d u n s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s o f s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s , I c o u l d n o t h e l p b u t t h i n k o f w h a t e l s e c o u l d h a v e m i c ro s c o p i c a l l y m a d e t h e i r w a y o n t o t h e c h i l d re n’ s h a n d s . W i t h i n m i n u t e s m y t h o u g h t s s h i f t e d t o t h e i r s m i l i n g f a c e s a n d e x c i t e m e n t i n s e e i n g a “ p e t i t e A s i a n g i r l w i t h s t r a i g h t h a i r, ” f o rg e t t i n g f o r a m o m e n t a b o u t t h e c o n d i t i o n s a n d c i rc u m s t a n c e s t h e y l i v e d i n .

D u r i n g m y v i s i t , I h e a rd m a n y s t o r i e s , m o s t o f t h e m a b o u t A I D S a n d t h e e f f e c t i t h a s h a d o n t h e i r c o m m u n i t y, a l o n g w i t h s t o r i e s o f t h e m a n y c h i l d re n w h o a re l i v i n g w i t h o u t t h e i r p a re n t s , w h o h a v e n o p l a c e t o g o , n o f o o d , n o c a re , a n d a n u n c e r t a i n f u t u re . Wa l k i n g t h ro u g h t h e s t re e t s a n d v i s i t i n g s o m e o f t h e re s i d e n t s ’ h o m e s w a s a c o m p l e t e l y d i f f e re n t e x p e r i e n c e t h a n a n y a r t i c l e c o u l d d e s c r i b e . I w a s c o n s t a n t l y h o p p i n g o v e r s t re a m s a n d p u d d l e s o f g a r b a g e , m u d , a n d e x c re m e n t . A f t e r o n l y a s h o r t t i m e , m y s h o e s w h e re c o v e re d i n m u s h a n d i t w a s n o t e v e n t h e r a i n y s e a s o n . A s I w a l k e d t h ro u g h t h e d o o r w a y o f o n e o f t h e h o m e s , t h e b r i g h t s u n d i s a p p e a re d a n d I w a s i n a s m a l l d a r k ro o m . I c o u l d f e e l t h e s u n’ s h e a t r a d i a t i n g f ro m t h e s h e e t m e t a l o n t o m y s k i n . H a v i n g t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o v i s i t s e v e r a l h o m e s m a d e m e re a l i z e h o w d i f f i c u l t a n d u n c o m f o r t a b l e d a i l y l i f e m u s t b e . N o n e o f t h e h o m e s I v i s i t e d h a d a c c e s s t o w a t e r o r e l e c t r i c i t y, a n d d u r i n g m y v i s i t I s a w o n l y o n e o u t h o u s e i n t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d .

D e s p i t e t h e f i l t h a n d p o v e r t y, t h e d i re c t o r s o f t h e C F H R C , J o s e p h a n d M a r y M a m b o , h a v e d o n e s i g n i f i c a n t w o r k i n t h i s a re a b u i l d i n g a h e a l t h c l i n i c , s c h o o l , c h u rc h , a n d o r p h a n a g e . W i t h t h e h e l p o f l o c a l re s i d e n t s , n o n - g o v e r n m e n t o rg a n i z a t i o n s ( N G O ’ s ) , t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f Ke n y a ( G O K ) , a n d t h e E u ro p e a n U n i o n ( E U ) , C F H R C h a s re c e n t l y o p e n e d a p u b l i c p i t l a t r i n e i n M u k u r u a n d s e e k t o c o n t i n u e b u i l d i n g m o re p ro j e c t s a n d d e v e l o p re s o u rc e s t h a t s u p p o r t a n d i m p ro v e t h e c o m m u n i t y ’ s l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s . T h e i r p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e h a s h e l p e d t h e m e s t a b l i s h a g o o d r a p p o r t a m o n g t h e re s i d e n t s a n d t h e y a re b e g i n n i n g t o s e e t h e c o m m u n i t y c h a n g e f o r t h e b e t t e r.

I w a s h u m b l e d b y a l l t h o s e w h o h a d h e l p e d m e a r r a n g e m y t r i p a n d f o r t h e i r h o s p i t a l i t y d u r i n g m y v i s i t . I a m t h a n k f u l t o S t e p h e n a n d M a r i o n T h u o w h o h e l p e d m e o rg a n i z e m y t r i p p r i o r t o m y a r r i v a l i n Ke n y a ; I a m

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v e r y g r a t e f u l t o J o s e p h a n d M a r y M a m b o f o r g i v i n g m e t h e o p p o r t u n i t y t o o b s e r v e a n d l e a r n f ro m a l l t h e w o r k t h e y a re d o i n g i n t h e i r s l u m c o m m u n i t y ; t o K u k a , w h o g r a c i o u s l y t o o k m e i n a n d a ro u n d d u r i n g t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f m y v i s i t ; a n d t o S h i ro a n d J a n e , w h o t o o k t i m e o f f o n s e v e r a l o c c a s i o n s t o s h o w m e a ro u n d d o w n t o w n N a i ro b i .

W h a t e v e r i s w r i t t e n h e re a b o u t M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a a n d t h e C F H R C i s b a s e d o n w h a t I o b s e r v e d a n d l e a r n e d . I f t h e re i s a n y d i s c re p a n c y i n t h i s t h e s i s , i t i s n o t t h e f a u l t o f t h e d i re c t o r s , v o l u n t e e r s , o r c o m m u n i t y b u t m y o w n . I h o p e t h a t m y re s e a rc h w i l l h e l p t h e m f u r t h e r d e v e l o p t h e i r c o m m u n i t y a n d s u p p o r t t h e i r f u t u re p ro j e c t s a n d v i s i o n s .

xix

INTRODUCTION

T h e D o o r o f H o p e i s a n o r p h a n a g e l o c a t e d i n J o h a n n e s b u rg , S o u t h A f r i c a . I t b e g a n w i t h a h o l e , a l s o re f e r re d t o a s t h e “ b a b y b i n , ” m a d e i n t h e w a l l o f B e re a B a p t i s t M i s s i o n C h u rc h i n A u g u s t , 1 9 9 9 . T h i s s i m p l e d e s i g n p ro v i d e s a p l a c e f o r d e s p e r a t e m o t h e r s – u n a b l e t o c a re f o r t h e i r c h i l d re n – a s a f e p l a c e t o l e a v e t h e i r b a b y w i t h n o q u e s t i o n s a s k e d . W h e n a b a b y i s d ro p p e d o f f t h ro u g h t h e h o l e , a n a l a r m s i g n a l s w o r k e r s i n t h e c h u rc h , w h o i m m e d i a t e l y re t r i e v e t h e b a b y a n d b e g i n c a r i n g f o r i t . T h e b a b y- b i n i s a l s o u s e d b y p o l i c e o f f i c e r s w h e n t h e y f i n d n e w b o r n s a b a n d o n e d a l o n g t h e s t re e t o r i n d u m p y a rd s . S i n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n u p t o J u n e 2 0 0 7 , o v e r 5 6 0 b a b i e s h a v e b e e n c a re d f o r a n d g i v e n a h o m e . 1 I n J o h a n n e s b u rg a l o n e , i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t a p p ro x i m a t e l y 4 0 - 5 0 b a b i e s a re a b a n d o n e d e a c h m o n t h a n d l e f t t o s t a r v e a n d p e r i s h . T h e D o o r o f H o p e b e g a n i n re s p o n s e t o w h a t w a s , a n d c o n t i n u e s t o h a p p e n a m o n g t h e u r b a n p o o r i n J o h a n n e s b u rg .

We a re l i v i n g i n a n u r b a n w o r l d . C i t i e s a re m a k i n g h i s t o r y, g ro w i n g f a s t e r t h a n e v e r b e f o re w i t h p o p u l a t i o n s o u t n u m b e r i n g r u r a l a re a s . T h o u g h u r b a n i z a t i o n i s n o t a n e w t re n d , o v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e i t h a s b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d a s o n e o f t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l . W i t h s u c h r a p i d g ro w t h , l o c a l s e r v i c e s a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u re a re n o t a b l e t o a d e q u a t e l y s u p p o r t l a rg e p o p u l a t i o n s . S u c h s u p p o r t s y s t e m s – i n c l u d i n g a c c e s s t o c l e a n w a t e r, s e w a g e t re a t m e n t , a n d h o u s i n g – a re v i t a l f o r s u r v i v a l a n d n e e d t o b e s u p p l i e d , s u p p o r t e d , a n d s u s t a i n e d . A s a re s u l t o f d e t e r i o r a t i n g s e r v i c e s , m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e a re l i v i n g i n c ro w d e d , u n h e a l t h y e n v i ro n m e n t s t h a t l a c k t h e m o s t b a s i c n e c e s s i t i e s . C o n t i n u i n g d e t e r i o r a t i o n , c o u p l e d w i t h r a p i d p o p u l a t i o n g ro w t h l e a d t o t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s b e c o m i n g t h e b re e d i n g g ro u n d s f o r d i s e a s e , p o v e r t y, d e p re s s i o n , a n d v i o l e n c e . U n m a p p e d a s i f t h e y d o n o t e x i s t , t h e y m a y b e s e t t i n g t h e t re n d f o r f u t u re u r b a n l i v i n g . A re o v e rc ro w d e d a n d n e g l e c t e d e n v i ro n m e n t s t h e c o m m u n i t i e s o f t h e f u t u re ?

A f r i c a i s o n e o f t h e w o r l d ’ s f a s t e s t g ro w i n g re g i o n s a n d i t s c i t i e s a re e x p e r i e n c i n g a n i n f l u x o f p e o p l e f ro m r u r a l a re a s . R a v a g e d b y c i v i l w a r s a n d f a m i n e , A f r i c a i s a l s o t h e p o o re s t re g i o n o f t h e w o r l d . O f a l l t h e i s s u e s t h e c o n t i n e n t h a s f a c e d , H I V / A I D S h a s m o s t re c e n t l y b e e n o n t h e f o re f ro n t o f t h e g l o b a l f o r u m . S i n c e i t s i n i t i a l d e t e c t i o n i n 1 9 8 1 , i t h a s b e c o m e a n e p i d e m i c w i t h o v e r w h e l m i n g l y g r a v e e f f e c t s o n h u m a n d e v e l o p m e n t a n d u n p re d i c t a b l e c o n s e q u e n c e s f o r f u t u re g e n e r a t i o n s . Re s e a rc h h a s s h o w n t h a t t h i s e p i d e m i c a f f e c t s n o t o n l y o n e ’ s h e a l t h , b u t e n a b l e s n e g a t i v e d e v e l o p m e n t c h a l l e n g e s i n p u b l i c s e r v i c e s , g o v e r n a n c e , a n d o t h e r m o re u rg e n t h u m a n i t a r i a n s i t u a t i o n s , s u c h a s f o o d s h o r t a g e s , p o v e r t y, a n d h o s t i l i t y. I t h a s b e e n s t a t e d t h a t “ H I V / A I D S a c c e n t u a t e s e x i s t i n g d i f f i c u l t i e s , c o m p e l l i n g u s t o c o n f ro n t m a n y s i m u l t a n e o u s p ro b l e m s , a l l o f w h i c h n e e d re s o l u t i o n” .2

T h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f A I D S f o r f u t u re g e n e r a t i o n s h a v e y e t t o b e d e t e r m i n e d . Wo r l d w i d e , A I D S i s t h e l e a d i n g c a u s e o f d e a t h f o r p e o p l e a g e d 1 5 - 4 9 , t r a d i t i o n a l l y t h e h e a l t h i e s t a n d m o s t a b l e - b o d i e d d e m o g r a p h i c . I t i s f u l l y

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re c o g n i z e d t h a t t h i s d i s e a s e i s n o t o n l y a t h re a t t o t h o s e i n f e c t e d , b u t a l s o d e v a s t a t i n g t o c h i l d re n , f a m i l i e s , a n d c o m m u n i t i e s . 3 H I V / A I D S i s i m p o s i n g a n e v e n g re a t e r b u rd e n o n t h e w o r l d ’ s s o c i e t i e s t h a t a re j u s t t r y i n g t o m a k e i t t h ro u g h t h e c r a c k s o f t o d a y ’ s g l o b a l i z i n g e c o n o m y, w i t h m i l l i o n s o f o r p h a n s i n n e e d o f s u p p o r t a n d c a re . H o w w i l l t h i s c r i s i s i m p a c t t h e f u t u re ? W i t h t h e m a i n p o p u l a t i o n o f a d u l t s d e c re a s i n g b y t h e m i l l i o n s , a n d t h e i r c h i l d re n b e i n g m a d e o r p h a n s , t h e o n l y t h i n g w e c a n b e c e r t a i n o f i s o u r c o l l e c t i v e i n t e r v e n t i o n t o d a y t o h e l p e n s u re a b e t t e r f u t u re .

T h e t a s k o f t r y i n g t o “ s o l v e t h e p ro b l e m ” m a y b e i m p o s s i b l e . H o w e v e r, t h e re a re m a n y e x a m p l e s o f c o m m u n i t i e s a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d t h a t h a v e i m p ro v e d t h e i r s o c i a l a n d p h y s i c a l e n v i ro n m e n t s t h ro u g h c o l l a b o r a t i v e p r a c t i c e , p a r t n e r s h i p , a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n . B y w o r k i n g w i t h g o v e r n m e n t s , p ro f e s s i o n a l s , a n d o rg a n i z a t i o n s , c o m m u n i t i e s c a n d e v e l o p w a y s t o a l l e v i a t e c u r re n t s t r u g g l e s f o r s u r v i v a l . I n p a r t i c u l a r, a rc h i t e c t u r a l i n t e r v e n t i o n s c a n c re a t e a f r a m e w o r k t h a t h e l p s s o c i e t i e s d e v e l o p i n t o h e a l t h y, s t a b l e , a n d i n d e p e n d e n t e n v i ro n m e n t s . L i k e t h e D o o r o f H o p e ’ s b a b y- b i n , t h e s e i n t e r v e n t i o n s c a n t r i g g e r p ro c e s s e s t h a t w i l l e m e rg e a s i n h a b i t a n t s a re o f f e re d a n d p ro v i d e d w i t h t h e t o o l s t h a t i n v o l v e t a k i n g o w n e r s h i p o f t h e i r c o m m u n i t y. A s d e s i g n e r s , w e a re t r a i n e d t o s o l v e i s s u e s o f s p a c e a n d t h e b u i l t e n v i ro n m e n t t h ro u g h f o r m , a n d t o c re a t e a c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n t h e s o c i a l a n d t h e p h y s i c a l . I n t e r v e n t i o n o f f o r m c a n f u n c t i o n a s a c a t a l y s t , a l l o w i n g p ro c e s s e s o f c h a n g e t o e m e rg e o n t h e i r o w n . O n e s i m p l e i d e a c a n p l a n t t h e s e e d f o r a p ro g re s s i v e m o v e m e n t t o f l o u r i s h i n a c o m m u n i t y.

T h i s t h e s i s c o n s i d e r s t h a t a l l p a r t i e s i n v o l v e d a re w o r k i n g i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h e a c h o t h e r. I t w i l l a s s u m e t h a t t h e a rc h i t e c t i s e n g a g e d b y a l o c a l c o m m u n i t y g ro u p , h e l p i n g t h e m d e v e l o p a n a n a l y s i s o f t h e i r c u r re n t e c o n o m i c , s o c i a l a n d p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s . T h ro u g h t h i s a n a l y s i s , p o l i c i e s a n d d e v e l o p m e n t s t r a t e g i e s c a n b e c re a t e d a n d u s e d t o c re a t e n e t w o r k s f o r f u n d i n g . F u n d i n g w i l l c o m e f ro m n o n - g o v e r n m e n t o rg a n i z a t i o n s a n d t h e U n i t e d N a t i o n s , a s p a r t o f a p i l o t p ro j e c t s e e k i n g t o a c h i e v e t h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s . T h i s t h e s i s w i l l a l s o a s s u m e t h a t t h e l o c a l a n d n a t i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t a re re a d y t o m a k e c h a n g e s t o t h e i r p o l i c i e s , i n c o r p o r a t i n g s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s i n t h e i r z o n i n g l a w s .

T h i s t h e s i s i s o rg a n i z e d u n d e r t h re e m a j o r s c a l e s : c i t y- s c a l e , c o m m u n i t y- s c a l e , a n d i n d i v i d u a l - s c a l e . T h e f i r s t t h re e c h a p t e r s i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c i t y- s c a l e a n d l a rg e r i s s u e s t h a t a re a t p l a y i n t h e c i t i e s o f t h e s l u m c o m m u n i t y. C h a p t e r s f o u r a n d f i v e f o c u s o n t h e c o m m u n i t y- s c a l e . T h e K i j i j i K i t i s e x e m p l i f i e d t h ro u g h t h e s l u m c o m m u n i t y o f M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a a n d i n v e s t i g a t e s w h a t a s l u m c o m m u n i t y n e e d s a n d h o w i t c a n i m p l e m e n t s l u m u p g r a d i n g . T h e f i n a l c h a p t e r f o c u s e s o n k e y p r i n c i p l e s b e h i n d t h e s u c c e s s o f a n y c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t p ro j e c t a n d w h a t i s n e e d e d b y e v e r y o n e i n v o l v e d : t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , o rg a n i z a t i o n s , c o m m u n i t i e s , a n d p ro f e s s i o n a l s .

FIGURE i A child wandering along the edge of the Mukuru slums in Nairobi, Kenya.

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1.0 > G LO B A L I Z AT I O N & I T S T R E N D S “ O n e b i l l i o n p e o p l e a r o u n d t h e w o r l d n o w l i v e i n c i t y s l u m s a n d t h e i r n u m b e r s a r e s e t t o d o u b l e o v e r t h e n e x t 2 5 y e a r s . B u t s l u m s a r e n o m o r e i n e v i t a b l e t h a n t h e y a r e a c c e p t a b l e . W h i l e i t m a y b e d i f f i c u l t t o o v e r c o m e r e l a t i v e p o v e r t y, i t i s p e r f e c t l y p o s s i b l e t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e p o o r a r e p r o v i d e d w i t h a d e q u a t e s h e l t e r a n d b a s i c s e r v i c e s . ” 4

– A n n a T i b a i j u k a –

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The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; UN-HABITAT

Planet of Slums; Mike Davis (Population rank from Thomas Brinkhoff: www.citypopulation.de; GDP rank from Denise Pumain: Scaling Laws and Urban Systems)

Ea st

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A m

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a &

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4.54.6

2.2

2.2 2.5

-0.2

2.7

3.4 3.8

2.9 3.0

1.3

2.3

1.3

0.720.75

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tokyo Tokyo Mexico City New York New York Los Angeles Seoul Osaka Sao Paulo Paris (25) Mumbai London (19) Delhi Chicago (26) Los Angeles San Francisco (35) Osaka Dusseldorf (46) Jakarta Boston (48)

2000 Population Rank

1996 GDP Rank (2000 pop. rank)

19 90 19 95 20

05 20 10 20

15 20 20

20 00

393,105,000

384,644,000

299,150,000

162,626,000

51,815,000

49,659,000

FIGURE 1.1 Slum Population Projections by region 1990-2020 (millions)

Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & the Carribean Asia Developed World

FIGURE 1.2 Population versus GDP by 10 largest cities

FIGURE 1.3 Annual Growth of City and Slum Populations 1990-2001 (%)

Urban Growth Slum Growth

W E S T E R N A S I A

D E V E L O P E D W O R L D

E A S T E R N A S

I A

S U B - S

A H A R

A N A F

R I C A

L A T I N A M E R I C A

S O U T H E R N

A S I A

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; UN-HABITAT

Planet of Slums; Mike Davis (Population rank from Thomas Brinkhoff: www.citypopulation.de; GDP rank from Denise Pumain: Scaling Laws and Urban Systems)

Ea st

er n

As ia

So ut

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A si

W es

te rn

A si

So ut

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-S ah

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A fr

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N or

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n Af

ric a

D ev

el op

ed W

or ld

La tin

A m

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a &

th e

C ar

ib be

4.54.6

2.2

2.2 2.5

-0.2

2.7

3.4 3.8

2.9 3.0

1.3

2.3

1.3

0.720.75

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tokyo Tokyo Mexico City New York New York Los Angeles Seoul Osaka Sao Paulo Paris (25) Mumbai London (19) Delhi Chicago (26) Los Angeles San Francisco (35) Osaka Dusseldorf (46) Jakarta Boston (48)

2000 Population Rank

1996 GDP Rank (2000 pop. rank)

19 90 19 95 20

05 20 10 20

15 20 20

20 00

393,105,000

384,644,000

299,150,000

162,626,000

51,815,000

49,659,000

FIGURE 1.1 Slum Population Projections by region 1990-2020 (millions)

Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & the Carribean Asia Developed World

FIGURE 1.2 Population versus GDP by 10 largest cities

FIGURE 1.3 Annual Growth of City and Slum Populations 1990-2001 (%)

Urban Growth Slum Growth

W E S T E R N A S I A

D E V E L O P E D W O R L D

E A S T E R N A S

I A

S U B - S

A H A R

A N A F

R I C A

L A T I N A M E R I C A

S O U T H E R N

A S I A

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; UN-HABITAT

Planet of Slums; Mike Davis (Population rank from Thomas Brinkhoff: www.citypopulation.de; GDP rank from Denise Pumain: Scaling Laws and Urban Systems)

Ea st

er n

As ia

So ut

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A si

W es

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A si

So ut

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n Af

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La tin

A m

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a &

th e

C ar

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4.54.6

2.2

2.2 2.5

-0.2

2.7

3.4 3.8

2.9 3.0

1.3

2.3

1.3

0.720.75

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tokyo Tokyo Mexico City New York New York Los Angeles Seoul Osaka Sao Paulo Paris (25) Mumbai London (19) Delhi Chicago (26) Los Angeles San Francisco (35) Osaka Dusseldorf (46) Jakarta Boston (48)

2000 Population Rank

1996 GDP Rank (2000 pop. rank)

19 90 19 95 20

05 20 10 20

15 20 20

20 00

393,105,000

384,644,000

299,150,000

162,626,000

51,815,000

49,659,000

FIGURE 1.1 Slum Population Projections by region 1990-2020 (millions)

Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & the Carribean Asia Developed World

FIGURE 1.2 Population versus GDP by 10 largest cities

FIGURE 1.3 Annual Growth of City and Slum Populations 1990-2001 (%)

Urban Growth Slum Growth

W E S T E R N A S I A

D E V E L O P E D W O R L D

E A S T E R N A S

I A

S U B - S

A H A R

A N A F

R I C A

L A T I N A M E R I C A

S O U T H E R N

A S I A

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; UN-HABITAT

Planet of Slums; Mike Davis (Population rank from Thomas Brinkhoff: www.citypopulation.de; GDP rank from Denise Pumain: Scaling Laws and Urban Systems)

Ea st

er n

As ia

So ut

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A si

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D ev

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ed W

or ld

La tin

A m

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a &

th e

C ar

ib be

4.54.6

2.2

2.2 2.5

-0.2

2.7

3.4 3.8

2.9 3.0

1.3

2.3

1.3

0.720.75

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tokyo Tokyo Mexico City New York New York Los Angeles Seoul Osaka Sao Paulo Paris (25) Mumbai London (19) Delhi Chicago (26) Los Angeles San Francisco (35) Osaka Dusseldorf (46) Jakarta Boston (48)

2000 Population Rank

1996 GDP Rank (2000 pop. rank)

19 90 19 95 20

05 20 10 20

15 20 20

20 00

393,105,000

384,644,000

299,150,000

162,626,000

51,815,000

49,659,000

FIGURE 1.1 Slum Population Projections by region 1990-2020 (millions)

Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & the Carribean Asia Developed World

FIGURE 1.2 Population versus GDP by 10 largest cities

FIGURE 1.3 Annual Growth of City and Slum Populations 1990-2001 (%)

Urban Growth Slum Growth

W E S T E R N A S I A

D E V E L O P E D W O R L D

E A S T E R N A S

I A

S U B - S

A H A R

A N A F

R I C A

L A T I N A M E R I C A

S O U T H E R N

A S I A

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; UN-HABITAT

Planet of Slums; Mike Davis (Population rank from Thomas Brinkhoff: www.citypopulation.de; GDP rank from Denise Pumain: Scaling Laws and Urban Systems)

Ea st

er n

As ia

So ut

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A si

W es

te rn

A si

So ut

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S ub

-S ah

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N or

th er

n Af

ric a

D ev

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ed W

or ld

La tin

A m

er ic

a &

th e

C ar

ib be

4.54.6

2.2

2.2 2.5

-0.2

2.7

3.4 3.8

2.9 3.0

1.3

2.3

1.3

0.720.75

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tokyo Tokyo Mexico City New York New York Los Angeles Seoul Osaka Sao Paulo Paris (25) Mumbai London (19) Delhi Chicago (26) Los Angeles San Francisco (35) Osaka Dusseldorf (46) Jakarta Boston (48)

2000 Population Rank

1996 GDP Rank (2000 pop. rank)

19 90 19 95 20

05 20 10 20

15 20 20

20 00

393,105,000

384,644,000

299,150,000

162,626,000

51,815,000

49,659,000

FIGURE 1.1 Slum Population Projections by region 1990-2020 (millions)

Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & the Carribean Asia Developed World

FIGURE 1.2 Population versus GDP by 10 largest cities

FIGURE 1.3 Annual Growth of City and Slum Populations 1990-2001 (%)

Urban Growth Slum Growth

W E S T E R N A S I A

D E V E L O P E D W O R L D

E A S T E R N A S

I A

S U B - S

A H A R

A N A F

R I C A

L A T I N A M E R I C A

S O U T H E R N

A S I A

The Millennium Development Goals Report 2006, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs; UN-HABITAT

Planet of Slums; Mike Davis (Population rank from Thomas Brinkhoff: www.citypopulation.de; GDP rank from Denise Pumain: Scaling Laws and Urban Systems)

Ea st

er n

As ia

So ut

he rn

A si

W es

te rn

A si

So ut

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n As

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4.54.6

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2.2 2.5

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2.7

3.4 3.8

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1.3

0.720.75

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Tokyo Tokyo Mexico City New York New York Los Angeles Seoul Osaka Sao Paulo Paris (25) Mumbai London (19) Delhi Chicago (26) Los Angeles San Francisco (35) Osaka Dusseldorf (46) Jakarta Boston (48)

2000 Population Rank

1996 GDP Rank (2000 pop. rank)

19 90 19 95 20

05 20 10 20

15 20 20

20 00

393,105,000

384,644,000

299,150,000

162,626,000

51,815,000

49,659,000

FIGURE 1.1 Slum Population Projections by region 1990-2020 (millions)

Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & the Carribean Asia Developed World

FIGURE 1.2 Population versus GDP by 10 largest cities

FIGURE 1.3 Annual Growth of City and Slum Populations 1990-2001 (%)

Urban Growth Slum Growth

W E S T E R N A S I A

D E V E L O P E D W O R L D

E A S T E R N A S

I A

S U B - S

A H A R

A N A F

R I C A

L A T I N A M E R I C A

S O U T H E R N

A S I A

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ON SLUMS

S l u m s , i n f o r m a l s e t t l e m e n t s , s h a n t y t o w n s , f a v e l a , g h e t t o s : a l l o f t h e s e w o rd s d e s c r i b e a n u r b a n t y p o l o g y t h a t h a s b e c o m e t h e f o c u s o f i n t e n s e i n t e re s t f o r a rc h i t e c t s , u r b a n i s t s , s o c i a l - e c o n o m i s t s , a n d s c h o l a r s s u c h a s Re m Ko o l h a u s , Ro b e r t N e u w i r t h , J e f f re y D . S a c h s a n d M i k e D a v i s . A l t h o u g h n o t n e w , t h i s u r b a n t y p o l o g y o f s q u a l i d , o v e r l y- d e n s e c o m m u n i t i e s h a s b u rg e o n e d o v e r t h e l a s t d e c a d e t o o v e r 1 b i l l i o n p e o p l e . To d a y, a l m o s t h a l f o f t h e w o r l d ’ s u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n a re l i v i n g i n s l u m s .

W h a t i s a “ s l u m ” ? T h e U N - H A B I T A T re p o r t , T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S l u m s , d e f i n e s “ s l u m ” a s a “ h o u s e h o l d o r g ro u p o f i n d i v i d u a l s l i v i n g u n d e r t h e s a m e ro o f t h a t l a c k o n e o r m o re o f t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n d i t i o n s : a c c e s s t o s a l e w a t e r ; a c c e s s t o s a n i t a t i o n ; s e c u re t e n u re ; d u r a b i l i t y o f h o u s i n g ; a n d s u f f i c i e n t l i v i n g a re a . ” 5 T h i s o p e r a t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n , o f f i c i a l l y a d o p t e d a t a U N m e e t i n g i n N a i ro b i o n O c t o b e r 2 0 0 2 , i s “ re s t r i c t e d t o t h e p h y s i c a l a n d l e g a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e s e t t l e m e n t , ” a n d s h i e s a w a y f ro m t h e m o re d i f f i c u l t - t o - m e a s u re s o c i a l d i m e n s i o n s ; h o w e v e r, i n m o s t c a s e s , i s e q u a l l y re l a t e d t o b o t h t h e e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l c i rc u m s t a n c e s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l o r c o m m u n i t y. 6

I n 2 0 0 5 , A s i a a l o n e h a d a p p ro x i m a t e l y 5 8 0 m i l l i o n p e o p l e l i v i n g i n s l u m s , w i t h a m a j o r i t y o f t h e i n c re a s e o c c u r r i n g i n t w o re g i o n s : E a s t e r n A s i a , w i t h 2 1 2 m i l l i o n a n d S o u t h e r n A s i a w i t h 2 7 6 m i l l i o n . A s i a ’ s g ro w t h w a s f o l l o w e d b y s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a , w h e re 1 9 9 m i l l i o n p e o p l e w e re re c o rd e d t o b e l i v i n g i n s l u m s . B y 2 0 2 0 , A f r i c a ’ s s l u m p o p u l a t i o n i s e x p e c t e d t o m o re t h a n d o u b l e e x c e e d i n g b o t h S o u t h e r n a n d E a s t e r n A s i a , w i t h a s l u m p o p u l a t i o n o f 3 9 3 m i l l i o n p e o p l e , t h e h i g h e s t g ro w i n g r a t e i n t h e w o r l d . S o u t h e r n a n d E a s t e r n A s i a ’ s p o p u l a t i o n s w i l l r i s e t o a n e s t i m a t e d 3 8 5 m i l l i o n a n d 2 9 9 m i l l i o n re s p e c t i v e l y ( F i g . 1 . 1 ) . 7

W h e n w e s e e t h e s t a t i s t i c s o n g ro w i n g p o p u l a t i o n s i n c i t i e s , w e t y p i c a l l y a s s u m e , t h ro u g h p re c o n c e p t i o n s , t h a t u r b a n i z a t i o n e q u a l s a d v a n c i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s . H o w e v e r, i n h i s b o o k , P l a n e t o f t h e S l u m s , D a v i s re v e a l s t h e re a l i t y o f T h i rd Wo r l d u r b a n i z a t i o n a n d h o w i t s d y n a m i c s “ b o t h re c a p i t u l a t e a n d c o n f o u n d t h e p re c e d e n t s o f t h e n i n e t e e n t h - a n d e a r l y- t w e n t i e t h - c e n t u r y E u ro p e a n d N o r t h A m e r i c a . ” 8 T h e s i z e o f a c i t y ’ s e c o n o m y i n re l a t i o n t o i t s p o p u l a t i o n s i z e u n e x p e c t e d l y h a v e l i t t l e i n c o m m o n a n d t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t u r b a n i z a t i o n a n d e c o n o m i c p ro s p e r i t y g o h a n d - i n - h a n d i s d e c o u p l e d w h e n y o u b e g i n t o l o o k a t t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d , a n d e s p e c i a l l y t h e c o u n t r i e s i n s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a ( F i g 1 . 2 ) . S o h o w h a v e t h e s e c o u n t r i e s , w i t h l a c k o f u r b a n e m p l o y m e n t a n d d e c l i n i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l p ro d u c t i v i t y, b e e n a b l e t o s u s t a i n t h e h i g h e s t a n n u a l u r b a n i z a t i o n r a t e s ? D a v i s e x p l a i n s :

“ T h e s e c i t i e s , i n s p i t e o f t h e i r s t a g n a n t o r n e g a t i v e e c o n o m i c g ro w t h , a n d w i t h o u t n e c e s s a r y i n v e s t m e n t i n n e w i n f r a s t ru c t u re , e d u c a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s , o r p u b l i c - h e a l t h s y s t e m s – h a v e h a r v e s t e d t h i s w o r l d a g r a r i a n c r i s i s . R a t h e r t h a n t h e c l a s s i c a l s t e re o t y p e o f t h e l a b o u r- i n t e n s i v e c o u n t r y s i d e a n d t h e c a p i t a l i n t e n s i v e i n d u s t r i a l m e t ro p o l i s , t h e T h i rd W o r l d n o w

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FIGURE 1.4 Rocinha Favela-Bairro, a hillside shantytown in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

FIGURE 1.5 Dharavi Slums, a slum community encroaching onto a sewage line in Mumbai, India.

FIGURE 1.6 Kibera, the oldest slum in Nairobi, Kenya.

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c o n t a i n s m a n y e x a m p l e s o f c a p i t a l - i n t e n s i v e c o u n t r y s i d e s a n d l a b o u r- i n t e n s i v e d e i n d u s t r i a l i z e d c i t i e s . “ O v e ru r b a n i z a t i o n , ” i n o t h e r w o rd s , i s d r i v e n b y t h e re p ro d u c t i o n o f p o v e r t y, n o t b y t h e s u p p l y o f j o b s . T h i s i s o n e o f t h e u n e x p e c t e d t r a c k s d o w n w h i c h a n e o l i b e r a l w o r l d - o rd e r i s s h u n t i n g t h e f u t u re . ” 9

S o m e a rg u e t h a t t h e c o n d i t i o n o f c i t i e s i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d i s a n a t u r a l p ro g re s s i o n t o w a rd s e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t h a t t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s a re m o v i n g i n t h e r i g h t d i re c t i o n i n t e r m s o f i n c re a s e d c o m m e rc e a n d t r a d e . Ye t t h e s e n e w u r b a n c e n t re s a re e x p e r i e n c i n g a b a c k - t r a c k o f p ro g re s s i o n . I n M a rc h o f 2 0 0 5 , t h e B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t re l e a s e d T h e C o m m i s s i o n f o r A f r i c a R e p o r t , w i t h t h e c l e a r m e s s a g e t h a t u r b a n i s a t i o n i s o n e o f t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t c h a l l e n g e s f a c i n g A f r i c a n s t o d a y, s e c o n d o n l y t o t h e H I V / A I D S e p i d e m i c . 10 C o n d i t i o n s a re u n l i v e a b l e a n d o v e rc ro w d e d w i t h i n s e c u re h o u s i n g , l a c k o f o w n e r s h i p , a n d l a c k o f b a s i c p u b l i c s e r v i c e s s u c h a s e l e c t r i c i t y, ro a d s , a n d s e w a g e . E d u c a t i o n i s e x t re m e l y l i m i t e d a n d t h e d e g re e o f h e a l t h r i s k i s v e r y h i g h . S l u m l i f e c re a t e s e n o r m o u s p h y s i c a l , s o c i o l o g i c a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l b u rd e n s o n i t s re s i d e n t s p ro p a g a t i n g f e a r a n d i n s e c u r i t y, v i o l e n c e a n d e x c l u s i o n . Ye t , a s a d v e r s e a s i t m a y s e e m , c o u n t l e s s p e o p l e a re m o v i n g i n t o u r b a n s l u m s f o r t w o m a i n re a s o n s – a n t i c i p a t e d l o w- c o s t s o f l i v i n g a n d e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t y i n t h e i n f o r m a l m a r k e t : “ g e n e r a l l y s m a l l s c a l e i n d u s t r i e s a n d c o m m e rc i a l a c t i v i t i e s t h a t a re n o t re g i s t e re d e n t e r p r i s e s b u t p ro v i d e l a rg e a m o u n t s o f p ro d u c t s a n d s e r v i c e s t h a t p e o p l e u s e e a c h d a y. ” 11 W i t h o u t t h e s e s m a l l e x c h a n g e s o f p ro d u c t s a n d s e r v i c e s , m a n y c i t i e s i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d w o u l d c o m e t o a s t a n d s t i l l . F u r t h e r m o re , t h e s t re e t s o f t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s a re c o n s t a n t l y f i l l e d w i t h p e o p l e a n d a c t i v i t y, c o l l e c t i v e l y c re a t i n g a m o re c o m m u n a l a n d s o c i a l l y d y n a m i c e n v i ro n m e n t . B u t t h e s e f e w p o s i t i v e a t t r i b u t e s d o n o t i n a n y w a y j u s t i f y t h e c o n t i n u e d e x i s t e n c e o f s l u m s a n d s h o u l d n o t b e u s e d a s a n e x c u s e f o r t h e s l o w p ro g re s s i o n t o w a rd s t h e g o a l o f p ro v i d i n g b a s i c l i v i n g n e c e s s i t i e s f o r a l l , a n d e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e m o s t v u l n e r a b l e p o p u l a t i o n – t h e o r p h a n s , t h e c o m m u n i t y ’ s f u t u re . T h e re f o re , t h e re i s a n u rg e n t n e e d f o r l o w- c o s t u r b a n l i v i n g t h a t f o c u s e s o n g e n e r a t i n g a c o m m u n i t y t h a t s u p p o r t s t h e m i l l i o n s o f c h i l d re n w h o a re c u r re n t l y g ro w i n g w i t h n o s u p p o r t .

I n h i s b o o k S h a d o w C i t i e s , N e u w i r t h re v e a l s a n e w w a y o f l o o k i n g a t t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s . R a t h e r t h a n s e e i n g t h e m a s d i l a p i d a t e d , h o p e l e s s , a n d “ i n v i s i b l e ” , w h a t t h e w o r l d ’ s s q u a t t e r s n e e d t h e m o s t i s t h e r i g h t t o s t a y w h e re t h e y a re . T h ro u g h t h i s s i m p l e f o u n d a t i o n , t h e f u t u re p ro g re s s o f t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s c a n b e g i n t o t a k e a s t e p t o w a rd s i m p ro v e m e n t .

“ To d a y, t h e w o r l d ’ s s q u a t t e r s a re d e m o n s t r a t i n g a n e w w a y f o r w a rd i n t h e f i g h t t o c re a t e a m o re e q u i t a b l e g l o b e . W i t h o u t a n y l a w s t o s u p p o r t t h e m , t h e y a re m a k i n g t h e i r i m p ro p e r, i l l e g a l c o m m u n i t i e s g ro w a n d p ro s p e r. W e d o n’ t n e e d t o c ru s h t h e i r c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h o u r h a rd - n o s e d c o n c e p t i o n o f p ro p e r t y r i g h t s . I n s t e a d , w e c a n l e a r n f ro m t h e m h o w p o s s e s s i o n c a n t ru m p p ro p e r t y : h o w p e o p l e w i t h n o r i g h t t o a n y l a n d c a n p ro d u c e m o re h o u s i n g t h e n p e o p l e w h o h a v e a t i t l e d e e d . ” 12

�

M ill

io ns

W O

R L D W

I D E

S U B -

S A H A

R A N

A F R I C A

S U B - S A H A

R A N A F R I

C A

O R P H A N S I N

The num ber of c

hildren

orphan ed by A

IDS wil l

continu e to ris

e for at

least th e next d

ecade.* *

1980 ‘81 ‘82 ‘83 ‘84 ‘85 ‘86 ‘87 ‘88 ‘89 ‘90 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 2010 2030 2050

50 First cases of an unusual immune deficiency are identified among gay men in the USA, and a new deadly disease noticed

Brazil becomes the first developing country to provide antiretroviral therapy through the public health system

In Africa, a heterosexual AIDS epidemic is revealed

The first therapy for AIDS - zidovudine (AZT) - is approved for use in the USA

2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UN-HABITAT

The Joint UNAIDS/UNICEF/USAID collaboration July 2004 Report of New Orphans Estimates and Framework for Action

People living with HIV/AIDS Children Orphaned by AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa

FIGURE 1.7 25 Years of AIDS

M ill

io ns

W O

R L D W

I D E

S U B -

S A H A

R A N

A F R I C A

S U B - S A H A

R A N A F R I

C A

O R P H A N S I N

The num ber of c

hildren

orphan ed by A

IDS wil l

continu e to ris

e for at

least th e next d

ecade.* *

1980 ‘81 ‘82 ‘83 ‘84 ‘85 ‘86 ‘87 ‘88 ‘89 ‘90 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 2010 2030 2050

50 First cases of an unusual immune deficiency are identified among gay men in the USA, and a new deadly disease noticed

Brazil becomes the first developing country to provide antiretroviral therapy through the public health system

In Africa, a heterosexual AIDS epidemic is revealed

The first therapy for AIDS - zidovudine (AZT) - is approved for use in the USA

2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UN-HABITAT

The Joint UNAIDS/UNICEF/USAID collaboration July 2004 Report of New Orphans Estimates and Framework for Action

People living with HIV/AIDS Children Orphaned by AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa

FIGURE 1.7 25 Years of AIDS

�0

M ill

io ns

W O

R L D W

I D E

S U B -

S A H A

R A N

A F R I C A

S U B - S A H A

R A N A F R I

C A

O R P H A N S I N

The num ber of c

hildren

orphan ed by A

IDS wil l

continu e to ris

e for at

least th e next d

ecade.* *

1980 ‘81 ‘82 ‘83 ‘84 ‘85 ‘86 ‘87 ‘88 ‘89 ‘90 ‘91 ‘92 ‘93 ‘94 ‘95 ‘96 ‘97 ‘98 ‘99 ‘00 ‘01 ‘02 ‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘06 ‘07 2010 2030 2050

50 First cases of an unusual immune deficiency are identified among gay men in the USA, and a new deadly disease noticed

Brazil becomes the first developing country to provide antiretroviral therapy through the public health system

In Africa, a heterosexual AIDS epidemic is revealed

The first therapy for AIDS - zidovudine (AZT) - is approved for use in the USA

2006 Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic, UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, UN-HABITAT

The Joint UNAIDS/UNICEF/USAID collaboration July 2004 Report of New Orphans Estimates and Framework for Action

People living with HIV/AIDS Children Orphaned by AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa

FIGURE 1.7 25 Years of AIDS

ON HIV/AIDS

H I V / A I D S w a s f i r s t d e t e c t e d i n 1 9 8 1 i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . Re a l i z i n g i t s r a p i d l y s p re a d i n g c h a r a c t e r, t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d c i t i z e n s t o o k a c t i o n t o s t o p i t s s p re a d . A s o f 2 0 0 4 , t h e n u m b e r o f d e a t h s i n t h e U . S . d u e t o H I V / A I D S h a d d ro p p e d 8 % . To d a y, t h e re a re a p p ro x i m a t e l y 1 . 2 m i l l i o n p e o p l e i n f e c t e d b y H I V / A I D S i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , w i t h t h e c u m u l a t i v e e s t i m a t e d n u m b e r o f d e a t h s o f p e r s o n s w i t h A I D S b e i n g 5 2 9 , 1 1 3 . 13 C u r re n t l y, t h e H I V p re v a l e n c e r a t e i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s 0 . 6 p e rc e n t . C a n a d a h a s a l o w e r p re v a l e n c e r a t e o f 0 . 3 p e rc e n t . S u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a h o w e v e r, t e l l s a d i f f e re n t s t o r y a s u r b a n i s a t i o n i s n o t t h e o n l y m a j o r i s s u e t h i s re g i o n i s f a c i n g .

I n B o t s w a n a , t h e A I D S p re v a l e n c e r a t e i s 2 4 . 1 p e rc e n t , i n Z i m b a b w e 2 0 . 1 p e rc e n t , i n S o u t h A f r i c a 1 8 . 8 p e rc e n t a n d i n Ke n y a 6 . 1 p e rc e n t . 14 I n j u s t 2 5 y e a r s , H I V h a s i n c e s s a n t l y s p re a d f ro m a f e w re m o t e c a s e s t o n e a r l y e v e r y c o u n t r y i n t h e w o r l d , i n f e c t i n g 6 4 m i l l i o n a n d k i l l i n g 2 5 m i l l i o n p e o p l e t h u s f a r. To d a y, t h e re a re 3 9 m i l l i o n p e o p l e i n t h e w o r l d l i v i n g w i t h H I V / A I D S . O u t o f t h a t , 2 4 . 5 m i l l i o n a re i n s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a – o v e r 6 0 % o f t h e w o r l d t o t a l ( F i g u re 1 . 7 ) . E v e r y d a y, 5 , 5 0 0 A f r i c a n s d i e o f A I D S , a c c u m u l a t i n g t o a p p ro x i m a t e l y 2 m i l l i o n p e o p l e p e r y e a r, a t o t a l t h a t i s s t a g g e r i n g l y g re a t e r t h a n t h e c u m u l a t i v e 5 2 9 , 1 1 3 d e a t h s s i n c e 1 9 8 1 ( t o 2 0 0 4 ) i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . T h i s i s n o t t o d i m i n i s h t h e s e v e r i t y o f H I V / A I D S i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o r a n y o t h e r d e v e l o p e d c o u n t r y ; n o r i s i t t o l e s s e n t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t re a t m e n t a n d p re v e n t i o n . T h e e m p h a s i s o f t h e s e s t a t i s t i c s i s s i m p l y t o i l l u s t r a t e t h e e x t re m e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t a re p re s e n t t o d a y i n A f r i c a .

“ I f A I D S w a s a t t h e r a t e i n t h e U n i t e s S t a t e s t h a t i t i s i n A f r i c a , w e w o u l d n o t b e c o n c e r n e d w i t h c o s t . W e w o u l d b u i l d [ h o u s e s a n d c l i n i c s ] a n d k e e p b u i l d i n g u n t i l w e c a n p u t a s t o p t o t h i s p a n d e m i c . ” 15

A m a j o r i t y o f t h e d e a t h s d u e t o A I D S i n s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a o c c u r i n t h e 1 9 - 4 5 a g e g ro u p – t h e r a n g e t h a t i s s u p p o s e t o b e t h e m a j o r w o r k i n g a n d e c o n o m i c f o rc e o f a c o u n t r y ( F i g u re 1 . 8 ) . W i t h t h e c u r re n t g e n e r a t i o n o f p a re n t s , t e a c h e r s , n u r s e s , a n d d o c t o r s d y i n g , t h e n u m b e r o f o r p h a n s i s o n t h e r i s e , w i t h a s t a g g e r i n g 1 5 m i l l i o n o r p h a n s i n s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a . I n Z a m b i a , 2 3 p e rc e n t o f a l l c h i l d re n a re o r p h a n s , w i t h n u m b e r s e x p e c t e d t o r i s e t o 1 i n 3 b y 2 0 1 0 . I n S w a z i l a n d , i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t u p t o 1 5 p e rc e n t o f t h e e n t i re p o p u l a t i o n w i l l b e o r p h a n e d b y 2 0 1 0 . 16 W i t h c o m m u n i t i e s l o o s i n g a g e n e r a t i o n o f a d u l t s , t h e re s p o n s i b i l i t y o f r a i s i n g t h e s e c h i l d re n l i e s i n t h e i r e x t e n d e d f a m i l i e s a n d t h e i r c o m m u n i t y.

T h e o r p h a n i n g o f m i l l i o n s o f c h i l d re n a n d t h e d e v a s t a t i o n t h a t m o s t o f t h e m w i l l f a c e i s u n l i k e a n y t h i n g h u m a n i t y h a s e n c o u n t e re d . Le s s t h a n s e v e n p e rc e n t o f c h i l d re n w h o re q u i re t re a t m e n t f o r H I V / A I D S a re a b l e t o re c e i v e i t . Wo r l d w i d e , a n e s t i m a t e d 3 8 0 , 0 0 0 c h i l d re n u n d e r a g e 1 5 d i e d o f A I D S i n 2 0 0 6 a l o n e – t h a t i s c o m p a r a b l e t o l o s i n g 8 5 p e rc e n t o f To ro n t o ’ s c h i l d re n i n t h a t s a m e a g e g ro u p . 17 W i t h t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h i s p a n d e m i c o c c u r r i n g i n d e v e l o p i n g n a t i o n s , i t w i l l b e t h e c h i l d re n l i v i n g i n

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1990 1995 2000 20102007

500,000 3 million 8 million 15 million 19 million +

Represents 1 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa

FIGURE 1.10 Increasing population of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa 1990-2010

N ig

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State of World’s Cities 2006/7 - The Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainablility: 30 years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda, UN-HABITAT

Africa’s Oprhaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children Affected by AIDS Report, August 2006, UNICEF

FIGURE 1.8 HIV prevalence among men and women aged 15-49 in urban and rural areas in selected sub-Saharan African countries 2000-2004 (%)

Urban HIV Prevalence Rate Rural HIV Prevalence Rate

FIGURE 1.9 Orphans living in urban and rural conditions in selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa 2000-2004 (%)

Urban condition Rural condition

1990 1995 2000 20102007

500,000 3 million 8 million 15 million 19 million +

Represents 1 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa

FIGURE 1.10 Increasing population of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa 1990-2010

N ig

er ia

Ke ny

G ha

M ad

ag as

ca r

Bu rk

in a

Fa so

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er oo

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nd a

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bi a

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th o

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in a

Fa so

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er oo

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nd a

State of World’s Cities 2006/7 - The Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainablility: 30 years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda, UN-HABITAT

Africa’s Oprhaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children Affected by AIDS Report, August 2006, UNICEF

FIGURE 1.8 HIV prevalence among men and women aged 15-49 in urban and rural areas in selected sub-Saharan African countries 2000-2004 (%)

Urban HIV Prevalence Rate Rural HIV Prevalence Rate

FIGURE 1.9 Orphans living in urban and rural conditions in selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa 2000-2004 (%)

Urban condition Rural condition

1990 1995 2000 20102007

500,000 3 million 8 million 15 million 19 million +

Represents 1 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa

FIGURE 1.10 Increasing population of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa 1990-2010

N ig

er ia

Ke ny

G ha

M ad

ag as

ca r

Bu rk

in a

Fa so

C am

er oo

U ga

nd a

Za m

bi a

Ke ny

G ha

Le so

th o

Bu rk

in a

Fa so

C am

er oo

U ga

nd a

State of World’s Cities 2006/7 - The Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainablility: 30 years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda, UN-HABITAT

Africa’s Oprhaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children Affected by AIDS Report, August 2006, UNICEF

FIGURE 1.8 HIV prevalence among men and women aged 15-49 in urban and rural areas in selected sub-Saharan African countries 2000-2004 (%)

Urban HIV Prevalence Rate Rural HIV Prevalence Rate

FIGURE 1.9 Orphans living in urban and rural conditions in selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa 2000-2004 (%)

Urban condition Rural condition

1990 1995 2000 20102007

500,000 3 million 8 million 15 million 19 million +

Represents 1 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa

FIGURE 1.10 Increasing population of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa 1990-2010

N ig

er ia

Ke ny

G ha

M ad

ag as

ca r

Bu rk

in a

Fa so

C am

er oo

U ga

nd a

Za m

bi a

Ke ny

G ha

Le so

th o

Bu rk

in a

Fa so

C am

er oo

U ga

nd a

State of World’s Cities 2006/7 - The Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainablility: 30 years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda, UN-HABITAT

Africa’s Oprhaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children Affected by AIDS Report, August 2006, UNICEF

FIGURE 1.8 HIV prevalence among men and women aged 15-49 in urban and rural areas in selected sub-Saharan African countries 2000-2004 (%)

Urban HIV Prevalence Rate Rural HIV Prevalence Rate

FIGURE 1.9 Orphans living in urban and rural conditions in selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa 2000-2004 (%)

Urban condition Rural condition

1990 1995 2000 20102007

500,000 3 million 8 million 15 million 19 million +

Represents 1 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa

FIGURE 1.10 Increasing population of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa 1990-2010

N ig

er ia

Ke ny

G ha

M ad

ag as

ca r

Bu rk

in a

Fa so

C am

er oo

U ga

nd a

Za m

bi a

Ke ny

G ha

Le so

th o

Bu rk

in a

Fa so

C am

er oo

U ga

nd a

State of World’s Cities 2006/7 - The Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainablility: 30 years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda, UN-HABITAT

Africa’s Oprhaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children Affected by AIDS Report, August 2006, UNICEF

FIGURE 1.8 HIV prevalence among men and women aged 15-49 in urban and rural areas in selected sub-Saharan African countries 2000-2004 (%)

Urban HIV Prevalence Rate Rural HIV Prevalence Rate

FIGURE 1.9 Orphans living in urban and rural conditions in selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa 2000-2004 (%)

Urban condition Rural condition

1990 1995 2000 20102007

500,000 3 million 8 million 15 million 19 million +

Represents 1 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa

FIGURE 1.10 Increasing population of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa 1990-2010

N ig

er ia

Ke ny

G ha

M ad

ag as

ca r

Bu rk

in a

Fa so

C am

er oo

U ga

nd a

Za m

bi a

Ke ny

G ha

Le so

th o

Bu rk

in a

Fa so

C am

er oo

U ga

nd a

State of World’s Cities 2006/7 - The Millennium Development Goals and Urban Sustainablility: 30 years of Shaping the Habitat Agenda, UN-HABITAT

Africa’s Oprhaned and Vulnerable Generations: Children Affected by AIDS Report, August 2006, UNICEF

FIGURE 1.8 HIV prevalence among men and women aged 15-49 in urban and rural areas in selected sub-Saharan African countries 2000-2004 (%)

Urban HIV Prevalence Rate Rural HIV Prevalence Rate

FIGURE 1.9 Orphans living in urban and rural conditions in selected countries of sub-Saharan Africa 2000-2004 (%)

Urban condition Rural condition

��

t h o s e n a t i o n s t h a t w i l l b e c a r r y i n g t h e w e i g h t o f t h i s p a n d e m i c ’ s b u rd e n . B e y o n d t h e 2 . 3 m i l l i o n c h i l d re n a c t u a l l y i n f e c t e d w i t h H I V, t h e re a re o v e r 1 5 m i l l i o n c h i l d re n i n s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a w h o h a v e l o s t o n e o r b o t h p a re n t s t o A I D S , a n d a p p ro x i m a t e l y 4 4 m i l l i o n o r p h a n s w h o h a v e l o s t t h e i r p a re n t s d u e t o a l l c a u s e s f a c e d b y m a n y d e v e l o p i n g n a t i o n s ( A I D S , m a l a r i a , p o v e r t y, c o n f l i c t , e t c . ) . B y 2 0 1 0 , t h e re w i l l b e a p p ro x i m a t e l y 1 8 m i l l i o n o r p h a n s d u e t o A I D S , a n d 5 3 m i l l i o n o r p h a n s d u e t o a l l c a u s e s i n s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a ( F i g u re 1 . 1 0 ) . M o re o v e r, i f c u r re n t i n f e c t i o n r a t e s c o n t i n u e , t h e d e m o g r a p h i c a l i m p a c t o n t h i s re g i o n w i l l b e t re m e n d o u s : “ u p t o 6 0 % o f A f r i c a ’ s 1 5 y e a r o l d s w i l l n o t re a c h t h e i r 6 0 t h b i r t h d a y. ” 18

T h e H I V / A I D S e p i d e m i c a f f e c t s e v e r y a s p e c t o f a c h i l d ’ s l i f e – f ro m f a m i l y, s c h o o l , t h e c o m m u n i t y, a n d t h e c h i l d ’ s s o c i a l w o r l d . T h e i m p a c t o f A I D S d e p r i v e s y o u t h o f t h e i r r i g h t t o a c h i l d h o o d . Te n - y e a r- o l d g i r l s t a k e o n t h e re s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e m o t h e r w h e n t h e i r p a re n t s p a s s a w a y. M a n y a re u n a b l e t o a t t e n d s c h o o l a n d m u s t f i n d w o r k i n o rd e r t o f e e d a n d r a i s e t h e i r y o u n g s i b l i n g s . C h i l d re n d o n o t g e t t h e c h a n c e t o c o p e w i t h t h e t r a g i c l o s s o f t h e i r p a re n t s , s o m e t h i n g t h a t t h e y m a y n o t b e a b l e t o c o m p re h e n d o r h a n d l e a t s u c h a y o u n g a g e – g e n e r a t i n g f u r t h e r p s y c h o l o g i c a l a n d e m o t i o n a l t r a u m a . B e c a u s e e c o n o m i c a n d s o c i a l f o rc e s o f t h e n a t i o n ( p a re n t s , t e a c h e r s , d o c t o r s ) a re d y i n g , s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a i s f a c i n g t h e w o r s t o r p h a n c r i s i s i n t h e w o r l d . C h i l d re n a re l o s i n g k e y ro l e m o d e l s t h a t e d u c a t e , g u i d e , a n d e q u i p t h e m t o b e c o m e s i g n i f i c a n t s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c c o n t r i b u t o r s f o r t h e f u t u re . To d a y ’ s g e n e r a t i o n o f c h i l d re n a re a t a n i n c re a s e d r i s k a s m o re a n d m o re o f t h e m e n d u p o n t h e c i t y s t re e t s ( F i g u re 1 . 9 ) a n d i n s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s , p re v e n t i n g a h e a l t h y a n d s a f e e n v i ro n m e n t i n w h i c h t o g ro w a n d l e a r n , e f f e c t i v e l y d i m i n i s h i n g t h e i r c h a n c e s o f e s c a p i n g p o v e r t y.

I n s p i t e o f t h e d i f f i c u l t c i rc u m s t a n c e s , t h e re a re m a n y i n d i v i d u a l s , o rg a n i z a t i o n s , a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s , l i k e T h e D o o r o f H o p e , t h a t a re a c t i n g u p o n t h e u rg e n c y o f t h e o r p h a n c r i s i s . N y u m b a n i i s a n o t h e r o r p h a n a g e l o c a t e d i n K a re n , a s u b u r b o f N a i ro b i , Ke n y a . F o u n d e d i n 1 9 9 2 , i t i s t h e f i r s t h o s p i c e f o r H I V p o s i t i v e ( H I V + ) o r p h a n s , p ro v i d i n g c o m p re h e n s i v e n u t r i t i o n a l , m e d i c a l , s p i r i t u a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l c a re . ‘ N y u m b a n i ’ , m e a n i n g ‘ h o m e ’ i n S w a h i l i , i s r a i s i n g a p p ro x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 c h i l d re n r a n g i n g i n a g e f ro m n e w b o r n s b a b i e s t o a s o l d a s t w e n t y- t h re e y e a r s o f a g e . T h e s e o r p h a n s c o m e f ro m a l l o v e r Ke n y a a n d re p re s e n t a l l t r i b e s a n d e t h n i c i t i e s o f t h e c o u n t r y. T h e o r p h a n a g e i s c u r re n t l y w o r k i n g o n N y u m b a n i V i l l a g e , a s e l f- s u s t a i n i n g c o m m u n i t y t h a t w i l l h o u s e b o t h t h e o r p h a n s a n d t h e e l d e r l y t h a t h a v e b e e n l e f t b e h i n d b y t h e “ m i d d l e ” g e n e r a t i o n . T h i s c o m m u n i t y w i l l c o n s i s t o f g ro u p h o m e s a n d c o m m u n i t y i n s t i t u t i o n s w i t h t h e p u r p o s e o f c re a t i n g a n u r t u r i n g a n d h e a l i n g e n v i ro n m e n t , i n h o p e s o f r a i s i n g a g e n e r a t i o n o f c h i l d re n t o p ro f i c i e n t a d u l t s . “ T h e g o a l i s t o p ro v i d e c o m p a s s i o n a n d s e r v i c e t o a l l a f f e c t e d b y A I D S , s o t h a t t h e y w i l l r i s e u p t o l e a d p ro d u c t i v e , s a f e , a n d c o m f o r t a b l e l i v e s . ” 19 B y t a k i n g t h e o r p h a n a n d b a s i n g t h e g ro w t h o f a c o m m u n i t y a ro u n d t h e c a re a n d u p b r i n g i n g o f t h e s e f u t u re re s i d e n t s , a n d b y s t r i v i n g t o p ro v i d e t h e i r b a s i c h u m a n n e c e s s i t i e s , t h e f u t u re f o r t h e o r p h a n a n d f o r t h e c i t y i s t a k i n g a s t e p i n t h e r i g h t d i re c t i o n .

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2.0 > S I T E A N A LY S I S “ C i n d e r s a n d f u m e s f r o m u n t e n d e d p i l e s o f b u r n i n g t r a s h m i n g l e w i t h a s h a n d s m o k e f r o m c h a r c o a l c o o k i n g f i r e s w h e r e w o m e n p r e p a r e m e a l s . A t n i g h t , k e r o s e n e f u m e s f r o m l a n t e r n s j o i n t h e s t e w. M o r e t h a n 8 0 p e r c e n t o f N a i r o b i ’ s h o u s e h o l d s u s e c h a r c o a l f o r c o o k i n g , b u t t h e a i r i s w o r s t i n n e i g h b o u r h o o d s s u c h a s t h i s , w h i c h l a c k b o t h e l e c t r i c i t y a n d t r a s h r e m o v a l . ” 20 – M o l l y O ’ M e a r a S h e e h a n –

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Cattle Maize Coffee Tea Sugar Cotton

F. AGRICULTURE Desert Desert, shrub, grass Savanna Coastal bush Montaine, riverine and coastal forest Marsh and swamp

E. VEGETATION

Kikuyu (22%) Luhya (14%) Luo (13%) Kalenjin (12%) Kamba (11%) Kisii (6%) Meru (6%) Maasai (2%) Other: African (13%) Minority (1%)

D. TRIBE DISTRIBUTION (% of population)

0-100 100-500 500-1000 1000-1500 >1500

NAIROBI

Somalian African Plate

northeasterly winds october to march

southeasterly winds april to september

Nubian African Plate

ARID

DRY

HUMID Mt. Kilimanjaro

Elev. +5895m

Mt. Kenya Elev. +5200m

LAKE RUDOLF

LAKE VICTORIA

NAIROBI

G R

E A

T R

IF T

VA LL

A. TERRAIN (elevation in meters) B. CLIMATE 0-100 100-200 200-500 500-1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-3000 3000-4000 >4000

C. POPULATION DENSITY (persons per km )

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KENYA

I n 1 8 9 5 , t h e B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t d e c i d e d t o b u i l d a r a i l w a y t h ro u g h Ke n y a i n t o U g a n d a , a c l a s s i c a l a c c l a i m t o V i c t o r i a n e n g i n e e r i n g . T h e Ke n y a U g a n d a R a i l w a y ( K U R ) t o o k s i x y e a r t o c o m p l e t e , c o s t i n g m a n y l a b o u re r s t h e i r l i v e s , a n d a l s o c o s t i n g m u c h m o re f i n a n c i a l l y t h a n w h a t t h e r a i l w a y w o u l d g i v e i n re t u r n a f t e r i t s c o m p l e t i o n . H o w e v e r, i t t r a n s f o r m e d t h e f u t u re o f E a s t A f r i c a , f o u n d i n g a n d c o n t r i b u t i n g t o t h e g ro w t h o f N a i ro b i , w h a t i s n o w t h e c a p i t a l c i t y o f Ke n y a . 21

D e s p i t e c o l o n i a l i s m – h a v i n g w o n t h e i r i n d e p e n d e n c e b y t h e B r i t i s h i n 1 9 6 4 – t h e c u l t u r a l i d e n t i t y o f t h e Ke n y a n p e o p l e i s s t i l l v e r y s t ro n g t o d a y. T h e re a re m a n y t r i b e s i n Ke n y a w h o s e a n c e s t o r s c a m e f ro m a l l o v e r A f r i c a b e g i n n i n g f ro m a ro u n d 1 0 0 0 A D . T h e f i r s t i m m i g r a n t s f ro m We s t A f r i c a a re a B a n t u - s p e a k i n g p e o p l e w h e re t h e f o l l o w i n g t r i b e s s t e m f ro m : G u s i i , K i k u y u , A k a m b a a n d M e r u t r i b e s . B y t h e e n d o f t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y, t h e s e t r i b e s g re w a n d o c c u p i e d m o s t o f s o u t h e r n a n d w e s t e r n Ke n y a . T h e t r i b e s o f t h e M a a s a i , Lu o , S a m b u r u , a n d Tu r k a n a s t e m f ro m t h e N i l o t i c - s p e a k i n g p e o p l e w h o c a m e f ro m t h e N i l e Va l l e y i n S o u t h e r n S u d a n a t t h e e n d o f t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y. S m a l l e r t r i b e s h a v e a l s o c o n t i n u e d t o m o v e i n a n d o u t o f Ke n y a t h ro u g h o u t i t s h i s t o r y u p u n t i l a ro u n d t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y. 22

S i n c e i t s i n d e p e n d e n c e , t h e c o u n t r y h a s g ro w n t o b e c o m e o n e t h e m o s t r a p i d l y u r b a n i z i n g c o u n t r i e s i n s u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a , w i t h a n a n n u a l u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n g ro w t h r a t e o f 4 . 4 % . Ye t d e s p i t e Ke n y a ’ s g ro w i n g c i t i e s t h a t g e n e r a t e o v e r 6 5 % o f t h e i r n a t i o n a l G D P, u r b a n p o v e r t y i s a m a j o r c o n c e r n w i t h o v e r 7 1 % o f t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n l i v i n g i n a s l u m . 23

Ke n y a h a s a l s o b e e n i n d e c l i n e i n t e r m s o f p ro v i s i o n s o f h e a l t h s e r v i c e s . I n f a n t a n d u n d e r f i v e m o r t a l i t y r a t e s h a v e b e e n o n t h e r i s e , w i t h a t l e a s t 1 2 % o f c h i l d re n b o r n a l i v e n o t re a c h i n g t h e a g e o f f i v e . 24 Ke n y a i s a l s o f a c i n g a n H I V / A I D S p re v a l e n c e r a t e o f 1 0 % a m o n g t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n , a n d 5 . 6 % a m o n g t h e r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n r a n g i n g i n t h e a g e o f 1 5 t o 4 9 . W i t h a t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n o f 3 4 . 2 m i l l i o n p e o p l e , g re a t e r t h a n 1 . 3 m i l l i o n p e o p l e a re l i v i n g w i t h H I V. 25 A s a re s u l t o f t h e A I D S p a n d e m i c , t h e re a re o v e r 1 . 1 m i l l i o n c h i l d re n u n d e r t h e a g e o f 1 7 t h a t h a v e b e e n o r p h a n e d d u e t o A I D S i n Ke n y a , w i t h j u s t o v e r h a l f o f t h e m g ro w i n g u p i n s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s .

I n s p i t e o f t h i s d a t a a n d r a p i d u r b a n i z a t i o n t re n d s , “ Ke n y a l a c k s a n y p o l i c y o r s t r a t e g y f o r u r b a n d e v e l o p m e n t ” a n d i n m a n y c a s e s i s s t i l l re c o g n i z e d a s a r u r a l n a t i o n . 26 T h i s p e rc e p t i o n m u s t c h a n g e a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a n d n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s m u s t u n d e r s t a n d t h e ro l e a n d n e e d s o f t h e u r b a n s e c t o r, w h i c h i n c l u d e s s l u m s , i n o rd e r f o r Ke n y a t o s u c c e s s f u l l y d e v e l o p b o t h s o c i a l l y a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y.

FIGURE 2.1 - 2.6 An analysis of Kenya by: A. Terrain; B. Climate; C. Population Density; D. Tribe Distribution; E. Vegetation; F. Agriculture.

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FIGURE 2.7 - 9 PRECEDING PAGE Images of downtown Nairobi’s major streets and business district.

FIGURE 2.10 TOP LEFT Nairobi’s Kenyatta International Conference Center.

FIGURE 2.11 CENTER LEFT Nyayo Monument located in the city’s Uhuru Park.

FIGURE 2.12 BOTTOM LEFT The Cooperative Bank Headquarters located adjacent to the 1998 U.S. Embassy Memorial Park in Nairobi’s central business district.

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NAIROBI

N a m e d a f t e r a w a t e r h o l e k n o w n i n M a a s a i a s E w a s o N y i ro b i , m e a n i n g “ c o o l w a t e r s ” , t h e R i f t Va l l e y s e t t l e m e n t o f N a i ro b i b e c a m e t h e s t a g i n g p o i n t f o r B r i t a i n’ s E a s t A f r i c a ’ s r a i l w a y e x p a n s i o n . T h e r a i l w a y w a s e x t e n d e d d o w n t h e R i f t Va l l e y a n d b a c k u p a ro u n d La k e V i c t o r i a i n t o U g a n d a . B y 1 9 0 5 , N a i ro b i h a d a l re a d y b e c o m e a l a rg e a n d f l o u r i s h i n g t o w n w i t h t h e s e t t l e m e n t c o n s i s t i n g m a i n l y o f r a i l w a y b u i l d i n g s a n d s e p a r a t e a re a s f o r E u ro p e a n s , A f r i c a n s , a n d I n d i a n s , t h e t w o l a t t e r b e i n g t h e m a i n c o n s t r u c t i o n l a b o u re r s o f t h e r a i l w a y. W h e n a s m a l l I n d i a n b a z a a r w a s e s t a b l i s h e d , N a i ro b i s o o n b e c a m e a t r a d i n g c e n t re a n d t h e c o m m e rc i a l a n d b u s i n e s s h u b o f t h e B r i t i s h E a s t A f r i c a s e t t l e m e n t .

I n 1 9 0 7 , N a i ro b i b e c a m e t h e c a p i t a l o f Ke n y a , a t t r a c t i n g m o re a n d m o re r u r a l m i g r a n t s . A s t h e p o p u l a t i o n c o n t i n u e d t o g ro w u n d e r B r i t i s h r u l e , t h e c i t y re m a i n e d g re a t l y s e g re g a t e d , w i t h B r i t i s h s e t t l e r s m o v i n g i n t o t h e s u b u r b s a n d m i g r a n t s s e t t l i n g i n c a m p s b u i l t f o r t h e r a i l w a y w o r k e r s . T h e c i t y ’ s e x p a n s i o n i n f u r i a t e d s e v e r a l i n d i g e n o u s g ro u p s i n c l u d i n g t h e M a a s a i a n d K i k u y u p e o p l e , a s B r i t i s h d e v e l o p m e n t c o n t i n u e d w i t h l i t t l e re g a rd f o r t h e w a y s o f A f r i c a n t r i b a l l a n d o w n e r s h i p . A m i d s t t h e u p ro a r, N a i ro b i w a s d e c l a re d a m u n i c i p a l i t y i n 1 9 1 9 a n d a n o f f i c i a l c i t y i n 1 9 5 4 .

U n l i k e m a n y o t h e r s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s , t h e u n i q u e n e s s o f N a i ro b i ’ s s l u m s i s t h e i r l a c k o f c h a n g e s i n c e t h e i r f o r m a t i o n : t h e y h a v e b e e n i n v i r t u a l l y t h e s a m e c o n d i t i o n s f o r a l m o s t h a l f a c e n t u r y. T h e i r d i s c o n n e c t i o n t o t h e c i t y c e n t e r m a k e s m u n i c i p a l s e r v i c e s d i f f i c u l t t o a c c e s s t h e m a n d t h e re f o re a m o n g t h e m o s t d a n g e ro u s p l a c e s t o l i v e . T h e re i s n o p ro t e c t i o n , s e c u r i t y o r a u t h o r i t y o v e r s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s p ro v i d e d b y t h e l a w , re s u l t i n g i n f e a r, h a r a s s m e n t a n d v i o l e n c e i n t h e s t re e t s . T h e l a c k o f p u b l i c i n f r a s t r u c t u re , s u c h a s c o n n e c t i o n t o a s e w a g e s y s t e m a n d g a r b a g e c o l l e c t i o n , re s u l t s i n m o re p o l l u t i o n a n d e n a b l e s t h e s p re a d o f m o re v i r u s e s , d e t e r i o r a t i n g a n a l re a d y d i re s i t u a t i o n . T h e re a re n o ro a d s f o r a m b u l a n c e s , p o l i c e o r f i re t r u c k s t o a c c e s s t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s – t h e b u i l t e n v i ro n m e n t b e i n g a h u g e p a r t o f t h i s p ro b l e m . A l s o a d d i n g t o t h e s e i s s u e s i s l a n d o w n e r s h i p p o l i c y, o r l a c k o f a p o l i c y, i n N a i ro b i . F o u r o u t o f e v e r y f i v e s l u m re s i d e n t s a re re n t e r s . 27 V i r t u a l l y a l l h o u s i n g i s t e m p o r a r i l y b u i l t a n d i s d a n g e ro u s a n d u n s t a b l e t o l i v e i n , w i t h c a t a s t ro p h i c p o s s i b i l i t i e s d u r i n g e x t re m e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s .

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TYPE C: Industrial-River

7+ m

2.5-3 m

70-265 m12+ m 70+ m

TYPE B: Industrial

7+ m

2.5-3 m12+ m 12+ m

TYPE A: River

2.5-3 m12+ m

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities: A Kibera B Mathare C Mukuru Parklands Industrial Sector

FIGURE 2.13 Nairobi’s Slum Enumeration

A C

TYPE C: Industrial-River

7+ m

2.5-3 m

70-265 m12+ m 70+ m

TYPE B: Industrial

7+ m

2.5-3 m12+ m 12+ m

TYPE A: River

2.5-3 m12+ m

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities: A Kibera B Mathare C Mukuru Parklands Industrial Sector

FIGURE 2.13 Nairobi’s Slum Enumeration

A C

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TYPE C: Industrial-River

7+ m

2.5-3 m

70-265 m12+ m 70+ m

TYPE B: Industrial

7+ m

2.5-3 m12+ m 12+ m

TYPE A: River

2.5-3 m12+ m

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities: A Kibera B Mathare C Mukuru Parklands Industrial Sector

FIGURE 2.13 Nairobi’s Slum Enumeration

A C

TYPE C: Industrial-River

7+ m

2.5-3 m

70-265 m12+ m 70+ m

TYPE B: Industrial

7+ m

2.5-3 m12+ m 12+ m

TYPE A: River

2.5-3 m12+ m

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities: A Kibera B Mathare C Mukuru Parklands Industrial Sector

FIGURE 2.13 Nairobi’s Slum Enumeration

A C

TYPE C: Industrial-River

7+ m

2.5-3 m

70-265 m12+ m 70+ m

TYPE B: Industrial

7+ m

2.5-3 m12+ m 12+ m

TYPE A: River

2.5-3 m12+ m

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities: A Kibera B Mathare C Mukuru Parklands Industrial Sector

FIGURE 2.13 Nairobi’s Slum Enumeration

A C

TYPE C: Industrial-River

7+ m

2.5-3 m

70-265 m12+ m 70+ m

TYPE B: Industrial

7+ m

2.5-3 m12+ m 12+ m

TYPE A: River

2.5-3 m12+ m

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities: A Kibera B Mathare C Mukuru Parklands Industrial Sector

FIGURE 2.13 Nairobi’s Slum Enumeration

A C

SLUM TYPOLOGIES

N a i ro b i h a s a p o p u l a t i o n o f a l m o s t 2 . 9 m i l l i o n p e o p l e . O f t h a t p o p u l a t i o n , o v e r 6 0 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n l i v e s i n s h a n t y t o w n s t h a t t a k e u p o n l y 5 % o f t h e c i t y ’ s d e s i g n a t e d re s i d e n t i a l a re a . A s a re s u l t , t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s h a v e v e r y h i g h d e n s i t i e s , u n s a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s , a n d l a c k t h e m o s t b a s i c s e r v i c e s . T h e re a re u p t o 2 , 3 0 0 re s i d e n t s p e r h e c t a re , w i t h a s m a n y a s 4 0 0 p e o p l e s h a r i n g o n e t o i l e t , a n d o n l y 2 2 % o f s l u m h o u s e h o l d s h a v e a c c e s s t o w a t e r c o n n e c t i o n s . 28

K i b e r a i s t h e l a rg e s t s l u m c o m m u n i t y i n N a i ro b i , w i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f o v e r 7 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e s q u e e z e d o n t o l e s s t h a n 5 k m 2 o f l a n d . I t i s a l s o o n e o f t h e o l d e s t s l u m s , d a t i n g b a c k t o Wo r l d Wa r 1 , w h e re i t t e m p o r a r i l y h o u s e d N u b i a n s o l d i e r s f ro m t h e K i n g s A f r i c a R i f l e s . 29 M a t h a re a n d M u k u r u a re t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i rd l a rg e s t s l u m s i n N a i ro b i , w i t h p o p u l a t i o n s o f a n e s t i m a t e d 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 a n d 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e , re s p e c t i v e l y. 30

M o s t o f N a i ro b i ’ s s l u m s h a v e d e v e l o p e d a l o n g s i d e i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r s o f t h e c i t y a n d r i v e r b a n k s , s i t u a t e d o n s t e e p h i l l s i d e s , i n f l o o d p l a i n s , o r d o w n s t re a m f ro m i n d u s t r i a l p o l l u t e r s – t h e l e a s t d e s i r a b l e l i v i n g a re a s , l e a v i n g t h e s e re s i d e n t s m o s t v u l n e r a b l e t o d i s e a s e a n d n a t u r a l d i s a s t e r. A s s h o w n i n F i g u re 2 . 1 3 a n d F i g u re 2 . 1 4 , t h e s e s l u m t y p o l o g i e s a re c o n v e y e d t h ro u g h K i b e r a ( Ty p e A ) , M a t h a re ( Ty p e B ) , a n d M u k u r u ( Ty p e C ) . A l t h o u g h u n h e a l t h y, t h e s e l o c a t i o n s a re i d e a l f o r l o w- i n c o m e re s i d e n t s a s t h e y a re i n e x p e n s i v e , u n d e v e l o p e d , a n d a re t y p i c a l l y l o c a t e d n e a r m a j o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n s ro u t e s , s u c h a s h i g h w a y s a n d r a i l w a y s . T h e s e ro u t e s p ro v i d e a c c e s s t o t h e c i t y w h e re m a n y p e o p l e f i n d e m p l o y m e n t . T h e y a l s o b e c o m e m a j o r a re a s w h e re i n f o r m a l m a r k e t o p p o r t u n i t i e s a re c re a t e d a n d e s t a b l i s h e d .

T Y P E A : R I V E R

T Y P E B : I N D U S T R I A L

T Y P E C : I N D U S T R I A L- R I V E R FIGURE 2.14 Sections of the urban fabric of three typical slum typologies.

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JOMO KENYATTA INTERNATION AIRPORT

WILSON AIRPORT

FIGURE 2.15 Nairobi’s Transportation Systems

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities Major roads Minor roads Railway Main Train Station Airport

JOMO KENYATTA INTERNATION AIRPORT

WILSON AIRPORT

FIGURE 2.15 Nairobi’s Transportation Systems

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities Major roads Minor roads Railway Main Train Station Airport

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JOMO KENYATTA INTERNATION AIRPORT

WILSON AIRPORT

FIGURE 2.15 Nairobi’s Transportation Systems

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities Major roads Minor roads Railway Main Train Station Airport

JOMO KENYATTA INTERNATION AIRPORT

WILSON AIRPORT

FIGURE 2.15 Nairobi’s Transportation Systems

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities Major roads Minor roads Railway Main Train Station Airport

JOMO KENYATTA INTERNATION AIRPORT

WILSON AIRPORT

FIGURE 2.15 Nairobi’s Transportation Systems

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities Major roads Minor roads Railway Main Train Station Airport

JOMO KENYATTA INTERNATION AIRPORT

WILSON AIRPORT

FIGURE 2.15 Nairobi’s Transportation Systems

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities Major roads Minor roads Railway Main Train Station Airport

TRANSPORTATION

A c c e s s t o m a j o r t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ro u t e s i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t f o r a s l u m re s i d e n t . T h e s e ro u t e s t a k e t h e m t o t h e c i t y, w h e re t h e y c a n f i n d e m p l o y m e n t , s e t u p i n f o r m a l b u s i n e s s e s , a n d f i n d m a t e r i a l s a n d o t h e r re s o u rc e s .

P U B L I C T RA N S P O RTAT I O N : M a t a t u s a re t h e m o s t c o m m o n m e a n s o f p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n Ke n y a . A l s o re f e r re d t o a s “ N i s s a n s ” , t h e y a re 1 4 - p a s s e n g e r v a n s , c o n s i s t i n g o f a t l e a s t t w o p e o p l e r u n n i n g t h e s e r v i c e : t h e d r i v e r a n d t h e t o u t , w h o s e re s p o n s i b i l i t y i s t o f u l l y l o a d t h e v e h i c l e w i t h p a s s e n g e r s a n d c o l l e c t t h e f a re . M a t a t u s s t a r t f ro m a s p e c i f i c l o c a t i o n c a l l e d “ s t a g e ” , a n d t a k e a d e s i g n a t e d ro u t e , m o s t o f t h e t i m e n o t l e a v i n g u n t i l t h e v e h i c l e i s f u l l . Pa s s e n g e r s c a n a l s o g e t o n t h e m a t a t u s b y w a i t i n g a l o n g t h e s i d e o f t h e ro a d w i t h a n a r m o u t , s i g n a l l i n g t o t h e d r i v e r t h a t t h e y w o u l d l i k e t o b e p i c k e d u p . A s l o n g a s t h e v e h i c l e i s n o t f u l l , t h e d r i v e r w i l l p u l l o v e r t o l e t t h e m i n .

B I K I N G : D e s p i t e a f f o rd a b i l i t y a n d d i f f i c u l t ro a d c o n d i t i o n s i n t h e s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s , b i k i n g i s a l s o a c o m m o n f o r m o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . T h e y a re u s e d t o g e t t o t h e c i t y a n d t r a n s f e r g o o d s t o a n d f ro m t h e i n f o r m a l m a r k e t s . B i k e s h a v e a l s o b e e n u s e d i n o t h e r i n n o v a t i v e w a y s , s u c h a s a m a r k e t s t a l l , w h e re i n d i v i d u a l s s e l l t h e i r g o o d s o r s e r v i c e s r i g h t f ro m t h e b i k e , t r a n s f o r m i n g i t i n t o a re p a i r s t a n d f o r s e r v i c e s s u c h a s s e w i n g , b i k e re p a i r s , a n d s h o e re p a i r s .

WA L K I N G : T h i s i s t h e m o s t c o m m o n m e a n s o f t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r a s l u m re s i d e n t . M a n y re s i d e n t s a w a k e b e f o re s u n r i s e t o w a l k f o r u p t o t w o h o u r s t o g e t t o w o r k . M o s t c i rc u l a t i o n ro u t e s i n t h e s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s a re o n l y a c c e s s i b l e b y f o o t . B a re l y w i d e e n o u g h f o r t w o p e o p l e , t h e s e p a t h w a y s a re n o t p a v e d o r m a i n t a i n e d . S o m e o f t h e “ n e w e r ” s h a n t y t o w n s h a v e t h i n s l a b s o f c o n c re t e p a v e d a s p a t h w a y s t h a t s l o p e t o w a rd s t h e c e n t e r, a c t i n g a s t h e s e w a g e a n d d r a i n a g e s y s t e m , l e s s e n i n g t h e c h a n c e s o f f l o o d i n g f ro m o c c u r r i n g i n h o m e s .

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Nairobi City Center Slum Communities Public and Private Hospitals Regional Water Centers Sewage Treatment Works Municipal Garbage Disposal Site

FIGURE 2.16 Nairobi’s Public and Muncipal Services

Dandora Solid Waste Dump Site

SOUTHERN REGION

CENTRAL REGION

EASTERN REGION

NORTHERN REGION

WESTERN REGION

Nairobi Dam

Nairobi City Center Slum Communities Public and Private Hospitals Regional Water Centers Sewage Treatment Works Municipal Garbage Disposal Site

FIGURE 2.16 Nairobi’s Public and Muncipal Services

Dandora Solid Waste Dump Site

SOUTHERN REGION

CENTRAL REGION

EASTERN REGION

NORTHERN REGION

WESTERN REGION

Nairobi Dam

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Nairobi City Center Slum Communities Public and Private Hospitals Regional Water Centers Sewage Treatment Works Municipal Garbage Disposal Site

FIGURE 2.16 Nairobi’s Public and Muncipal Services

Dandora Solid Waste Dump Site

SOUTHERN REGION

CENTRAL REGION

EASTERN REGION

NORTHERN REGION

WESTERN REGION

Nairobi Dam

PUBLIC SERVICES

WAT E R M A N A G E M E N T W i t h a r a p i d l y g ro w i n g p o p u l a t i o n , N a i ro b i i s c o n s i s t e n t l y e x p e r i e n c i n g a c u t e w a t e r s u p p l y s h o r t a g e s , i n a d d i t i o n t o p ro b l e m s w i t h d i s t r i b u t i o n , w a s t e , i l l e g a l c o n n e c t i o n s , o v e r l o a d i n g a n d m i s m a n a g e m e n t . C u r re n t l y, w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t i s d e c e n t r a l i z e d i n t o f i v e a re a s i n h o p e s t h a t m a n a g e m e n t w o u l d b e m o re s u c c e s s f u l . H o w e v e r, a c c e s s t o c l e a n w a t e r i s s t i l l i n e q u i t a b l e . Pu b l i c w a t e r t a p s s e r v e o n l y 3 % o f s l u m h o u s e h o l d s a n d p r i v a t e c o m p a n i e s h a v e b u i l t w a t e r p u m p s , f ro m w h i c h m o s t s l u m re s i d e n t s b u y t h e i r w a t e r a t m u c h h i g h e r c o s t s t h a n t h a t o f m u n i c i p a l w a t e r. T h e h i g h - i n c o m e g ro u p s , c o m p r i s i n g l e s s t h a n 1 0 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , c o n s u m e 3 0 % o f d o m e s t i c w a t e r, w h i l e l o w- i n c o m e g ro u p s , m a k i n g u p 6 4 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n , c o n s u m e o n l y 3 5 % . 31

S A N I TAT I O N S a n i t a r y c o n d i t i o n s a re p a r t i c u l a r l y p o o r i n N a i ro b i ’ s s l u m s w h e re a m a j o r i t y o f re s i d e n t s re s o r t t o p i t l a t r i n e s t h a t a re o v e r- u s e d a n d i n a d e q u a t e l y m a i n t a i n e d . W i t h n o h o m e s c o n n e c t e d t o a s e w a g e s y s t e m , m o s t e x c re m e n t e n d s u p i n t h e r i v e r s . U n f o r t u n a t e l y, t h e t e r m “ f l y i n g t o i l e t s ” h a s b e e n c o i n e d f ro m t h e s e s l u m s , re f e r r i n g t o t h e s i t u a t i o n w h e n p e o p l e re l i e v e t h e m s e l v e s i n p l a s t i c b a g s , t i e t h e m u p a n d f l i n g t h e b a g a s f a r a w a y a s p o s s i b l e . T h i s c l e a r l y l e a d s t o e x t re m e l y u n h e a l t h y e n v i ro n m e n t s a n d g e n e r a t e s a n e x c e e d i n g l y h i g h e r r i s k o f s p re a d i n g d i s e a s e a n d i l l n e s s . 32

R E F U S E C O L L E C T I O N D a n d o r a i s t h e p r i n c i p l e d u m p i n g s i t e f o r N a i ro b i ’ s s o l i d w a s t e ; h o w e v e r, t h e m u n i c i p a l c o l l e c t i o n s e r v i c e i s i n e f f i c i e n t a n d re s t r i c t e d t o o n l y a f e w a re a s i n m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e a re a s . T h e re s u l t i s t h e d u m p i n g o f w a s t e a l o n g t h e r i v e r s a n d p i l e s o f b u r n i n g r u b b l e a l o n g t h e s t re e t s . W i t h n o m u n i c i p a l re c y c l i n g , m a n y p r i v a t e c o m p a n i e s h a v e t a k e n t h e i n i t i a t i v e a n d d e v e l o p e d re c y c l i n g p ro g r a m s i n s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s . S l u m re s i d e n t s a re h i re d t o p i c k t h ro u g h p i l e s o f g a r b a g e f o r s c r a p s o f m e t a l , p l a s t i c s , o r o t h e r re c y c l a b l e s t o e a r n a b i t o f m o n e y. 33

H E A LT H A l l o f t h e a b o v e s e r v i c e s a re l i n k e d a s t h e y a l l a f f e c t t h e h e a l t h o f N a i ro b i ’ s re s i d e n t s . T h e re a re g re a t d i s p a r i t i e s i n h e a l t h c a re b e t w e e n i n f o r m a l s e t t l e m e n t s a n d m i d d l e - a n d h i g h - i n c o m e a re a s . A s t h e i r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s d i f f e r, t h e h i g h d e n s i t y o f i n f o r m a l s e t t l e m e n t s – c o m b i n e d w i t h t h e l a c k o f a c c e s s t o c l e a n w a t e r ( w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t ) , p o o r h y g i e n e ( s a n i t a t i o n ) , a n d p o l l u t e d e n v i ro n m e n t s ( re f u s e c o l l e c t i o n ) – re s u l t i n c o m m o n i l l n e s s e s o f d i a r r h o e a , m a l a r i a , t u b e rc u l o s i s , a n d H I V / A I D S , a m o n g m o s t s l u m d w e l l e r s , e s p e c i a l l y c h i l d re n . D u e t o t h e l o c a t i o n o f i n f o r m a l s e t t l e m e n t s , s l u m re s i d e n t s a re f u r t h e r a w a y f ro m h e a l t h f a c i l i t i e s ; h o w e v e r, t h i s i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t a s m o s t a re l i k e l y u n a b l e t o a f f o rd a c c e s s t o t h e p r i v a t e c l i n i c s o r g o v e r n m e n t h o s p i t a l s . H e n c e , t h e re i s a d e m a n d f o r m o re a f f o rd a b l e h e a l t h f a c i l i t i e s i n t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s t o b e t t e r t h e i r h e a l t h , i n t u r n , i n c re a s i n g p ro d u c t i v i t y a n d d e v e l o p m e n t .

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FIGURE 2.17 OPPOSITE LEFT View of corrugated metal rooftops of one of Nairobi’s many shantytowns.

FIGURE 2.18 OPPOSITE RIGHT A major market street in a Nairobi slum.

FIGURE 2.19 ABOVE LEFT A residential courtyard in a Nairobi slum. FIGURE 2.20 ABOVE RIGHT A residential pedestrian street corridor in Mukuru slums.

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FIGURE 2.21 - 22 The Ngong River being used as a garbage dumping site and latrine for slum residents living in the surrounding area.

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MUKURU SLUMS

MUKURU KWA-NJENGA

N FIGURE 2.23 Aerial photograph of the Mukuru slums in Nairobi, Kenya

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MUKURU SLUMS

MUKURU KWA-NJENGA

MUKURU SLUMS

T h e M u k u r u s l u m s i s l o c a t e d o n t h e s o u t h - e a s t s i d e o f N a i ro b i , a l o n g t h e N g o n g R i v e r. W i t h a p o p u l a t i o n o f o v e r 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e , t h i s c o m m u n i t y e m e rg e s a s a 4 k m w i d e s p i n e t h a t s t re t c h e s a s f a r a s 1 5 k m l o n g . U n l i k e K i b e r a , a n “ o l d - s t y l e ” s h a n t y t o w n w i t h h o u s e s s t i l l m a d e f ro m w o o d , m u d a n d d u n g , M u k u r u i s a “ n e w e r ” s h a n t y t o w n w h e re h o u s e s a re m a d e f ro m c o r r u g a t e d m e t a l s h e e t s n a i l e d t o u n s t a b l e w o o d e n f r a m e s . A h o u s e i n M u k u r u i s t y p i c a l l y 1 0 - 1 2 m 2 a n d c o n s i s t s o f o n l y o n e l i v i n g s p a c e , s h a re d a m o n g 3 t o 6 p e o p l e . T h e re i s n o p l u m b i n g o r e l e c t r i c i t y c o n n e c t e d t o t h e h o m e s , w h i c h m e a n s n o r u n n i n g w a t e r, n o t o i l e t s , a n d n o l i g h t s . M a n y o f t h e re s i d e n t s b u y c h a rc o a l o r k e ro s e n e f o r c o o k i n g , a n d b u y w a t e r f ro m p r i v a t e t a p s . S o m e re s i d e n t s re t r i e v e w a t e r f ro m t h e n e a r b y r i v e r, d e s p i t e c o n t a m i n a t i o n b y re f u s e a n d s e w a g e .

T h e M u k u r u s l u m s c o n s i s t s o f f i v e d i s t r i c t s : Lu n g a - Lu n g a , K w a - R u e b e n , K a y a b a , F u a t a - N y a y o ( S o u t h B ) , a n d K w a - N j e n g a . T h e c o m m u n i t y i s v e r y d e n s e a n d i s t r a v e l l e d t h ro u g h b y m o s t l y n a r ro w d i r t p a t h s . T h e c u r re n t o p e n “ s e w a g e s y s t e m ” i s m e re l y a s h a l l o w d i t c h l o c a t e d e i t h e r i n t h e m i d d l e o r o n t h e s i d e o f t h e p a t h . D u r i n g r a i n y s e a s o n s , t h e s t re e t s t u r n i n t o m u d t re n c h e s , m a k i n g i t a l m o s t i m p o s s i b l e t o w a l k t h ro u g h , l e t a l o n e c a r r y m a t e r i a l s a n d p ro d u c e o n b i k e s o r t ro l l e y s . O v e r f l o w o f a m i x t u re o f r a i n w a t e r, m u d a n d e x c re m e n t i n t o p e o p l e ’ s h o m e s a re c o n s t a n t o c c u r re n c e s .

M U KU R U KWA - N J E N G A M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a i s t h e s p e c i f i c s i t e o f f o c u s f o r t h i s t h e s i s . I t i s l o c a t e d o n t h e e a s t s i d e o f t h e M u k u r u s l u m s , w h e re t h e C a n a F a m i l y H e a l t h a n d Re s c u e C e n t e r ( C F H R C ) o p e r a t e s v a r i o u s p ro g r a m s a n d s e r v i c e s . W i t h i n t h i s s i t e i s a p r i v a t e t r i a n g u l a r- s h a p e d l o t o w n e d b y a b a n k i n g i n s t i t u t i o n . T h i s p l o t o f p r i v a t e l a n d i s s u r ro u n d e d b y a c o n c re t e b l o c k w a l l , a p p ro x i m a t e l y 7 m t a l l , a n d c o n t a i n s a n a b a n d o n e d b u i l d i n g . W h a t l o o k s t o b e a n o l d f a c t o r y s i t e i s n o w a w a s t e l a n d , w i t h v e r y l i t t l e i n f o r m a l s e t t l e m e n t o n t h i s p r i v a t e l o t . T h e re a s o n b e h i n d t h e l a c k o f s e t t l e m e n t i n t h i s a re a i s u n k n o w n , b u t i s l i k e l y d u e t o f o rc e d e v i c t i o n s .

O t h e r t h a n t h e l e g a l i s s u e s o f t h e s i t e , t h e t r i a n g u l a r l o t h a s t h e p h y s i c a l c a p a c i t y t o h e l p M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a u p g r a d e t h e i r c u r re n t c o n d i t i o n s . I t c a n b e u s e d t o d e v e l o p i n f r a s t r u c t u re s t h a t a re n e e d e d a n d e x p a n d o n t h e o n e s t h a t c u r re n t l y e x i s t . B y w o r k i n g i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h p l a n n e r s a n d a rc h i t e c t s , M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a c a n b e c o m e a s a f e , o p e n a n d c o m m u n a l e n v i ro n m e n t f o r i t s i n h a b i t a n t s .

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2 3 4 51

1 Cana Elementary School 2 Cana Deliverance Church 3 Cana Family Health Clinic 4 Cana Rescue Home 5 CFHRC Offices

scale 1:2000

FIG. 2.9 Cana Family Health and Rescue Center

FIGURE 2.24 Plan of site boundaries and the CFHRC facilities. 1 Cana Elementary School 2 Cana Deliverance Church 3 Cana Family Health Clinic 4 Cana Rescue Home 5 CFHRC Offices

S C A L E 1 : 2 0 0 0

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2 3 4 51

1 Cana Elementary School 2 Cana Deliverance Church 3 Cana Family Health Clinic 4 Cana Rescue Home 5 CFHRC Offices

scale 1:2000

FIG. 2.9 Cana Family Health and Rescue Center

CANA FAMILY HEALTH AND RESCUE CENTER

T h e C a n a F a m i l y H e a l t h a n d Re s c u e C e n t e r ( C F H R C ) , l o c a t e d i n M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a , i s a c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n t h a t w a s s t a r t e d b y J o s e p h a n d M a r y M a m b o , a c o u p l e w h o f e l t t h e n e e d t o h e l p t h e u r b a n p o o r o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d . T h e y b e g a n t h e i r j o u r n e y i n t h i s c o m m u n i t y b y e s t a b l i s h i n g a h e a l t h c l i n i c a s M a r y w a s a re g i s t e re d n u r s e . T h ro u g h e x t e r n a l a n d c o m m u n i t y s u p p o r t , t h e h e a l t h c l i n i c h a s f l o u r i s h e d , m a k i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t i m p a c t o n t h e c o m m u n i t y. W i t h o v e r 3 0 0 p a t i e n t s b e i n g t re a t e d f o r H I V / A I D S , t u b e rc u l o s i s , a n d m a n y o t h e r i l l n e s s e s , t h e h e a l t h c l i n i c s e r v e s n o t j u s t a s a c l i n i c , b u t a l s o i n c l u d e s a p h a r m a c y a n d a n i n f o r m a t i o n - c o u n s e l l i n g c e n t e r, b r i n g i n g a w a re n e s s t o t h e c o m m u n i t y o n H I V / A I D S . T h e y i n f o r m re s i d e n t s o n w h a t H I V / A I D S i s , h o w t o p re v e n t c o n t r a c t i o n , a n d h o w t o l i v e a h e a l t h y l i f e , a l l i n e f f o r t t o re d u c e t h e s t i g m a t h a t i s s t i l l v e r y s t ro n g a m o n g t h e re s i d e n t s .

A s t h e c l i n i c b e c a m e m o re e s t a b l i s h e d , n e w s u p p o r t p ro g r a m s e m e rg e d w h i c h i n c l u d e d a c h u rc h , a n o r p h a n a g e a n d a n e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l . T h e s e p ro g r a m s h a v e b e c o m e n e t w o r k s t h a t f o r m a c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n f o r t h e a re a . T h e y re c e i v e d o n a t i o n s o f f o o d a n d c l o t h i n g f ro m b o t h p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e s e c t o r s . Re s i d e n t s h a v e s t e p p e d u p a n d a re b e c o m i n g a c t i v e m e m b e r s o f d e v e l o p m e n t , w o r k i n g w i t h p r i v a t e c o m p a n i e s a n d n o n - g o v e r n m e n t o rg a n i z a t i o n s ( N G O ’ s ) t o b u i l d a c o m m u n a l w a s h ro o m f a c i l i t y t h a t p ro v i d e s t o i l e t s , s h o w e r s t a l l s , a n d a g e n e r a l s t o re s e l l i n g w a t e r a n d b a s i c s a n i t a t i o n . O n S u n d a y s , t h e c h u rc h o v e r f l o w s w i t h p e o p l e , w h i l e t h e re s t o f t h e w e e k i t r u n s d a i l y s e r v i c e s d u r i n g l u n c h h o u r, a f o o d a n d c l o t h i n g b a n k , a n d c o m m u n i t y m e e t i n g s . T h e o r p h a n a g e b e g a n w i t h a f e w y o u n g g i r l s a n d i s n o w h o m e t o t w e n t y, r a n g i n g i n a g e f ro m 3 t o 1 4 , w i t h o n e c a re t a k e r. E v e n t h o u g h t h e d e m a n d i s g re a t , t h e o r p h a n a g e ’ s c u r re n t b u i l d i n g d o e s n o t h a v e t h e c a p a c i t y t o t a k e i n m o re c h i l d re n . T h e C a n a E l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l h a s o v e r 1 0 0 s t u d e n t s e n ro l l e d f ro m S t a n d a rd 1 t h ro u g h t o 5 ( e q u i v a l e n t t o g r a d e s 1 t h ro u g h 6 ) . T h e s c h o o l c o n s i s t s o f f i v e 1 0 m 2 c l a s s ro o m s w i t h a p p ro x i m a t e l y t w e n t y s t u d e n t s i n e a c h c l a s s . T h e re i s a v e r y s m a l l t u i t i o n f e e t o c o v e r t h e c o s t o f b o o k s , p a p e r s , p e n c i l s , a n d c h a l k ; h o w e v e r, m a n y c h i l d re n s t i l l c a n n o t a f f o rd t h e s m a l l f e e . Lu n c h i s p ro v i d e d f o r t h e s c h o o l c h i l d re n – t h e o n l y m e a l o f t h e d a y f o r m a n y o f t h e m .

O n e o f C F H R C ’ s m a n y v i s i o n s i s t o o p e n a l a rg e r Re s c u e H o m e , f o r b o t h y o u n g g i r l s a n d b o y s . N o w s e v e n y e a r s r u n n i n g , t h e C F H R C w o r k s n o t j u s t t o s u p p o r t t h e c o m m u n i t y, b u t a l s o t o s u p p o r t t h e o r p h a n s – t h e f u t u re o f t h e c o m m u n i t y – w h o n e e d t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s t o d e v e l o p a n d g ro w i n t o s k i l l e d a d u l t s . W i t h o u t t h e s e s u p p o r t f a c i l i t i e s , t h e s e c h i l d re n w o u l d n o t h a v e t h e e d u c a t i o n o r p o s i t i v e i n f l u e n c e t h e y d e s p e r a t e l y n e e d .

��

AREA:

ENROLLMENT:

STAFF:

233 sq.m.

120 students (Grades 1 through 5)

7 teachers 2 cooks 2 cleaners

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLDELIVERANCE CHURCH

AREA:

ATTENDENCE:

STAFF:

53 sq.m.

250 people (Sunday avg.)

2 pastors 3 elders 2 social workers

HEALTH CLINIC

AREA:

PATIENTS:

PERMANENT STAFF:

TEMPORARY STAFF:

120 sq.m.

300+ patients

5 nurses 1 blood technician 1 pharmacist 1 counsellor

1 visiting doctor (1-2 visits per month)

RESCUE HOME (ORPHANAGE)

AREA:

NUMBER OF ORPHANS:

STAFF

88 sq.m.

20 orphan girls

1 mom (care-giver/guardian)

CFHRC OFFICES

AREA:

STAFF:

VOLUNTEERS:

67 sq.m.

2 directors

3-7 volunteers (avg.) 1 secretary 1 project director 1 social worker

HOUSING

AREA:

PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD:

15 sq.m. (avg.)

3-6 people

s a n c t u a r yp u l p i t

p r i n c i p l e ’ s o f f i c e

s t o r a g e / c o o k i n g

c l a s s ro o m s

p i t l a t r i n e

c l a s s ro o m s

l i v i n g / s l e e p i n g / e a t i n g

o f f i c e 1

o f f i c e 2

f o o d s t o r a g e

c o m m o n ro o m

w a t e r p u m p

s l e e p i n g ro o m “ m o m ’ s ”

ro o m

p i t l a t r i n e

s t o r a g e ro o m

e x a m i n a t i o n ro o m sp h a r m a c yre c e p t i o n

e x a m i n a t i o n ro o m

w a i t i n g a re a

s t o r a g e / c o o k i n g

b l o o d s a m p l i n g ro o m

drainage

��

AREA:

ENROLLMENT:

STAFF:

233 sq.m.

120 students (Grades 1 through 5)

7 teachers 2 cooks 2 cleaners

ELEMENTARY SCHOOLDELIVERANCE CHURCH

AREA:

ATTENDENCE:

STAFF:

53 sq.m.

250 people (Sunday avg.)

2 pastors 3 elders 2 social workers

HEALTH CLINIC

AREA:

PATIENTS:

PERMANENT STAFF:

TEMPORARY STAFF:

120 sq.m.

300+ patients

5 nurses 1 blood technician 1 pharmacist 1 counsellor

1 visiting doctor (1-2 visits per month)

RESCUE HOME (ORPHANAGE)

AREA:

NUMBER OF ORPHANS:

STAFF

88 sq.m.

20 orphan girls

1 mom (care-giver/guardian)

CFHRC OFFICES

AREA:

STAFF:

VOLUNTEERS:

67 sq.m.

2 directors

3-7 volunteers (avg.) 1 secretary 1 project director 1 social worker

HOUSING

AREA:

PERSONS PER HOUSEHOLD:

15 sq.m. (avg.)

3-6 people

s a n c t u a r yp u l p i t

p r i n c i p l e ’ s o f f i c e

s t o r a g e / c o o k i n g

c l a s s ro o m s

p i t l a t r i n e

c l a s s ro o m s

l i v i n g / s l e e p i n g / e a t i n g

o f f i c e 1

o f f i c e 2

f o o d s t o r a g e

c o m m o n ro o m

w a t e r p u m p

s l e e p i n g ro o m “ m o m ’ s ”

ro o m

p i t l a t r i n e

s t o r a g e ro o m

e x a m i n a t i o n ro o m sp h a r m a c yre c e p t i o n

e x a m i n a t i o n ro o m

w a i t i n g a re a

s t o r a g e / c o o k i n g

b l o o d s a m p l i n g ro o m

drainage

FIGURE 2.25 Existing community infrastructure and building typologies of CFHRC.

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J o s e p h a n d M a r y M a m b o w i t h t h e i r t w o t w i n g r a n d s o n s .

J o s h u a , W i l s o n , a n d J a n e - c o o rd i n a t o r s f o r t h e n e w M u k u ru Wa s h ro o m Fa c i l i t y.

J u d y, a f i v e - y e a r o l d o r p h a n w a s h i n g h e r s h o e s .

M a r t h a ( 3 ) , J u l i e ( 6 ) , J a n e ( 7 ) , a n d N a d i n e ( 6 ) - o r p h a n s l i v i n g a t C a n a R e s c u e H o m e .

J a n e , d o i n g h e r h o m e w o r k .

S i n g i n g a n d d a n c i n g d u r i n g a n o v e r n i g h t p r a y e r m e e t i n g a t C a n a D e l i v e r a n c e c h u r c h .

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FIGURE 2.26 Images of CFHRC’s existing community infrastructure. LEFT TO RIGHT: Cana Rescue Home; Cana Deliverance Church; Cana Elementary School; Cana Family Health Clinic.

G r a d e 5 s t u d e n t s d u r i n g c l a s s a t C a n a E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l .

T h e P r i n c i p l e o f C a n a E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l .

S c h o o l c h i l d re n p l a y i n g i n t h e o n l y o p e n a re a t h e y h a v e .

S h a ro n ( 2 7 a n d H I V + ) w i t h h e r t w o s o n s ( t h e y o u n g e s t i s a l s o H I V + ) .

H a n a , a 7 9 y e a r o l d g r a n d m o t h e r t a k i n g c a re o f a n o r p h a n e d b o y o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d .

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3.0 > T H E S T RAT E G Y “ C o l l a b o r a t i o n b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t g o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t s a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s , c i v i l s o c i e t y a n d t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r i s n e e d e d . D e c e n t r a l i z a t i o n o f e c o n o m i c a n d p h y s i c a l p l a n n i n g t o l o c a l a u t h o r i t i e s w o u l d i n c r e a s e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f u r b a n m a n a g e m e n t , i f s u p p o r t e d b y a d e q u a t e f i n a n c i n g a n d c a p a c i t y a t l o c a l l e v e l . … M o r e c o m m u n i t y o u t r e a c h w o r k c o u l d g o a l o n g w a y t o p r o m o t e h e a l t h y l i v i n g a n d h e a l t h e d u c a t i o n , i f l o c a l i n s t i t u t i o n s – s u c h a s l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s a n d c i v i l s o c i e t y o r g a n i z a t i o n s – w e r e s t r e n g t h e n e d . ” 34

– Ka t h r i n S e n n e r –

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FIG. 3.1 Diagrams of slum imrprovement strategies

FIGURE 3.1 - 3 Diagrams of slum improvement strategies: 1 Resettle; 2 Rebuild; 3 Upgrade.

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RESET TLE, REBUILD, UPGRADE

R E S E T T L E M a n y a t t e m p t s t o c l e a n- u p s l u m s h a v e b e e n m a d e b y g o v e r n m e n t s , a s s l u m s h a v e g e n e r a l l y b e e n s e e n a s p ro b l e m s o f u n p l a n n e d a n d u n w e l c o m e n e i g h b o u r h o o d s t h a t n e e d t o d i s a p p e a r. H o w e v e r, s l u m s h o u s e o v e r 7 0 % o f t h e w o r l d ’ s p o p u l a t i o n . T h e s e re s i d e n t s , a l s o re f e r re d t o a s s q u a t t e r s , h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d s t ro n g ro o t s i n t h e i r s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s , m a k i n g a t t e m p t s t o re s o l v e p o l i t i c a l , l e g a l , a n d e t h i c a l c i rc u m s t a n c e s , e x t re m e l y c o m p l e x . A p a s t a t t e m p t i n c l u d e d re l o c a t i n g t h e s q u a t t e r s t o re s e t t l e m e n t s i t e s w h i c h w e re t y p i c a l l y o u t s i d e o f t h e c i t y. D u r i n g t h e 1 9 7 0 ’ s a n d 8 0 ’ s , B r a z i l i a n s q u a t t e r s f ro m B r a s i l i a S a m a m b a i a w e re o n e o f t h e c o m m u n i t i e s w h o s e g o v e r n m e n t s a t t e m p t e d t h i s re s e t t l e m e n t m e t h o d . 35 D e s p i t e g o v e r n m e n t e f f o r t s , s l u m s c o n t i n u e d t o e m e rg e i n m o s t c i t i e s d u e t o a s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r o f u r b a n e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s . T h i s re s e t t l e m e n t m e t h o d a l s o p ro v e d t o b e v e r y c o s t l y a s i t re q u i re d m a j o r g o v e r n m e n t f u n d i n g n o t o n l y f o r t h e p h y s i c a l m o v e , b u t a l s o f o r n e w p u b l i c s e r v i c e s , i n p a r t i c u l a r p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n f o r c o m m u t i n g w o r k e r s .

R E B U I L D A n o t h e r s i m i l a r a t t e m p t a t e l i m i n a t i n g s l u m s w a s t h e c l e a r a n d re d e v e l o p m e t h o d . T h i s re q u i re d c l e a r i n g t h e s i t e , t e m p o r a r i l y h o u s i n g re s i d e n t s a t re m o t e l o c a t i o n s , b u i l d i n g n e w h o m e s , a n d t h e n re s e t t l i n g t h e re s i d e n t s i n t o t h e s e n e w h o m e s . W i t h h i g h d e m a n d s o f c o s t a n d t i m e , h i g h - r i s e b u i l d i n g s w e re o f t e n p ro p o s e d i n a n e f f o r t t o h o u s e m o re p e o p l e , b u t e x p e r i e n c e h a s s h o w n t h a t t h e re s i d e n t i a l d e n s i t y o f a h i g h - r i s e d e v e l o p m e n t i s n o t m u c h g re a t e r t h a n t h a t o f a c e n t r a l c i t y s l u m . A s w e l l , h i g h - r i s e d e v e l o p m e n t s l a c k t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r g ro u n d - l e v e l s h o p s a n d i n f o r m a l m a r k e t s , w h e re l o w- i n c o m e f a m i l i e s c o u l d o p e r a t e a s m a l l b u s i n e s s f ro m t h e i r h o m e . 36

U P G RA D E T h e f i n a l a l t e r n a t i v e t o d i s p l a c i n g a n d c l e a r i n g i s c o l l a b o r a t i v e s l u m u p g r a d i n g . C o l l a b o r a t i v e s l u m u p g r a d i n g i s a p ro c e s s t h a t p ro m o t e s h e a l t h i e r s e l f- s u s t a i n i n g c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o m o v e o r re l o c a t e . T h i s c o n s i s t s o f p ro v i d i n g b a s i c s e r v i c e s t o a c o m m u n i t y, s u c h a s t r a i n i n g c e n t e r s , p u b l i c l a t r i n e s , a n d s a f e h o u s i n g . I t a l s o i n v o l v e s c re a t i n g d e c e n t r a l i z e d i n f r a s t r u c t u re s t h a t g i v e s l u m re s i d e n t s a f f o rd a b l e o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o i m p ro v e t h e i r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s . T h e re f o re , s l u m u p g r a d i n g c o n s i s t s o f “ i m p ro v i n g b a s i c i n f r a s t r u c t u re s s u c h a s w a t e r re t i c u l a t i o n , s a n i t a t i o n , s t o r m d r a i n a g e , a n d e l e c t r i c i t y, u p t o a s a t i s f a c t o r y s t a n d a rd . ” T h i s s t a n d a rd e q u a l s b a s i c a v a i l a b i l i t y. I t i n v o l v e s d e v e l o p i n g e x i s t i n g n e t w o r k s a n d c re a t i n g n e w p ro g r a m s t h a t c re a t e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r re s i d e n t s t o i m p ro v e t h e i r l i v i n g e n v i ro n m e n t a n d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y m a k e t h e re s i d e n t s , a n d h e n c e t h e c o m m u n i t y, i n c re a s i n g l y i n d e p e n d e n t . 37 I t m o b i l i z e s t h e re s i d e n t s t o t a k e re s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d o w n e r s h i p f o r h o w t h e i r c o m m u n i t y s h o u l d d e v e l o p . T h e re f o re , p a r t i c i p a t i o n n o t j u s t f ro m t h e re s i d e n t s , b u t a l s o f ro m p ro f e s s i o n a l s , g o v e r n m e n t s , a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y re s i d e n t s i s c r u c i a l f o r c o l l a b o r a t i v e s l u m u p g r a d i n g t o s u c c e e d .

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WHAT IS SLUM UPGRADING?

S l u m u p g r a d i n g i s t h e p ro c e s s o f i m p ro v i n g t h e w e l l - b e i n g o f a c o m m u n i t y t h ro u g h p ro g r a m s t h a t p ro v i d e b a s i c s e r v i c e s – s u c h a s c l e a n w a t e r s u p p l y, a d e q u a t e d r a i n a g e , s e w a g e t re a t m e n t , a n d re f u s e c o l l e c t i o n . T h e b e n e f i t o f s l u m u p g r a d i n g i s a n i m p ro v e d l i v i n g e n v i ro n m e n t w i t h o u t b e i n g d i s p l a c e d . T h e i n v e s t m e n t s a l re a d y m a d e t o p ro p e r t i e s re m a i n a n d , w i t h u p g r a d i n g , a re e n h a n c e d . T h i s i s s i g n i f i c a n t l y m o re c o s t e f f i c i e n t t h a n re m o v i n g re s i d e n t s t o a n u n e c o n o m i c a l a l t e r n a t i v e t h a t m a y n o t b e e a s i l y a d a p t a b l e f o r t h e m . E x p e r i e n c e h a s s h o w n t h a t s l u m u p g r a d i n g p ro j e c t s a re a s s o c i a t e d w i t h p a r t i c u l a r l y h i g h s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c b e n e f i t s . F o r e x a m p l e , w h e n u p g r a d i n g w a s u s e d E l M e z q u i t a l , G u a t e m a l a , i n f a n t m o r t a l i t y r a t e s f e l l b y 9 0 p e rc e n t a n d c r i m e b y 4 3 p e rc e n t . 38

C l e a n i n g t h e e n v i ro n m e n t t h ro u g h t h e re m o v a l o f g a r b a g e a n d o t h e r h a z a rd s i s a k e y a s p e c t o f u p g r a d i n g , a s w e l l a s i m p ro v e m e n t s t o s t re e t s a n d p e d e s t r i a n w a l k w a y s . T h e s e p h y s i c a l i m p ro v e m e n t s a re o n l y t h e b e g i n n i n g : h e a l t h i s s u e s s h o u l d b e a d d re s s e d t h ro u g h t h e p ro v i s i o n o f c l i n i c s a n d h e a l t h a w a re n e s s p ro g r a m s ; s c h o o l f a c i l i t i e s a n d t r a i n e d t e a c h e r s a re n e e d e d t o p ro v i d e b a s i c e d u c a t i o n ; f i n a n c i a l p ro g r a m s f o r i n c o m e e a r n i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s n e e d t o b e m a d e a v a i l a b l e t h a t w i l l s u p p o r t t h e g e n e r a l e c o n o m i c h e a l t h o f a c o m m u n i t y. C o m m u n i t y s e r v i c e s s u c h a s g a r b a g e re m o v a l f o s t e r a n i n c e n t i v e t o f o r m a c o m m u n i t y m a n a g e m e n t a n d m a i n t e n a n c e g ro u p .

U p g r a d i n g i s n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e p h y s i c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f h o m e s o r b u i l d i n g s ; i n s t e a d , i t i n v e s t s i n i m p ro v e m e n t s , o f f e r i n g f i n a n c i a l l o a n s t o i n d i v i d u a l s a c c o rd i n g t o w h a t t h e y c a n a f f o rd . T h e f o c u s o f s l u m u p g r a d i n g s h o u l d b e o n t h e f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f l a n d , h o w l a n d s h o u l d b e o rg a n i z e d a n d d i v i d e d , b a s e d o n o r i e n t a t i o n , z o n i n g , a n d a c c e s s t o s e r v i c e s . T h e m a n u a l l a b o u r a n d p h y s i c a l c re a t i o n o f h o m e s c a n a n d s h o u l d b e d e c i d e d b y t h e o w n e r, b a s e d o n w h a t t h e y c a n a f f o rd . C u r re n t l y, t h e s l u m re s i d e n t s o f N a i ro b i d o n o t h a v e r i g h t s t h a t p ro t e c t t h e m f ro m w ro n g f u l e v i c t i o n s o r r i s i n g re n t p r i c e s . Po l i c i e s n e e d t o b e c h a n g e d t o e n s u re t h a t s l u m re s i d e n t s h a v e b a s i c h o u s i n g r i g h t s a n d i n d i v i d u a l p ro t e c t i o n . T h i s i n v o l v e s p o l i c y m a k e r s , g o v e r n m e n t s , a n d d e s i g n e r s t o re a s s e s s c u r re n t p o l i c i e s a n d c h a n g e t h e m s o t h a t i t c o n s i d e r s t h e r i g h t s o f t h e u r b a n p o o r.

T h e re a re t w o f a c t o r s t h a t m u s t f i r s t b e m e t f o r t h e s u c c e s s o f s l u m u p g r a d i n g : 1 . U p g r a d i n g m u s t re s p o n d t o a re a l n e e d ; a n d 2 . T h e re m u s t b e a c o m m i t t e d p a r t n e r s h i p b e t w e e n t h e c i t y, t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d i t s re s i d e n t s .

T h e p e o p l e m u s t t r u l y w a n t a n d u n d e r s t a n d i t s v a l u e , w h i c h m a k e s l o c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n c r i t i c a l . C o m m u n i t i e s a re a re f l e c t i o n o f i t s i n h a b i t a n t s , t h e re f o re re q u i r i n g s l u m u p g r a d i n g t o b e a s l o c a l a s p o s s i b l e . P ro j e c t s m u s t b e d e s i g n e d f ro m t h e “ b o t t o m - u p , ” w o r k i n g w i t h t h e c o m m u n i t i e s s o t h a t t h e y d e c i d e w h a t s e r v i c e s t h e y re c e i v e , a n d w h e n t h e y s h o u l d b e

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i m p l e m e n t e d . A s i n h a b i t a n t s , t h e y u n d e r s t a n d w h a t t h e n e e d s a re i n t h e i r c o m m u n i t y. O n c e a p ro j e c t i s u n d e r w a y, t h e re s i d e n t s s h o u l d c o n t i n u e t o b e i n v o l v e d t h ro u g h o u t t h e d e s i g n a n d b u i l d i n g p ro c e s s e s s o t h a t a s e n s e o f v a l u e a n d a p p re c i a t i o n f o r t h e i r c o m m u n i t y c a n b e a c h i e v e d . U p g r a d i n g , t h e re f o re , i n v o l v e s w o r k s h o p s t h a t e d u c a t e re s i d e n t s o n c o m m u n i c a t i o n , c o n s t r u c t i o n , a n d o t h e r v o c a t i o n a l s k i l l s . B y b u i l d i n g t h e i r k n o w l e d g e , i t i n c re a s e s t h e re s i d e n t s ’ o p p o r t u n i t y f o r e m p l o y m e n t , a n d r a i s e s t h e s t a n d a rd o f e d u c a t i o n i n t h e c o m m u n i t y. T h e re s i d e n t s w i l l g a i n a s k i l l , a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e , b u i l d t h e i r e n v i ro n m e n t t h e w a y t h e y w a n t i t t o f u n c t i o n , g i v i n g t h e m t h e c o n t ro l a n d re s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e f u t u re o f t h e i r c o m m u n i t y.

U p g r a d i n g i s a l s o t h e m o s t f l e x i b l e m e a n s o f i m p ro v i n g t h e l i v e s o f t h e u r b a n p o o r. R a t h e r t h a n f o c u s i n g o n a s t r i c t t i m e l i n e , t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n s o f s l u m u p g r a d i n g v a r y i n s c a l e , a n d t h e re f o re , v a r y i n t i m i n g a n d e x p a n s i o n . T h e d e s i g n a n d p ro c e s s o f s l u m u p g r a d i n g i s i n c re m e n t a l a n d h a s t h e c a p a c i t y t o c h a n g e a t a n y p h a s e , d e p e n d i n g o n t h e re s p o n s e b y t h e re s i d e n t s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y t o t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n . T h e d e s i g n i s o p e n - e n d e d a n d t h e p ro c e s s c a n t a k e o n a d i f f e re n t c o u r s e t h ro u g h i t s e v o l u t i o n ; a n d i t i s t h i s f l e x i b i l i t y t h a t a l l o w s i t t o f i t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e s i t e .

N o t o n l y i s u p g r a d i n g a n a f f o rd a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e t o c l e a r a n c e a n d re l o c a t i o n , w h i c h c o s t s u p t o 1 0 t i m e s m o re t h a n u p g r a d i n g , i t i s a l s o t h e l e a s t d i s r u p t i v e o n e s t a b l i s h e d s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c n e t w o r k s . T h e re s u l t s o f u p g r a d i n g a re h i g h l y v i s i b l e , i m m e d i a t e , a n d m a k e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e re n c e s i n t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e o f t h e u r b a n p o o r. I t e n g a g e s t h e re s i d e n t s t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n s h a p i n g a n d d i re c t i n g t h e i r f u t u re . U p g r a d i n g t h e l i v i n g e n v i ro n m e n t o f s l u m s i s t h e s t a r t t o b e c o m i n g re c o g n i z e d c i t i z e n s a n d c o m m u n i t i e s .

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THE CHALLENGE

“ T h e “ t h i n g ” w e c a l l a “ c i t y ” ( o r b u i l d i n g o r a b u i l t e n v i ro n m e n t ) m a y b e a w o r k o f a r t , b u t i t i s a l s o t h e o u t c o m e o f a “ p ro c e s s ” t h a t w e c a l l “ u r b a n i z a t i o n . ” ” 39 – D a v i d H a r v e y –

I n T h e E n d o f Po v e r t y , J e f f re y D . S a c h s i d e n t i f i e s u r b a n i z a t i o n a s t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t t re n d f u e l l i n g e c o n o m i c g ro w t h t o d a y. C i t i e s a re g ro w i n g a t f a s t e r r a t e s t h a n e v e r b e f o re , a n d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e , u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n s o u t n u m b e r t h e r u r a l . I n 2 0 0 5 , t h e w o r l d ’ s u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n w a s 3 . 1 7 b i l l i o n o u t o f a t o t a l w o r l d p o p u l a t i o n o f 6 . 4 5 b i l l i o n p e o p l e . B y 2 0 3 0 , i t i s e s t i m a t e d t h a t t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n w i l l i n c re a s e t o m o re t h a n 5 b i l l i o n p e o p l e , a r a t e t h a t i s a l m o s t t w o t i m e s f a s t e r t h a n t h e w o r l d ’ s p o p u l a t i o n g ro w t h . W h e t h e r i t i s a s m a l l c o m m u n i t y o f 2 , 0 0 0 i n h a b i t a n t s o r a m e g a - c i t y o f o v e r 1 0 m i l l i o n , u r b a n i z a t i o n h a s p l a c e d t h e f u t u re o f h u m a n i t y i n g ro w i n g c i t i e s , a n d t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d w i l l b e a c c o u n t a b l e f o r o v e r 9 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e g ro w t h .

R E D E F I N I N G “ P L A C E ” T h e s l u m s o f N a i ro b i a re “ m a p - l e s s ” – n o f o r m a l m a p p i n g s o f t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s h a v e b e e n d o c u m e n t e d , n o b a s i c s e r v i c e s a re p ro v i d e d , a n d t h e i r s t re e t s a re s i m p l y n a m e l e s s . T h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s h a v e t r i e d t u r n i n g a b l i n d e y e t o t h e m a n d h a v e m a d e a t t e m p t s t o “ c l e a n s e ” t h e i r c i t i e s o f t h i s u r b a n t y p o l o g y t h ro u g h f o rc e d e v i c t i o n s o r d e m o l i t i o n . Le g a l l y t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s d o n o t e x i s t ; h o w e v e r, t h e s e a re p l a c e s w h e re p e o p l e l i v e – w h e re t h e y e a t , s l e e p , w o r k , p l a y, a n d r a i s e f a m i l i e s . S l u m s n e e d t o b e re c o g n i z e d a s s i g n i f i c a n t p l a c e s c o n t a i n i n g m o v e m e n t s a n d ro u t e s t h a t i n t e rc o n n e c t w i t h e a c h o t h e r a n d a re s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t o r s t o t h e g re a t e r c i t y l i f e . D o re e n M a s s e y, a B r i t i s h s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t a n d g e o g r a p h e r, d e f i n e s p l a c e a s o p e n a n d h y b r i d , a p ro d u c t o f i n t e rc o n n e c t i n g f l o w s a n d ro u t e s , a n d i s p ro g re s s i v e . I n h e r e s s a y, ‘A G l o b a l S e n s e o f P l a c e ’ , s h e g i v e s u s a n i n t e r p re t a t i o n o f p l a c e w h i c h h i g h l i g h t s t h e d y n a m i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s l u m s :

“ … w h a t g i v e s a p l a c e i t s s p e c i f i c i t y i s n o t s o m e l o n g i n t e r n a l i z e d h i s t o r y b u t t h e f a c t t h a t i t i s c o n s t ru c t e d o u t o f a p a r t i c u l a r c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f s o c i a l re l a t i o n s , m e e t i n g a n d w e a v i n g t o g e t h e r a t a p a r t i c u l a r l o c u s . … I n s t e a d t h e n , o f t h i n k i n g o f p l a c e s a s a re a s w i t h b o u n d a r i e s a ro u n d , t h e y c a n b e i m a g i n e d a s a r t i c u l a t e d m o m e n t s i n n e t w o r k s o f s o c i a l re l a t i o n s a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g s , b u t w h e re a l a rg e p ro p o r t i o n o f t h o s e re l a t i o n s , e x p e r i e n c e s a n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g s a re c o n s t ru c t e d o n a f a r l a rg e r s c a l e t h a n w h a t w e h a p p e n t o d e f i n e f o r t h a t m o m e n t a s t h e p l a c e i t s e l f, w h e t h e r t h a t b e a s t re e t , o r a re g i o n o r e v e n a c o n t i n e n t … I f p l a c e s c a n b e c o n c e p t u a l i z e d i n t e r m s o f t h e s o c i a l i n t e r a c t i o n s w h i c h t h e y t i e t o g e t h e r, t h e n i t i s a l s o t h e c a s e t h a t t h e s e i n t e r a c t i o n s t h e m s e l v e s a re n o t m o t i o n l e s s t h i n g s , f ro z e n i n t i m e . T h e y a re p ro c e s s e s . ” 40

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R E D E F I N I N G U R B A N I Z AT I O N T h e c h a l l e n g e p ro f e s s i o n a l s f a c e t o d a y i s n o t i n h o w t h e f u t u re i s p re d i c t e d , b u t h o w i t i s s h a p e d . T h i s s h a p i n g re l a t e s t o b o t h t h e p h y s i c a l f o r m a n d s o c i a l s t r u c t u re . T h e d i f f i c u l t y w i t h t h e u r b a n i z a t i o n o f s l u m s i n t e r m s o f a s p a t i a l c o n s t r u c t i s i n t h e “ p e r s i s t e n t h a b i t o f p r i v i l e g i n g t h i n g s a n d s p a t i a l f o r m s o v e r s o c i a l p ro c e s s e s a s a w h o l e . ” 41 D a v i d H a r v e y s u g g e s t s t h a t a l t h o u g h t h e a rc h i t e c t u r a l p r a c t i c e e m p h a s i z e s s o c i a l re l a t i o n s a n d p ro c e s s e s , i t i s s t i l l s t r a t e g i c a l l y h e l d t h a t “ t h e c i t y i s a t h i n g t h a t c a n b e e n g i n e e re d i n s u c h a w a y a s t o c o n t ro l , c o n t a i n , m o d i f y, o r e n h a n c e s o c i a l p ro c e s s e s . ” 42 T h e s e s o c i a l p ro c e s s e s c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d t h ro u g h t h e e n g i n e e r i n g o f p h y s i c a l f o r m , a c c e n t u a t i n g f o r m o v e r p ro c e s s . Ye t i n t h e c a s e o f s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s , s o c i a l p ro c e s s e s a l re a d y e x i s t a n d a re e n g i n e e r i n g t h e p h y s i c a l f o r m . I n h a b i t a t i o n h a p p e n s f i r s t a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u re f o l l o w s . H a r v e y f u r t h e r s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e re l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n p ro c e s s e s a n d t h i n g s c a n n o t b e s e p a r a t e d a n d t h a t “ s o c i a l p ro c e s s e s i n g e n e r a l ( a re ) f u n d a m e n t a l t o t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h i n g s t h a t c o n t a i n t h e m . ” 43 T h e c h a l l e n g e f a c i n g a rc h i t e c t u re t o d a y i s n o t t o ro m a n t i c i z e p ro c e s s e s o r t h e s e e n v i ro n m e n t s , b u t t o re d e f i n e w h a t u r b a n i z a t i o n m e a n s i n t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y c i t y. A s s u c h , t h e a rc h i t e c t Te d d y C r u z , w h o i s d o i n g s i g n i f i c a n t w o r k i n t h e u r b a n s h a n t y t o w n s o f Ti j u a n a , M e x i c o , t a k e s t h e p o s i t i o n t h a t :

“ I f c o n t e m p o r a r y a r t , a r c h i t e c t u re , a n d u r b a n i s m d o n o t e n t e r t h e s o c i o- p o l i t i c a l , e c o n o m i c , a n d c u l t u r a l d i m e n s i o n o f t h e t e r r i t o r i e s t h e y o c c u p y, t h e y a re d e s t i n e d t o c o n t i n u e b e i n g i s o l a t e d f o r m a l e v e n t s , p e r p e t u a t i n g t h e i d e a o f t h e c i t y a s a s t a t i c re p o s i t o r y o f o b j e c t s i n s t e a d o f re v e a l i n g i t s p o t e n t i a l a s a d y n a m i c f i e l d w h o s e t h i c k n e s s i s m a d e o f t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f i t s m u l t i p l e f o r c e s a n d m u t a t i n g h i s t o r i e s a n d i d e n t i t i e s . ” 44

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THE PROCESS

T h e re i s a c l e a r i d e n t i f i a b l e c r i s i s a n d t h e b u i l t e n v i ro n m e n t i s p a r t o f t h i s c r i s i s ; h o w e v e r, t h e s i t u a t i o n i s m u c h m o re c o m p l e x a n d s p e c i f i c t h a n m e re l y b u i l d i n g n e w h o m e s o r c l e a r i n g g a r b a g e . S o l u t i o n s n e e d t o s t e e r c l e a r f ro m p re c o n c e i v e d n o t i o n s a n d u n i v e r s a l d a t a . M a n y p e o p l e f o rg e t t h a t A f r i c a i s a c o n t i n e n t w i t h 5 3 d i f f e re n t c o u n t r i e s , d i s c u s s i n g “ s o l u t i o n s f o r A f r i c a ” a s i f t h e p ro b l e m s t h e y f a c e a re u n i v e r s a l l y t h e s a m e . E v e r y A f r i c a n c o u n t r y i s f a c i n g d i f f e re n t e c o n o m i c a l , s o c i a l , a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l c i rc u m s t a n c e s , a n d t h e i s s u e s a re h i g h l y c o n t e x t u a l i z e d re q u i r i n g g re a t e r d e t a i l e d s o l u t i o n s t h a t f o c u s o n a l o c a l r a t h e r t h a n o n a re g i o n a l b a s i s .

T H E P R E C O N D I T I O N O F B A S I C N E E D S “ … a l l p a r t s o f t h e w o rd h a v e t h e c h a n c e t o j o i n a n a g e o f u n p re c e d e n t e d p ro s p e r i t y, b u i l d i n g o n g l o b a l s c i e n c e , t e c h n o l o g y, a n d m a r k e t s . B u t y o u w i l l a l s o s e e t h a t c e r t a i n p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d a re c a u g h t i n a d o w n w a rd s p i r a l o f i m p o v e r i s h m e n t , h u n g e r, a n d d i s e a s e . I t i s n o t g o o d t o l e c t u re t h e d y i n g t h a t t h e y s h o u l d h a v e d o n e b e t t e r w i t h t h e i r l o t i n l i f e . R a t h e r, i t i s o u r t a s k t o h e l p t h e m o n t o t h e l a d d e r o f d e v e l o p m e n t , a t l e a s t t o g a i n a f o o t h o l d o n t h e b o t t o m ru n g , f ro m w h i c h t h e y c a n t h e n p ro c e e d t o c l i m b o n t h e i r o w n . … W h e n p re c o n d i t i o n s o f b a s i c i n f r a s t ru c t u re ( ro a d s , p o w e r, p o r t s ) a n d h u m a n c a p i t a l ( h e a l t h a n d e d u c a t i o n ) a re i n p l a c e , m a r k e t s a re p o w e r f u l e n g i n e s o f d e v e l o p m e n t . W i t h o u t t h e s e p re c o n d i t i o n s , m a r k e t s c a n c ru e l l y b y p a s s l a rg e p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d , l e a v i n g t h e m i m p o v e r i s h e d a n d s u f f e r i n g w i t h o u t re s p i t e . C o l l e c t i v e a c t i o n , t h ro u g h e f f e c t i v e g o v e r n m e n t p ro v i s i o n o f h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n , i n f r a s t ru c t u re , a s w e l l a s f o re i g n a s s i s t a n c e w h e n n e e d e d , u n d e r p i n s e c o n o m i c s u c c e s s . ” 45

W h a t i s f i r s t e s s e n t i a l i n o rd e r t o a c h i e v e s u c c e s s f u l d e v e l o p m e n t i s t o e n s u re t h a t t h e b a s i c n e e d s o f e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l a re m e t . M a s l o w ’ s H i e r a rc h y o f N e e d s c o n s i s t s o f a f i v e - t i e re d s t r u c t u re o f p h y s i o l o g i c a l t o p s y c h o l o g i c a l e l e m e n t s . T h e s e e l e m e n t s a re p re c o n d i t i o n s t h a t d r i v e i n d i v i d u a l s t o w a rd s p o s i t i v e g ro w t h . 46 A s s h o w n i n F i g u re 3 . 4 , t h e s e n e e d s a re : p h y s i c a l , s e c u r i t y, s o c i a l , e g o , a n d s e l f- a c t u a l i z a t i o n . C i t i e s m u s t p ro v i d e t h e s e n e e d s t o t h e i r i n h a b i t a n t s i n o rd e r f o r p o s i t i v e g ro w t h t o t a k e p l a c e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y, m a n y o f t h e s e b a s i c n e e d s a re n o t m e t b y s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s a n d a s a re s u l t , l a c k p o s i t i v e g ro w t h . H o w e v e r, i f M a s l o w ’ s t h e o r y o f b a s i c n e e d s , a n d M a s s e y ’ s t h e o r y o n p l a c e a re v i s u a l i z e d t h ro u g h s o c i a l p ro c e s s e s , p l a c e m u s t t h e n a d d re s s b a s i c n e e d s i n o rd e r f o r p ro c e s s e s t o o c c u r. I f a l l t h e b a s i c n e e d s a re m e t , t h e n p l a c e b e c o m e s p ro c e s s e s o f p o s i t i v e g ro w t h .

Ta k e f o r e x a m p l e S u l t a n b e y l i i n I s t a n b u l , Tu r k e y. I t i s a s l u m c o m m u n i t y t h a t b e g a n w i t h t w e n t y- f o u r f a m i l i e s w h o , u p o n c o m i n g t o t h e c i t y, c o u l d n o t f i n d a f f o rd a b l e h o u s i n g . A s a re s u l t , t h e f a m i l i e s c a m e t o g e t h e r a n d s i l e n t l y b e g a n l i v i n g o n i l l e g a l l a n d . O v e r t h e p a s t t h i r t y y e a r s i t h a s g ro w n i n t o a m e t ro p o l i s o f o v e r 3 6 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e . B r i c k b y b r i c k , t h e re s i d e n t s o f S u l t a n b e y l i h a v e m e t t h e i r b a s i c n e e d s a n d d i s c o v e re d t h e g re a t e f f e c t i v e n e s s t h a t re s u l t s i n t h e i r a b i l i t y t o g e t t o g e t h e r a n d

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o rg a n i z e t h e m s e l v e s i n w a y s t h a t a l l o w s o c i a l p ro c e s s e s t o p e r p e t u a t e a n d d r i v e t h e f o rc e b e h i n d d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e n e e d f o r b a s i c n e c e s s i t i e s a n d h u m a n i t y ’ s i n h e re n t s e n s e o f l i v i n g h a s c re a t e d p l a c e s w h e re c o n t e n t t r a n s c e n d s f o r m .

N a i ro b i ’ s c h a l l e n g e i n t h i s p ro c e s s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y c o m p l e x . N o t o n l y a re t h e re p h y s i c a l b a r r i e r s t o d e v e l o p m e n t , b u t a l s o s o c i a l a n d l e g a l b a r r i e r s , c o r r u p t g o v e r n m e n t s a n d p o l i t i c a l h u rd l e s t h a t a l l re l a t e t o o n e a n o t h e r b y p o l i c y. T h e p ro c e s s o f u p g r a d i n g N a i ro b i ’ s s l u m s re q u i re s p o l i t i c i a n s , d e s i g n e r s , b u s i n e s s e s , a n d s l u m re s i d e n t s , a l l l e v e l s o f t h e e c o n o m i c , p o l i t i c a l , a n d s o c i a l l a d d e r t o b e i n v o l v e d . I n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h t h e c o m m u n i t y, n e e d s m u s t b e a s s e s s e d a t a n u r b a n , l o c a l , a n d i n d i v i d u a l l e v e l , a n d p r i o r i t i z e d a c c o rd i n g l y. I t re q u i re s a “ b o t t o m - u p ” a p p ro a c h t o d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t h e c a t a l y s t t o t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l p ro c e s s i s t h e b u i l t e n v i ro n m e n t .

S l u m c o m m u n i t i e s a re f i l l e d w i t h i n f o r m a l m a r k e t s g e n e r a t i n g m i c ro - l e v e l e c o n o m i c s . T h e y a re a p o s i t i v e s o u rc e f o r e m p l o y m e n t t h a t g o v e r n m e n t s a n d p ro f e s s i o n a l s c o u l d b e g i n t a p p i n g i n t o b y w o r k i n g w i t h c o m m u n i t y- b a s e d o rg a n i z a t i o n s . A t a s m a l l e x p e n s e , s l u m d w e l l e r s c o u l d b e h i re d t o b u i l d s e w a g e l i n e s , c o l l e c t g a r b a g e a n d c o m p o s t o rg a n i c w a s t e . I n o t h e r w o rd s , c i t i e s c a n e n a b l e t h e i r c i t i z e n s t o i m p ro v e t h e i r o w n c o m m u n i t i e s b y f a c i l i t a t i n g i n v o l v e m e n t . I f o rg a n i c w a s t e s u c h a s p a p e r, f o o d s c r a p s , a n d e v e n h u m a n e x c re m e n t i s c o m p o s t e d , i t c a n b e u s e d t o n o u r i s h u r b a n a g r i c u l t u re , re d u c i n g t h e d i s p o s a l o f w a s t e . U r b a n a g r i c u l t u re i s e s t i m a t e d t o p ro v i d e 1 5 % o f t h e w o r l d ’ s f o o d s u p p l y, c o m i n g d i re c t l y f ro m a p p ro x i m a t e l y 8 0 0 m i l l i o n u r b a n f a r m e r s . I n N a i ro b i , a g r i c u l t u re p ro v i d e s t h e h i g h e s t s e l f- e m p l o y m e n t e a r n i n g s i n s m a l l b u s i n e s s e s a n d t h e t h i rd h i g h e s t f o r a l l o f Ke n y a . 47 C i t i e s s h o u l d a l s o re v i s e t h e i r p o l i c i e s o n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , l a n d u s e , a n d m i c ro - c re d i t , t o f u r t h e r t h e i m p o v e r i s h e d d w e l l e r s a b i l i t y t o m a k e a l i v i n g i n t h e c i t y. B y f i r s t e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e p re c o n d i t i o n s o f b a s i c n e e d s , i t w i l l e n a b l e t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s t o f l o u r i s h i n d e p e n d e n t l y. A s a c o n s e q u e n c e , u n e q u a l s h a re s i n t h e u r b a n m a r k e t c o u l d p o t e n t i a l l y h e l p c i t i e s m a n a g e s l u m s . A l l o f t h i s re q u i re s c o l l a b o r a t i v e p r a c t i c e s , p a r t n e r s h i p , a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n b e t w e e n p ro f e s s i o n a l s , g o v e r n m e n t s , a n d c o m m u n i t i e s .

T h e p ro c e s s t h i s t h e s i s p ro p o s e s i s t h e K i j i j i K i t . T h i s k i t i s a w o r k i n g m o d e l a n d a s e t o f g u i d e l i n e s f o r s l u m u p g r a d i n g t h a t a c o m m u n i t y c a n u s e t o m o b i l i z e i t s i n h a b i t a n t s f o r p o s i t i v e c h a n g e . I t s e e k s t o e n s u re t h a t t h e b a s i c n e e d s o f t h e m o s t v u l n e r a b l e p o p u l a t i o n o f t h e u r b a n p o o r a re m e t , a n d p ro v i d e re s o u rc e s t h a t w i l l e n a b l e f u t u re g e n e r a t i o n s t o m o re a c t i v e l y p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m y. T h e k i t i s a s t r a t e g y t h a t i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h re e s e c t i o n s : Z o n i n g P ro c e s s e s , K i j i j i I n f r a s t r u c t u re s , a n d I n d i v i d u a l I n f r a s t r u c t u re s . T h i s s e c t i o n p o r t r a y s t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e p ro c e s s a n d t a c k l e s M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a ’ s i s s u e s o n t h re e s c a l e s : c i t y, c o m m u n i t y a n d i n d i v i d u a l . T h e s e s e c t i o n s a re d i s c u s s e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a p t e r.

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4.0 > T H E K I J I J I K I T “A f t e r d e c a d e s o f a b s e n c e f r o m t h e m a i n s p h e r e s o f a r c h i t e c t u r a l d i s c o u r s e , t h e p h e n o m e n o n o f t h e m e t r o p o l i s a s a s i t e f o r r e s e a r c h a n d e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n i s b e g i n n i n g t o r e c a p t u r e t h e i m a g i n a t i o n o f a r c h i t e c t s . T h i s r e n e w e d a t t e n t i o n o u r p r o f e s s i o n i s g i v i n g t o t h e s o c i o - c u l t u r a l , p o l i t i c a l , a n d e c o n o m i c f o r c e s a t s t a k e i n t h e c i t y c o u l d r e d e f i n e t h e o p e r a t i o n a l p r o c e s s e s o f a r c h i t e c t u r e i t s e l f, a s w e l l a s t h e r o l e o f a r c h i t e c t s i n t h e c o n t e x t o f c i t y d e v e l o p m e n t . C e r t a i n p r a c t i c e s i n c o n t e m p o r a r y a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d u r b a n i s m a r e g e n e r a t i n g t h e r e - e v a l u a t i o n o f n o t i o n s w e h a v e p e r p e t u a t e d a s i m m u t a b l e i n d e s c r i b i n g c e r t a i n t y p o l o g i e s a n d c o n c e p t s i n o u r f i e l d . ” 48 – Te d d y C r u z –

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THE KIJIJI KIT

“ K i j i j i ” i s t h e S w a h i l i w o rd m e a n i n g “ c o m m u n a l s e t t l e m e n t . ” H e n c e , t h e K i j i j i K i t i s a s e r i e s o f i n f r a s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t s t h a t a re d e s i g n e d t o f o r m a h e a l t h y a n d s o c i a l l y d y n a m i c c o m m u n a l e n v i ro n m e n t i n w h i c h t o l i v e . C o m m u n a l l i v i n g i s a n a p p ro a c h t o h e l p i n g t h e o r p h a n s i n t h e re g i o n a c q u i re b a s i c n e e d s . T h e k i t i s d i v i d e d i n t o t h re e m a j o r s e c t i o n s : Z o n i n g P ro c e s s e s , K i j i j i I n f r a s t r u c t u re s , a n d I n f i l l S y s t e m s . E a c h s e c t i o n l o o k s a t t h e c o m m u n i t y o n d i f f e re n t s c a l e s a n d d e v e l o p s a s t r a t e g y t h a t w i l l h e l p t h e c o m m u n i t y p ro c e s s i n f o r m a t i o n o n w h a t s e r v i c e s a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u re s t h e y n e e d , h o w t o a c q u i re t h e s e n e e d s , a n d w h e n t o i m p l e m e n t t h e m . T h i s k i t d e m a n d s p ro f e s s i o n a l s a n d c o m m u n i t i e s t o p a r t n e r i n t h e d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n p ro c e s s e s .

T h e re a re m a n y e x a m p l e s o f t h e u r b a n p o o r a ro u n d t h e w o r l d w h o h a v e c o m e t o g e t h e r t o s u p p o r t t h e n e e d s o f t h e i r c o m m u n i t i e s d e s p i t e a l a c k o f re s o u rc e s . I n R i o d e J a n e i ro – a c i t y w h e re o n e t h i rd o f i t s p o p u l a t i o n i s l i v i n g i n f a v e l a s – J o rg e M a r i o J a r u e g u i A rc h i t e c t s re s p o n d e d t o t h e i r c i t y ’ s u r b a n p o o r a n d b e g a n w o r k i n g w i t h l o c a l re s i d e n t s , m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , a n d d r u g - l o rd s t h a t t e r r i t o r i a l l y c l a i m d i f f e re n t a re a s o f t h e f a v e l a s , o n p ro j e c t s t o p e n e t r a t e a n d re v i t a l i z e t h e s e h i l l s i d e c o m m u n i t i e s . F ro m p e d e s t r i a n w a l k w a y s t o c o m m u n a l k i t c h e n s , e v e r y i n t e r v e n t i o n p ro m o t e d a n e w a n d p o s i t i v e p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e c o m m u n i t y, w h i c h i n t u r n , s u p p o r t e d a n d b u i l t u p t h e s o c i o l o g i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c s t a t u s o f t h e f a v e l a s . A rc h i t e c t u re , i n t h i s s e n s e , “ d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e p o w e r o f u r b a n d e s i g n i n re a l i z i n g s o c i a l c h a n g e a n d e n g a g i n g m a rg i n a l i z e d p e o p l e i n t h e re v i t a l i z a t i o n o f t h e i r o w n c o m m u n i t i e s . ” 49

T h e p ro d u c t f ro m t h e u s e o f t h e K i j i j i K i t i s t h e p ro c e s s . T h ro u g h t h e p ro c e s s o f n e t w o r k i n g a n d b u i l d i n g , t h e a i m i s t h a t t h e c o m m u n i t y w i l l p ro v i d e t h e b a s i c n e e d s o f i t s o r p h a n e d c h i l d re n , w h i l e c re a t i n g b e t t e r l i v i n g e n v i ro n m e n t s f o r a l l i t s s l u m re s i d e n t s . T h e p ro c e s s w i l l c h a n g e t h e c o m m u n i t y b o t h p h y s i c a l l y a n d s o c i a l l y. A s e a c h c o m m u n i t y e m b a r k s o n t h e u p g r a d i n g p ro c e s s , t h e y w i l l i n t u r n a c t a s a n o d e l e a d i n g t o a g re a t e r n e t w o r k o f c o m m u n a l e n v i ro n m e n t s . T h i s n e t w o r k o f c o m m u n i t i e s i s d e c e n t r a l i z e d , w i t h e a c h c o m m u n i t y s e t t i n g t h e i r o w n p l a n s , i d e a s , m e t h o d s , a n d re s o u rc e s f o r d e v e l o p m e n t . S t i l l , e a c h c o m m u n i t y c a n b e g i n s h a r i n g t h e i r i d e a s , w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r t o w a rd s t h e s a m e v i s i o n o f i m p ro v i n g t h e l i v e s o f t h e u r b a n p o o r. T h e K i j i j i K i t i s a c a t a l y s t t o s t a r t i n g a c o m m u n i t y ’ s u r b a n u p g r a d i n g p ro c e s s a n d a c q u i r i n g t h e b a s i c n e e d s f o r c o m m u n a l l i v i n g .

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timelines

CIRCULATION ZONE

COMMUNITY ZONE

AG RI

CU LT

UR E Z

ON E

Garbage Pavilion COMPLETE

Start garbage clean-up along Ngong River

Start building berms adjacent to railway Prepare ground for community garden

Attain seeds, plants, trees, etc. Start planting community gardens

Prepare ground for individual/group plots Divide plots (individual/group)

Begin plot distribution to residents

PHASE 1: Start construction of orphanage

Start construction of housing framework Orphanage COMPLETE

PHASE 2: Start construction of Communal Facilities Pavilions Phase 2A: Public Washrooms Pavilion

Phase 2B: Garbage Pavililon Public Washrooms Pavilion COMPLETE Garbage Pavilion COMPLETE Phase 2C: Market Place (permanent market stalls)

Market Place COMPLETE Phase 2D: Community Church

Community Church COMPLETE PHASE 3: Start construction of Health Clinic

Start construction of Offices Health Clinc COMPLETE

ALL offices COMPLETE PHASE 4: Start construction of Community Center

Begin landscaping of walkways, public gather places, etc.

Community Center COMPLETE

5 year 12

6 year 12

7 year 12

8 year 12

9 year 12

10 year 12

11 year 12

12 year 12

13 year 12

14 year 12

15 year 12

16 year 12

17 year 12

Demarcate route boundaries POLICY & FUNDING: to be established

Maintenance of existing road Start construction of homes on resettlement site

Begin resettlement of affected homes SEWAGE SYSTEM: negotations with municipality

Begin new road construction Connect to sewage system

Resettlement complete

Main circulation route complete

12 start

12 1 year

12 2 year

12 3 year

12 4 year

FIGURE 4.1 Diagram indicating the area of the three zones (circulation, community, agriculture)

��

ZONING PROCESSES Z o n i n g P ro c e s s e s a n a l y z e s a c o m m u n i t y ’ s i s s u e s o n a b ro a d e r c i t y- w i d e s c a l e . I t c o n s i d e r s w h e re t h e c o m m u n i t y i s g e o g r a p h i c a l l y l o c a t e d , a n d h o w i t re l a t e s t o t h e g re a t e r c i t y n e t w o r k t h ro u g h c i rc u l a t i o n ro u t e s a n d s p e c i f i e d l a n d z o n i n g . I t i n v o l v e s p ro v i d i n g v e h i c u l a r a c c e s s t o t h e c o m m u n i t y s o t h a t s e r v i c e s s u c h a n d m e d i c a l a m b u l a n c e s , m o b i l e h e a l t h c l i n i c s , f i re t r u c k s , a n d p o l i c e c a r s h a v e a c c e s s t o t h e s i t e . I t c o n n e c t s t h e c o m m u n i t y t o t h e c i t y, a n d e n c o u r a g e s m u n i c i p a l i t i e s t o v i e w s l u m s a s a n e s s e n t i a l p a r t o f t h e c i t y n e t w o r k . A s M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a i s l o c a t e d b e t w e e n a m a j o r i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r a n d t h e N g o n g R i v e r, t h e c o m m u n i t y h a s b e e n d i v i d e d i n t o t h re e m a j o r z o n i n g s e c t i o n s ( c i rc u l a t i o n z o n e , c o m m u n i t y z o n e , a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l z o n e ) a c c o rd i n g t o i t s s i t e c o n d i t i o n s .

��

N A

IR O

B I

C IT

Y C

EN TE

MUKURU KWA-NJENGA

MATATUMOBILE HEALTH CLINICBIKE MARKETSTREET SIDE MARKET

EXISTING CONDITIONS

PROPOSED NEW ROAD

CONNECTIONS TO MUKURU/CITY CENTER VIA PROPOSED CIRCULATION ROUTE

TIMELINE

REDEVELOPMENT SITE

TO BE DEMOLISHED

TO NAIROBI

C IT

Y C

E N

TE R

FIGURE 4.2 The Circulation Zone’s processes and routes.

��

N A

IR O

B I

C IT

Y C

EN TE

MUKURU KWA-NJENGA

MATATUMOBILE HEALTH CLINICBIKE MARKETSTREET SIDE MARKET

EXISTING CONDITIONS

PROPOSED NEW ROAD

CONNECTIONS TO MUKURU/CITY CENTER VIA PROPOSED CIRCULATION ROUTE

TIMELINE

REDEVELOPMENT SITE

TO BE DEMOLISHED

TO NAIROBI

C IT

Y C

E N

TE R

[1 CIRCULATION ZONE] F o r M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a , t h e c i rc u l a t i o n z o n e i s l o c a t e d o n t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e s i t e , c l o s e s t t o t h e c i t y ’ s i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r. A m a i n v e h i c u l a r s t re e t , h e re i n n a m e d M u k u r u A v e n u e , i s p ro p o s e d t h a t r u n s s o u t h f ro m Lu n g a - Lu n g a Ro a d , c u t t i n g e a s t - w e s t t h ro u g h t h e s i t e , a n d b a c k u p , c re a t i n g a t r a f f i c l o o p . T h i s ro a d w i l l c o n n e c t M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a t o t h e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n g r i d , a c k n o w l e d g i n g i t a s a p a r t o f t h e c i t y. I t w i l l c re a t e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r n e w m a t a t u ro u t e s , a c c e s s f o r m o b i l e d o c t o r s , a m b u l a n c e s , p o l i c e c a r s a n d f i re t r u c k s . I t w i l l a l s o g i v e t h e re s i d e n t s a q u i c k e r w a y o f g e t t i n g t o t h e c i t y c e n t e r. T h e n e w M u k u r u Ro a d w i l l b e a p u b l i c a v e n u e f o r t h e c o m m u n i t y, c re a t i n g a m a r k e t h u b f o r t h e g ro w i n g i n f o r m a l e c o n o m i c s e c t o r.

T h i s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n a n d p ro c e s s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n i n v o l v e s p a r t n e r s h i p a n d s u p p o r t b y t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f Ke n y a ( G O K ) . T h e g o v e r n m e n t p o l i c i e s i n v o l v i n g s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s m u s t a l l o w ro a d s , s u c h a s M u k u r u A v e n u e , t o b e c o n s t r u c t e d a n d c o n n e c t e d t o t h e c i t y s e w a g e s y s t e m . W i t h t h e m a j o r i n d u s t r i a l s e c t o r l o c a t e d j u s t n o r t h o f t h i s ro a d , t h e n e c e s s i t y o f a d r a i n a g e s y s t e m i s t o e n s u re t h a t t o x i n s a n d o t h e r h a z a rd s d o n o t p e n e t r a t e f u r t h e r i n t o t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d t o w a rd s t h e N g o n g R i v e r, p ro t e c t i n g t h e h e a l t h o f t h e re s i d e n t s , a s w e l l a s t h e e n v i ro n m e n t .

��

SITE INFORMATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

SITE AREA:

POPULATION SITE AREA: MUKURU:

DISTANCE TO NEAREST TOILET FACILITY :

DISTANCE TO NEAREST PULBIC WATER PUMP:

68,580 sq.m. (approx.)

2450 - 3700 people (610 hoouseholds) 400,000 people

500 m

COMMUNITY PHASING PROCESS

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

PHASE 4

Orphanage Housing: structural framework ONLY

Communal Services Pavilions: Public Washrooms Pavilion Garbage Pavilion Community Water Pump Market Place Community Church

Health Clinic Social Support Structure Offices

Community Center Finance and Housing Center Public gathering spaces, landscaping

GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE

HIGH MEDIUM LOW

HOUSING Orphanage Individual Home

EDUCATION

MARKET PLACE

HEALTH & SANITATION Health Clinic Water (Availability) Hygiene (Washroom Avail.) Refuse Collection

SOCIAL SUPPORT

CULTURE & IDENTITY

EXISTING

NETWORK DISTRIBUTION AND CRITERIA

LEVEL OF NEED

T h e c o m m u n i t y z o n e c o n t a i n s l o c a l c o m m u n i t y p ro g r a m s a n d p u b l i c s p a c e s , s u c h a s t h e c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r a n d h e a l t h c l i n i c , a n d i s i n t e n d e d t o b e a b u f f e r b e t w e e n t h e m a j o r c i rc u l a t i o n z o n e a n d t h e re s i d e n t i a l a re a . W h a t m u s t f i r s t b e a s s e s s e d b y t h e c o m m u n i t y i s t h e l e v e l o f n e e d f o r e a c h e s s e n t i a l c o m m u n i t y s u p p o r t s y s t e m ( l i s t e d a n d o u t l i n e d i n t h e K i j i j i I n f r a s t r u c t u re s ) . F ro m t h i s a s s e s s m e n t , s u p p o r t p ro g r a m s w i l l b e d e s i g n e d a n d i m p l e m e n t e d a c c o rd i n g l y. F o r M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a , t h e n e e d f o r a b e t t e r o r p h a n a g e i s o f h i g h e s t i m p o r t a n c e , a n d i s t h e re f o re d e s i g n e d i n t h e f i r s t p h a s i n g p ro c e s s .

T h i s z o n e re l i e s o n p a r t i c i p a t i o n b y t h e re s i d e n t s t o h e l p i n t h e d e s i g n p ro c e s s a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a l l t h e f a c i l i t i e s . I t re q u i re s a rc h i t e c t s a n d o t h e r d e s i g n e r s t o f a c i l i t a t e i n t h e d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n m e e t i n g s , r u n n i n g w o r k s h o p s t h a t t e a c h t h e re s i d e n t s c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d s a n d s k i l l s t h a t w i l l b e u s e d , a n d t o c o o rd i n a t e t h e d e s i g n , c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d f u n d i n g o f t h e p ro j e c t . F i n a l l y, t h i s z o n e re q u i re s t h e s u p p o r t a n d p a r t n e r s h i p o f t h e g o v e r n m e n t , N G O ’ s a n d p r i v a t e s e c t o r s t h ro u g h t h e p ro v i s i o n o f f u n d i n g a n d m a t e r i a l re s o u rc e s .

[2 COMMUNITY ZONE]

FIGURE 4.3 The Community Zone’s processes and phases.

��

SITE INFORMATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

SITE AREA:

POPULATION SITE AREA: MUKURU:

DISTANCE TO NEAREST TOILET FACILITY :

DISTANCE TO NEAREST PULBIC WATER PUMP:

68,580 sq.m. (approx.)

2450 - 3700 people (610 hoouseholds) 400,000 people

500 m

COMMUNITY PHASING PROCESS

PHASE 1

PHASE 2

PHASE 3

PHASE 4

Orphanage Housing: structural framework ONLY

Communal Services Pavilions: Public Washrooms Pavilion Garbage Pavilion Community Water Pump Market Place Community Church

Health Clinic Social Support Structure Offices

Community Center Finance and Housing Center Public gathering spaces, landscaping

GROUND INFRASTRUCTURE

HIGH MEDIUM LOW

HOUSING Orphanage Individual Home

EDUCATION

MARKET PLACE

HEALTH & SANITATION Health Clinic Water (Availability) Hygiene (Washroom Avail.) Refuse Collection

SOCIAL SUPPORT

CULTURE & IDENTITY

EXISTING

NETWORK DISTRIBUTION AND CRITERIA

LEVEL OF NEED

��

REFUSE DISPOSAL SITE (UNOFFICIAL)

START REFUSE CLEAN-UP

BERM ADJACENT RAILWAY

COMMUNITY GARDEN

INDIVIDUAL PLOT 50 SQ.M.

GROUP PLOT 100-200 SQ.M.

50m

100m

150m

200m

250m

300m

AGRICUTURAL PERAMETERS

Avg. Rainfall:

Main Annual Temperature:

Rainy Season:

Dry Season:

Main Crops:

760 mm

19-24 Celcius

Nov-May

June-Oct

Maize, Potatoes, Kale, Beans

AGRICULTURAL PATHS

GROUP PLOT

INDIVIDUAL PLOT

COMMUNITY GARDEN

NGONG RIVER

RAILWAY

BERM

COMMUNITY GARDEN T h e b e n e f i t o f t h e s i t e l o c a t i o n o f M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a i s i t s p ro x i m i t y t o t h e N g o n g R i v e r. W i t h t h e r i v e r l o c a t e d a t t h e s o u t h e n d o f t h e s i t e , t h i s a re a i s d e s i g n a t e d a s t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l z o n e , p ro m o t i n g u r b a n a g r i c u l t u re , e n v i ro n m e n t a l re s p o n s i b i l i t y, a s w e l l a s p ro v i d i n g g e n e r a l d r a i n a g e o f t h e s i t e . T h e f i r s t s t e p i n d e v e l o p i n g t h i s z o n e i s i n t h e re m o v a l o f re f u s e i n t h e N g o n g R i v e r, a n d g e n e r a t i n g a s u s t a i n a b l e c u l t u re t h ro u g h o u t t h e c o m m u n i t y. T h e r i v e r i s h i g h l y p o l l u t e d a n d re q u i re s t h e re s i d e n t s t o c o m e t o g e t h e r a n d s t a r t a c l e a n - u p p ro g r a m , e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e u s e o f t h e r i v e r a s a d u m p i n g s i t e s t o p s – b y p ro v i d i n g a n a l t e r n a t e d e s i g n a t e d d u m p i n g l o c a t i o n . C l e a n i n g a l s o re q u i re s c o o rd i n a t i o n w i t h o t h e r c o m m u n i t i e s a n d i n d u s t r i e s l o c a t e d u p s t re a m , t o e n s u re t h a t t o x i n s a n d g a r b a g e a re n o t d u m p e d i n t o t h e r i v e r, d r i f t i n g d o w n t o w a rd s M u k u r u .

O n c e t h e r i v e r i s a t a c l e a n s t a n d a rd a n d t h e l a n d a l o n g i t s e d g e i s re a d y f o r c u l t i v a t i o n , p l o t s c a n b e d e l i n e a t e d f o r re s i d e n t s t o re n t f o r a t l e a s t o n e o r t w o h a r v e s t s ( b a s e d o n w h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l c a n a f f o rd . ) I n t h i s w a y, t h e re s i d e n t s a re g i v e n m o re o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o s a v e f i n a n c i a l l y. A l t h o u g h t h e p l o t s m a y n o t p ro d u c e e x c e s s c ro p s f o r m a r k e t s a l e s a n d p ro f i t , i t w i l l h e l p s u p p o r t h o u s e h o l d s w i t h s o m e o f t h e d a i l y f o o d re q u i re m e n t s , w h i c h i n t u r n , h e l p s t h e m s a v e o n f o o d c o s t s . T h e f i n a n c e s t h e y s a v e c a n b e u s e d f o r o t h e r n e e d s , s u c h a s w a t e r o r s c h o o l f e e s . T h i s z o n e i s a l s o a w a y o f p ro m o t i n g u r b a n a g r i c u l t u re .

[3 AGRICULTURAL ZONE]

FIGURE 4.4 The Agriculture Zone’s processes and phases.

�0

REFUSE DISPOSAL SITE (UNOFFICIAL)

START REFUSE CLEAN-UP

BERM ADJACENT RAILWAY

COMMUNITY GARDEN

INDIVIDUAL PLOT 50 SQ.M.

GROUP PLOT 100-200 SQ.M.

50m

100m

150m

200m

250m

300m

AGRICUTURAL PERAMETERS

Avg. Rainfall:

Main Annual Temperature:

Rainy Season:

Dry Season:

Main Crops:

760 mm

19-24 Celcius

Nov-May

June-Oct

Maize, Potatoes, Kale, Beans

AGRICULTURAL PATHS

GROUP PLOT

INDIVIDUAL PLOT

COMMUNITY GARDEN

NGONG RIVER

RAILWAY

BERM

COMMUNITY GARDEN

��

$ Ksh

KIJIJI INFRASTRUCTURES K i j i j i I n f r a s t r u c t u re s a re a l i s t o f s e v e n e l e m e n t s t h a t a re e s s e n t i a l f o r a n y t h r i v i n g i n d e p e n d e n t s l u m c o m m u n i t y. T h e s e e l e m e n t s c o n s i s t o f :

T h e s e e l e m e n t s a re n o t p l a c e d i n a h i e r a rc h i c a l o rd e r a n d a re b a s e d o n t h e b a s i c n e e d s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y. T h e u r b a n p o o r o f M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a f a c e d i f f e re n t s t r u g g l e s t h a n t h o s e o f R i o d e J a n e i ro . T h e s e s t r u g g l e s i n c l u d e H I V / A I D S , g o v e r n m e n t c o r r u p t i o n , a n d t h e l a c k o f p ro p e r t y r i g h t s . T h e re f o re , a s e a c h c o m m u n i t y f a c e s d i f f e re n t c i rc u m s t a n c e s a n d s i t u a t i o n s , e a c h o f t h e K i j i j i i n f r a s t r u c t u re s a re e q u a l l y e s s e n t i a l a n d s h o u l d b e s t r a t e g i c a l l y i m p l e m e n t e d b a s e d o n t h e c o m m u n i t y ’ s n e e d s a n d p r i o r i t i e s . A s e a c h n e e d i s m e t , o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r c o m m u n i t y d e v e l o p m e n t w i l l e m e rg e a n d p ro c e s s e s w i l l b e g e n e r a t e d .

T h e m a j o r p u b l i c s t r i p i n M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a ’ s u p g r a d e p ro p o s a l i s f l a n k e d b y t w o o n e - w a y v e h i c u l a r s t re e t s a n d h o l d s t h e p e r m a n e n t a n d t e m p o r a r y m a r k e t p l a c e s , t h e C o m m u n a l S e r v i c e s Pa v i l i o n , a n d t h e l o c a l c h u rc h ( C a n a D e l i v e r a n c e c h u rc h ) s t a n d i n g a t t h e w e s t e n t r a n c e o f t h e s i t e . S o u t h o f t h e m a j o r p u b l i c s t r i p i s t h e c o m m u n i t y z o n e w h e re t h e m a j o r i t y o f i n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d c o m m u n i t y s e r v i c e s a re l o c a t e d , s u c h a s t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l , h e a l t h c l i n i c a n d C a n a o f f i c e h e a d q u a r t e r s . D e s i g n a t e d p u b l i c a n d s e m i - p u b l i c a re a s f o r t h e c o m m u n i t y a re c re a t e d a m o n g t h e s e i n s t i t u t i o n s , w h i c h t h e n c o n n e c t s t o t h e a d a p t a b l e h o u s i n g s t r u c t u re s a n d t h e o r p h a n a g e . T h e s e a re t h e m o s t p r i v a t e p ro g r a m m a t i c e l e m e n t s c o v e r i n g t h e s o u t h e r n e d g e , f l a n k i n g t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l g a rd e n s a n d N g o n g R i v e r.

G ro u n d w o r k I n f r a s t r u c t u re

H e a l t h & S a n i t a t i o n

H o u s i n g

E d u c a t i o n

S o c i a l S u p p o r t S t r u c t u re

M a r k e t P l a c e

C u l t u re & I d e n t i t y

��

$ Ksh

P E D E S T R I A N P A T H W A Y 1 . 5 m ( w ) m i n i m u m

V E H I C U L A R R O A D : O n e - w a y t r a f f i c : 3 . 0 m ( w ) m i n i m u m

C O M M U N I T Y G A R D E N S F u r ro w s : 1 . 3 m a p a r t

I N D I V I D U A L P LO T S 2 5 s q . m .

G R O U P P LO T S 1 0 0 - 2 0 0 s q . m .

MAIN CIRCULATION ROAD

R I V E R RA I LWAY RA I LWAY

R I V E R

COMMUNITY GARDENS AND AGRICULTURAL PLOTS

d r a i n t o w a rd s s e w e r

d r a i n t o w a rd s

r i v e r

1 . 5 m 1 . 2 m

1 . 2 m

0 . 9 m

0 . 6 m

0 . 3 m

FIGURE 4.5 Illustration of Groundwork Infrastructure applied to Mukuru Kwa-Njenga: ABOVE Typical plan and section of the main circulation route. BELOW Typical plan and sections of the community gardens along the river and railway.

��

$ Ksh

P E D E S T R I A N P A T H W A Y 1 . 5 m ( w ) m i n i m u m

V E H I C U L A R R O A D : O n e - w a y t r a f f i c : 3 . 0 m ( w ) m i n i m u m

C O M M U N I T Y G A R D E N S F u r ro w s : 1 . 3 m a p a r t

I N D I V I D U A L P LO T S 2 5 s q . m .

G R O U P P LO T S 1 0 0 - 2 0 0 s q . m .

MAIN CIRCULATION ROAD

R I V E R RA I LWAY RA I LWAY

R I V E R

COMMUNITY GARDENS AND AGRICULTURAL PLOTS

d r a i n t o w a rd s s e w e r

d r a i n t o w a rd s

r i v e r

1 . 5 m 1 . 2 m

1 . 2 m

0 . 9 m

0 . 6 m

0 . 3 m

C u r re n t l y M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a i s l o c a t e d o n t h e o u t s k i r t s o f t h e c i t y g r i d a n d i s p e rc e i v e d b y t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s a s n o n - e x i s t e n t . A s a re s u l t , n o ro a d s h a v e b e e n c re a t e d , n o s e r v i c e s h a v e b e e n p ro v i d e d , a n d t h e re i s n o g o v e r n m e n t a c k n o w l e d g e m e n t o f t h e a re a o n i t s n e e d s ( u n l e s s t h e re i s a n e l e c t i o n c o m i n g u p . ) W i t h t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a m a i n v e h i c u l a r ro a d , t h e c o m m u n i t y w i l l b e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e c i t y ’ s t r a n s p o r t a t i o n g r i d a n d w i l l h e l p p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n , m o b i l e h e a l t h c l i n i c s , a s w e l l a s m a r k e t o p p o r t u n i t i e s t o d e v e l o p a n d f l o u r i s h . G ro u n d w o r k p h y s i c a l l y p u t s t h e c o m m u n i t y o n t h e c i t y m a p a n d g i v e s t h e c o m m u n i t y a c c e s s t o s e r v i c e s .

A s t h e m a i n f o r m o f p u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i s b y m a t a t u s , t h e p ro v i s i o n o f ro a d s w i l l i n c re a s e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r m o re s e r v i c e a b l e ro u t e s . A M o b i l e H e a l t h C l i n i c p ro g r a m c a n b e i m p l e m e n t e d , p ro v i d i n g a c c e s s i b l e a n d a f f o rd a b l e h e a l t h s e r v i c e s t o p e o p l e t h a t d e s p e r a t e l y n e e d i t . D r a i n a g e a n d s e w a g e t re a t m e n t i s s u e s c a n b e a d d re s s e d a n d i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , a m a i n s e w a g e l i n e c a n b e i n s t a l l e d u n d e rg ro u n d t o k e e p t h e s t re e t s c l e a n a n d l o w e r t h e s p re a d o f d i s e a s e a n d i l l n e s s . T h e d e s i g n o f s p e c i f i e d v e h i c u l a r a n d p e d e s t r i a n ro u t e s a l s o e n s u re s a f l u i d c i rc u l a t i o n t h ro u g h t h e s i t e , m a k i n g m o re e f f i c i e n t u s e o f s p a c e w h i l e s t i l l k e e p i n g t h e d e n s e c h a r a c t e r o f t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d . G ro u n d w o r k m a y a l s o i n c l u d e s t re e t l i g h t i n g . B a s e d o n t h e c u r re n t p ro g r a m “ A d o p t - a - L i g h t ” – i n o p e r a t i o n i n N a i ro b i t h ro u g h s u p p o r t f ro m p u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e s e c t o r s – t h i s p a r t n e r s h i p h a s b e e n a s u c c e s s i n p ro v i d i n g s a f e r s t re e t s t h ro u g h o u t t h e c i t y, a n d s h o u l d b e e x t e n d e d t o s l u m s t o f u r t h e r i m p ro v e t h e s e c u r i t y o f t h e c i t y a s a w h o l e . 50

U r b a n a g r i c u l t u re i s a n o t h e r p ro g r a m t h a t h a s s t a r t e d i n t h e s l u m s o f N a i ro b i . S p a t i a l l y j u x t a p o s e d w i t h o t h e r u r b a n a c t i v i t i e s – c o m p e t i n g f o r l a n d , l a b o u r, a n d re s o u rc e s – u r b a n a g r i c u l t u re m a k e s a v i t a l c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e h o u s e h o l d e c o n o m y o f t h e u r b a n p o o r. 51 I n K i b e r a , u r b a n f a r m e r s a re e n g a g e d i n a g r i c u l t u re p r i m a r i l y t o m e e t t h e f o o d n e e d s o f t h e i r h o u s e h o l d s . A l t h o u g h f a r m e r s m a y n o t p ro d u c e e n o u g h f o o d f o r i n c o m e g e n e r a t i o n o r a t t i m e s n o t e n o u g h f o r t h e i r t o t a l f o o d re q u i re m e n t s , t h e y w o u l d b e f a r w o r s e o f f i f t h e y d i d n o t e n g a g e i n u r b a n a g r i c u l t u re b e c a u s e o f t h e g e n e r a l l y h i g h p r i c e s o f s t a p l e f o o d s a n d f re s h p ro d u c e . 52 U r b a n a g r i c u l t u re i s n o t a m a rg i n a l a c t i v i t y b e c a u s e i t p l a y s a k e y ro l e i n t h e u r b a n h o u s e h o l d s ’ s u r v i v a l b y p ro v i d i n g a f o r m o f e m p l o y m e n t a n d f o o d , a l l o w i n g f a m i l i e s t o s a v e m o n e y f o r o t h e r n e c e s s i t i e s .

[GROUNDWORK INFRASTRUCTURE]

��

4 5

HEALTH CLINIC

COMMUNAL SERVICES PAVILION

H e a l t h C l i n i c 1 8 5 m 2

Wa i t i n g A re a 6 0 m 2

M o b i l e C l i n i c S t a t i o n 3 0 m 2

1 2 3

Ve n t i l a t e d I m p ro v e d Pi t ( V. I . P. ) La t r i n e s 1 8 5 m 2

C o m m u n a l La u n d r y Pa v i l i o n 1 0 0 m 2

O f f i c e / G e n e r a l S t o re 4 0 m 2

G a r b a g e C o l l e c t i o n Pa v i l i o n 9 m 2

Wa t e r Pu m p 1 0 m 2

G a t h e r i n g / Wo r k S p a c e

1 2 3 4 5 6

$ Ksh

FIGURE 4.6 Illustration of Health & Sanitation applied to Mukuru Kwa-Njenga: ABOVE Typical plan and section of the Mobile Clinic Station and proposed Cana Health Clinic. BELOW Typical plan and section of the Communal Services. Pavilion (consisting of washroom and laundry facilities, community water pump, Hygenic General Store, and Garbage Pavilion).

��

4 5

HEALTH CLINIC

COMMUNAL SERVICES PAVILION

H e a l t h C l i n i c 1 8 5 m 2

Wa i t i n g A re a 6 0 m 2

M o b i l e C l i n i c S t a t i o n 3 0 m 2

1 2 3

Ve n t i l a t e d I m p ro v e d Pi t ( V. I . P. ) La t r i n e s 1 8 5 m 2

C o m m u n a l La u n d r y Pa v i l i o n 1 0 0 m 2

O f f i c e / G e n e r a l S t o re 4 0 m 2

G a r b a g e C o l l e c t i o n Pa v i l i o n 9 m 2

Wa t e r Pu m p 1 0 m 2

G a t h e r i n g / Wo r k S p a c e

1 2 3 4 5 6

$ Ksh

H e a l t h a n d s a n i t a t i o n s e r v i c e s a re u n a rg u a b l y n e c e s s a r y f o r e v e r y c o m m u n i t y ; h o w e v e r, m a n y s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s i n N a i ro b i l a c k t h i s e s s e n t i a l s e r v i c e . H o u s e s d o n o t h a v e w a s h ro o m s o r r u n n i n g w a t e r, a n d m a n y re s i d e n t s re s o r t t o f l y i n g t o i l e t s . T h i s i s a m a j o r c o n c e r n f o r re s i d e n t s a s i t d o e s n o t p ro m o t e a h e a l t h y l i f e s t y l e a n d c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e s p re a d o f d i s e a s e a n d s i c k n e s s i n t h e c o m m u n i t y.

H I V / A I D S , m a l a r i a , a n d t u b e rc u l o s i s , a re a l s o p l a c i n g m a j o r s t r a i n s o n h e a l t h f a c i l i t i e s . T h e M o b i l e H e a l t h C l i n i c i s a l re a d y p a r t o f t h e h e a l t h s y s t e m i n M u k u r u , w h e re a v i s i t i n g d o c t o r c o m e s t o t h e C a n a H e a l t h C l i n i c o n c e o r t w i c e a m o n t h . T h e m a j o r o b s t a c l e t h e m o b i l e c l i n i c f a c e s a re e x t re m e l y p o o r ro a d c o n d i t i o n s a n d a l a c k o f s p a c e . W i t h n o ro o m t o m a n o e u v re , t h e v e h i c l e m u s t p a r k i n f ro n t o f t h e C a n a H e a l t h C l i n i c , b l o c k i n g b o t h t h e c l i n i c e n t r a n c e a n d t h e ro a d . C re a t i n g a p l a c e w h e re t h e m o b i l e c l i n i c c a n a r r i v e , p a r k , a n d t re a t p a t i e n t s , i s n e e d e d . A s a v i s u a l a c k n o w l e d g m e n t o f a s e r v i c e p ro v i s i o n , i t p ro m o t e s a p o s i t i v e a s p e c t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y.

P ro g r a m s s u c h a s g a r b a g e c o l l e c t i o n a n d c o m m u n a l l a u n d e r i n g a re a l s o w a y s a c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n c a n d e v e l o p p o s i t i v e g ro w t h . T h e s u c c e s s o f t h e s e p ro g r a m s re l i e s o n t h e re s i d e n t s . T h ro u g h t h e s u p p o r t a n d u s e o f t h e s e r v i c e s , t h e s e f a c i l i t i e s w i l l p ro m o t e c l e a n e r e n v i ro n m e n t s a n d h e a l t h i e r l i f e s t y l e s .

T h i s t h e s i s p ro p o s e s t h e d e s i g n o f a C o m m u n a l S e r v i c e s Pa v i l i o n . T h i s p a v i l i o n i n c l u d e s w a s h ro o m s ( i n t h e f o r m o f Ve n t i l a t e d I m p ro v e d Pi t La t r i n e s ) , a c o m m u n a l l a u n d r y a re a , a g a r b a g e c o l l e c t i o n a re a , a n d a c o m m u n i t y w a t e r p u m p . T h e s e s p e c i f i c p ro g r a m s a re b a s e d o n t h e n e e d s o f M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a ’ s re s i d e n t s , a n d a re i n t e n d e d t o c h a n g e d e p e n d i n g o n t h e s p e c i f i c c o m m u n i t y. S e r v i c i n g o f t h i s f a c i l i t y i s d e c e n t r a l i z e d , m e a n i n g i t i s t o b e r u n a n d c o o rd i n a t e d b y t h e l o c a l c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n . A s m o re c o m m u n i t i e s i m p l e m e n t t h i s t y p e o f f a c i l i t y, t h e y b e c o m e n o d e s o f a l a rg e r n e t w o r k o f c o m m u n a l l i v i n g e n v i ro n m e n t s .

[HEALTH & SANITATION]

��

1 23

5 6

ORPHANAGE

MULTI-UNIT HOUSING

S E C O N D L E V E L

G R O U N D L E V E L

S E C O N D L E V E L

T H I R D L E V E L

F o y e r / G a t h e r i n g A re a C o m m o n Ro o m / P l a y A re a 5 4 m 2

K i t c h e n 2 5 m 2

A m e n i t i e s A re a 5 6 m 2

C h i l d re n’ s B e d ro o m ( 3 0 b e d s ) 1 2 0 m 2

M o t h e r ’ s B e d ro o m s ( 2 ro o m s ) 1 5 m 2 / ro o m

1 2 3 4 5 6

Re s i d e n t i a l U n i t Ty p e 1 7 2 m 2

Re s i d e n t i a l U n i t Ty p e 2 6 1 m 2

Re s i d e n t i a l U n i t Ty p e 3 5 0 m 2

1 2 3

$ Ksh

FIGURE 4.7 Illustration of Housing applied to Mukuru Kwa-Njenga: ABOVE Typical plan and section of the proposed Cana Rescue Home (orphanage). BELOW Typical plans and section of the 3-storey adaptable housing.

��

1 23

5 6

ORPHANAGE

MULTI-UNIT HOUSING

S E C O N D L E V E L

G R O U N D L E V E L

S E C O N D L E V E L

T H I R D L E V E L

F o y e r / G a t h e r i n g A re a C o m m o n Ro o m / P l a y A re a 5 4 m 2

K i t c h e n 2 5 m 2

A m e n i t i e s A re a 5 6 m 2

C h i l d re n’ s B e d ro o m ( 3 0 b e d s ) 1 2 0 m 2

M o t h e r ’ s B e d ro o m s ( 2 ro o m s ) 1 5 m 2 / ro o m

1 2 3 4 5 6

Re s i d e n t i a l U n i t Ty p e 1 7 2 m 2

Re s i d e n t i a l U n i t Ty p e 2 6 1 m 2

Re s i d e n t i a l U n i t Ty p e 3 5 0 m 2

1 2 3

$ Ksh

I n N a i ro b i , o v e r 9 % o f c h i l d re n u n d e r t h e a g e o f 1 5 a re o r p h a n s . 53 A s t h i s y o u n g s e g m e n t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n g ro w s , a f a c i l i t y p ro v i d i n g s h e l t e r, f o o d , a n d c a re i s n e e d e d t o e n s u re t h a t t h e y h a v e a p l a c e t o g ro w a n d b e c o m e i n t e l l i g e n t , s k i l f u l a d u l t s . A n o r p h a n a g e i s a n e s s e n t i a l c o m p o n e n t i n e v e r y N a i ro b i s l u m c o m m u n i t y, a n d s h o u l d b e r u n a n d s u p p o r t e d b y t h e c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n . T h e c i t y a l s o n e e d s t o s u p p o r t s u c h i n s t i t u t i o n s b e c a u s e t h e i n v e s t m e n t s m a d e o n t h e s e c h i l d re n w i l l l i k e l y d e t e r m i n e t h e c i t y ’ s f u t u re .

H o u s i n g , a s a n e l e m e n t o f t h e K i j i j i K i t , i s n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e a c t u a l c o n s t r u c t i o n o f h o m e s , b u t p r i o r i t i z e s t h e s t r u c t u r a l a n d f u n c t i o n a l c o n d i t i o n o f e x i s t i n g h o m e s , a n d t h e f r a g m e n t a t i o n o f d e s i g n a t e d re s i d e n t i a l l a n d . M o s t o f t h e h o m e s i n M u k u r u d o n o t h a v e f o u n d a t i o n s a n d a re b u i l t d i re c t l y o n d i r t , w i t h o u t a n y f l o o r i n g , u s i n g o n l y ro u g h t i m b e r a n d c o r r u g a t e d m e t a l f o r t h e s u p e r- s t r u c t u re . W i t h n o r a i s e d f l o o r, s e w a g e a n d r a i n w a t e r f l o o d i n g a re c o n s t a n t o c c u r re n c e s , a n d t h e c o r r u g a t e d m e t a l s t r u c t u re s p ro m o t e i n s e c u r i t y a m o n g t h e c o m m u n i t i e s . F o r e x a m p l e , m a n y i l l e g a l a c t s , s u c h a s ro b b e r y a n d r a p e , o c c u r d u r i n g r a i n s t o r m s a s t h e s o u n d o f r a i n h i t t i n g t h e m e t a l w a l l s a n d ro o f s d ro w n s o u t t h e s c re a m s o f t h e v i c t i m s . T h e re f o re , t h i s e l e m e n t b r i n g s t o f o c u s d e s i g n s o l u t i o n s t h a t re s o l v e t h e s e c u r re n t i s s u e s .

N a i ro b i a l s o f a c e s v e r y c o m p l e x l a n d - r i g h t s i s s u e s . M a n y s l u m h o m e s a re b u i l t o n p r i v a t e l a n d o r o n p u b l i c l a n d g i v e n – o f t e n u n d e r t h e t a b l e – t o l a rg e - s c a l e b u i l d e r s , w h o re n t o u t t h e i r t e n e m e n t h o u s i n g . A l t h o u g h t h e re s i d e n t s p a y t h e i r l a n d l o rd s re n t , t h e y d o n o t h a v e r i g h t s t o t h e p ro p e r t y a n d a s s u c h a re i n c o n s t a n t f e a r o f e v i c t i o n d u e t o r i s i n g re n t p r i c e s t h a t m a n y c a n n o t a f f o rd . T h u s , p o l i c i e s n e e d t o b e re a s s e s s e d t o p ro t e c t t h e r i g h t s o f t h e re s i d e n t s a n d a p p ro p r i a t e b a s i c s a f e t y a n d p ro p e r m a i n t e n a n c e o f t h e h o m e s .

[HOUSING]

��

CANA ELEM. SCHOOL Mukuru Kwa Njenga, Nairobi, Kenya

G R O U N D L E V E L

S E C O N D L E V E L

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

F o y e r A s s e m b l y / D i n i n g H a l l 6 2 m 2

K i t c h e n 2 7 m 2

S m a l l C l a s s ro o m 3 0 m 2

La rg e C l a s s ro o m 6 0 m 2

1 2 3 4 5

$ Ksh

FIGURE 4.8 Illustration of Education applied to Mukuru Kwa-Njenga: ABOVE Typical plans and section of the relocated Cana Elementary School (relocated to the existing building on site).

�0

CANA ELEM. SCHOOL Mukuru Kwa Njenga, Nairobi, Kenya

G R O U N D L E V E L

S E C O N D L E V E L

ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

F o y e r A s s e m b l y / D i n i n g H a l l 6 2 m 2

K i t c h e n 2 7 m 2

S m a l l C l a s s ro o m 3 0 m 2

La rg e C l a s s ro o m 6 0 m 2

1 2 3 4 5

$ Ksh

E d u c a t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l f o r t h e f u t u re g ro w t h o f e v e r y c o m m u n i t y a n d e v e r y c h i l d . C u r re n t l y, t h e C a n a E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l i s p ro v i d i n g b a s i c e d u c a t i o n f o r c h i l d re n a g e d 5 - 1 3 . I t p ro v i d e s t h e s e c h i l d re n a p l a c e t o l e a r n , g ro w , a n d g a i n s k i l l s f o r t h e i r f u t u re . W i t h c u r re n t c l a s s ro o m s i z e s i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s p e r c l a s s , a n d f o r t h e p ro v i s i o n o f M u k u r u A v e n u e , t h e C a n a E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l w i l l b e re l o c a t e d i n t o t h e a b a n d o n e d b u i l d i n g l o c a t e d o n - s i t e , a d j a c e n t t o t h e c u r re n t l o c a t i o n o f t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l . T h i s re t ro f i t w i l l p ro v i d e l a rg e r c l a s s ro o m s i z e s , a n a s s e m b l y h a l l , a n d a k i t c h e n w h e re t h e c h i l d re n w i l l b e p ro v i d e d l u n c h .

[EDUCATION]

��

3 4

COMMUNITY CENTER

CHURCH

TYPICAL OFFICE

G R O U N D L E V E L

S E C O N D L E V E L

E n t r y / Pu b l i c A s s e m b l y A re a 2 2 0 m 2

G y m n a s i u m / A c t i v i t i e s A re n a 3 3 5 m 2

C y b e r C a f e 2 3 8 m 2

M u l t i - Pu r p o s e Ro o m 1 4 4 m 2

1 2 3 4

S a n c t u a r y 2 2 8 m 25

E n t r y / Re c e p t i o n O f f i c e 1 7 m 2

6 7

$ Ksh

��

3 4

COMMUNITY CENTER

CHURCH

TYPICAL OFFICE

G R O U N D L E V E L

S E C O N D L E V E L

E n t r y / Pu b l i c A s s e m b l y A re a 2 2 0 m 2

G y m n a s i u m / A c t i v i t i e s A re n a 3 3 5 m 2

C y b e r C a f e 2 3 8 m 2

M u l t i - Pu r p o s e Ro o m 1 4 4 m 2

1 2 3 4

S a n c t u a r y 2 2 8 m 25

E n t r y / Re c e p t i o n O f f i c e 1 7 m 2

6 7

$ Ksh

S o c i a l S u p p o r t S t r u c t u re e n s u re s t h a t a l l m e m b e r s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y a re b e i n g s e r v e d , h e l p s t o p ro v i d e a f i e l d a s s e s s m e n t o f w h a t t h e c o m m u n i t y s t i l l re q u i re s , a n d i d e n t i f i e s t h e m a j o r i s s u e s t h a t s t i l l e x i s t . I t c o n s i s t s o f m o b i l e s o c i a l w o r k e r s , c o m m u n i t y v o l u n t e e r s , a n d f a c i l i t i e s t h a t s u p p o r t t h e c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n , s u c h a s C F H R C . T h e m o b i l e s o c i a l w o r k e r s c h e c k - u p o n t h e s t a t u s o f t h e i r c o m m u n i t i e s o n a n o n - g o i n g b a s i s b y w a l k i n g a ro u n d n e i g h b o u r h o o d s , m a k i n g d o o r- t o - d o o r v i s i t s t o t h e e l d e r l y a n d b e d r i d d e n p a t i e n t s d u e t o A I D S o r o t h e r i l l n e s s e s , a n d b y o rg a n i z i n g a v a r i e t y o f c o m m u n i t y- e m p o w e r i n g p ro g r a m s .

F o r M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a a n d C F H R C , t h e S o c i a l S u p p o r t S t r u c t u re i n c l u d e s a c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r, w h e re p e o p l e c a n g a t h e r a n d r u n a v a r i e t y o f p ro j e c t s a n d p ro g r a m s ; a F i n a n c i a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r t h a t w i l l g i v e t h e u r b a n p o o r a n o p p o r t u n i t y t o s e t u p m i c ro - l o a n s f o r t h e i r b u s i n e s s o r u p g r a d i n g o f t h e i r h o m e ; a S o c i a l S e r v i c e s C e n t e r, s e r v i n g a s a h e a d q u a r t e r s f o r t h e m o b i l e s o c i a l w o r k e r s ; a s p i r i t u a l s u p p o r t c e n t e r, s u c h a s C a n a D e l i v e r a n c e C h u rc h , p ro v i d i n g a p l a c e f o r s p i r i t u a l g ro w t h a n d c o u n s e l l i n g ; a n d a h e a d o f f i c e f o r t h e C F H R C .

O t h e r s e r v i c e s t h a t c a n b e d e v e l o p e d o r d o n a t e d i n c l u d e a C y b e r- C a f é , w h e re p e o p l e c a n a c c e s s t h e i n t e r n e t a n d o t h e r t e c h n o l o g i c a l s e r v i c e s , a n d a n A d u l t Tr a i n i n g C e n t e r, l o c a t e d o n t h e s e c o n d f l o o r o f t h e c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r t h a t p ro v i d e s c o u r s e s o n f i n a n c i a l m a n a g e m e n t s k i l l s , a n d o t h e r b a s i c c o m p u t e r a n d t e c h n o l o g i c a l s k i l l s .

[SOCIAL SUPPORT STRUCTURES]

FIGURE 4.9 Illustration of Social Support Structure applied to Mukuru Kwa-Njenga: ABOVE: Typical plans and section of the proposed Cana Community Center. CENTER: Typical plan and section of the proposed Cana Deliverance Church. BELOW: Typical plan and section of proposed offices for CFHRC and Finance & Housing Center.

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PERMANENT MARKET PAVILION

E n t r y Ty p i c a l m a r k e t s t a l l 1 8 m 2

1 2

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FIGURE 4.10 Illustration of the Permanent Marekt Place applied to Mukuru Kwa-Njenga: Typical plan and section of the permanent marekt stalls.

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PERMANENT MARKET PAVILION

E n t r y Ty p i c a l m a r k e t s t a l l 1 8 m 2

1 2

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T h e M a r k e t P l a c e i s t h e “ b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t ” o f t h e c o m m u n i t y. I t s u p p o r t s t h e g ro w i n g i n f o r m a l s e c t o r a n d i s d e s i g n e d t o p ro v i d e a c e n t r a l p l a c e w h e re i n f o r m a l m a r k e t s c a n g ro w t o s u p p o r t t h e re s i d e n t s , a n d t h e re f o re t h e c o m m u n i t y.

S t r a t e g i c a l l y l o c a t e d i n t h e m a j o r p u b l i c z o n e o f t h e s i t e , t h e Pe r m a n e n t M a r k e t Pa v i l i o n w i l l c o n s i s t o f 2 3 m a r k e t s t a l l s o f a p p ro x i m a t e l y 1 5 m 2 f o r i n d i v i d u a l s t o s e l l t h e i r g o o d s . I t i s a d y n a m i c f i n a n c i a l - a n d s o c i a l - e x c h a n g e s h u b t h a t s u p p o r t s t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d t h e i n d i v i d u a l , p ro v i d i n g a c o n s i s t e n t l o c a t i o n f o r b u s i n e s s e s t o r u n o n a d a i l y b a s i s .

A n a re a f o r t e m p o r a r y m a r k e t s t a l l s w i l l a l s o b e d e s i g n a t e d – i d e a l l y e m e rg e d – f o r e n t re p re n e u r s t o c o m e a n d s e t u p t h e i r o w n s t a l l s a n d s e l l t h e i r g o o d s / s e r v i c e s f o r t h e d a y. T h e p ro p o s e d u p g r a d i n g p l a n f o r M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a d e s i g n a t e s a n o p e n a re a o n t h e e a s t e n t r a n c e o f t h e m a j o r p u b l i c s t r i p f o r t e m p o r a r y m a r k e t s t a l l s t o b e s e t u p b y t h e i n d i v i d u a l , a n d t a k e n d o w n b y t h e e n d o f t h e d a y. T h i s a re a a l l o w t h e m a r k e t p l a c e t o f u r t h e r e x p a n d a l o n g M u k u r u A v e n u e a n d g ro w a s t h e d e m a n d a n d c i rc u l a t i o n a l o n g t h i s p u b l i c s p i n e i n c re a s e s .

[MARKET PLACE]

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$ Ksh

FIGURE 4.11 Illustration of Culture & Identity applied to Mukuru Kwa-Njenga: Diagram showing the movement and activity of people through and around the major public gathering areas.

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$ Ksh

C u l t u re a n d I d e n t i t y i s t h e k i j i j i e l e m e n t t h a t i s n o t a p h y s i c a l , b u t s o c i a l o u t c o m e o f u p g r a d i n g . I t i s t h e p u b l i c l i f e o f t h e c o m m u n i t y. T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h i s e l e m e n t l i e s i n t h e n e e d f o r b e l o n g i n g , re c o g n i t i o n , a n d d e v e l o p m e n t b y e v e r y i n d i v i d u a l . T h e c u l t u re o f t h e c o m m u n i t y i s a re f l e c t i o n o f t h e e n t h u s i a s m a n d e n e rg y o f t h e re s i d e n t s , a n d t h u s re q u i re s t h e i r p a r t i c i p a t i o n . I d e n t i t y i s t h e s h a re d c o l l e c t i v e v i s i o n a n d g o a l o f t h e c o m m u n i t y, a n d t h u s , c a n o n l y b e re v e a l e d t h ro u g h i t s re s i d e n t s . A s a c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n d e v e l o p s a n d m o re re s i d e n t s b e c o m e i n v o l v e d i n t h e u p g r a d i n g p ro c e s s , a s e n s e o f re s p o n s i b i l i t y a n d p r i d e i s o p t i m i s t i c a l l y g e n e r a t e d . T h ro u g h t h e d e s i g n o f p u b l i c s p a c e s , t h e re s i d e n t s o f a c o m m u n i t y h a s a p l a c e t o i n t e r a c t , a p l a c e t o g e t a w a y f ro m t h e e v e r y d a y, a p l a c e t o r u n a c t i v i t i e s , o r a p l a c e t o j u s t re s t . I t a i m s t o e m p o w e r t h e s l u m d w e l l e r s a n d i n s p i re a s e n s e o f re s p e c t a n d p r i d e f o r t h e i r c o m m u n i t y. T h e p o t e n t i a l t o c re a t e u n i t y a m o n g re s i d e n t s a n d g e n e r a t e a c o l l e c t i v e i d e n t i t y c a n b e s u p p o r t e d t h ro u g h t h e d e s i g n o f m o b i l e c l i n i c s t a t i o n s , p u b l i c g a t h e r i n g s p a c e s , a g r i c u l t u r a l g a rd e n s , a n d p l a y g ro u n d s . S i m u l t a n e o u s l y, t h i s w i l l p ro v i d e c l e a n a n d s a f e p l a y a re a s f o r c h i l d re n a n d m e e t i n g p l a c e s f o r p e o p l e t o m i n g l e a n d c h a t . A l l t h e s e a t t r i b u t e s w o r k t o w a rd s e s t a b l i s h i n g a n e t w o r k i n g e n v i ro n m e n t t h a t g e n e r a t e s p o s i t i v e g ro w t h .

[CULTURE & IDENTITY]

��

DECENTRALIZED INFRASTRUCTURES T h i s s e c t i o n d e t a i l s d i f f e re n t i n f r a s t r u c t u re s a n d p r a c t i c e s t h a t c a n b e i m p l e m e n t e d a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l l e v e l . T h e y a re d e c e n t r a l i z e d p ro j e c t s t h a t i n v o l v e t e c h n i q u e s d e s i g n e d t o h e l p c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n s b u i l d s y s t e m s , s u c h a s r a i n w a t e r c a t c h m e n t s y s t e m s , g a r b a g e c o l l e c t i o n , s u s t a i n a b l e v e n t i l a t e d p i t l a t r i n e s , e t c . a n d p ro m o t e t h e u s e o f t h e s e s y s t e m s t o t h e re s i d e n t s . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s s e c t i o n i s t o i n f o r m s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s a n d i t s re s i d e n t s o f d i f f e re n t p r a c t i c e s t h a t t h e y c a n l e a r n a n d u s e t h a t w i l l i m p ro v e t h e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e i r d a i l y l i v e s . T h ro u g h t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y, t h e re s i d e n t s s h o u l d b e e n c o u r a g e d t o d i s p o s e o f t h e i r g a r b a g e a t d e s i g n a t e d g a r b a g e p a v i l i o n s r a t h e r t h a n t h ro w i n g i t i n t o t h e r i v e r ; t h ro u g h c o m m u n i t y a w a re n e s s p ro g r a m s , re s i d e n t s s h o u l d b e i n f o r m e d o f t h e h e a l t h h a z a rd s t h a t c o m e w i t h e x c re t i n g i n t h e r i v e r, o r v i a t h e u s e o f “ f l y i n g t o i l e t s ” , a n d b e e n c o u r a g e d t o u s e t h e p u b l i c l a t r i n e s , e v e n t h o u g h i t m a y n o t b e a s “ c o n v e n i e n t ” . T h i s s e c t i o n c o n c e d e s t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f p i l o t p ro j e c t s b y c o m m u n i t y re s i d e n t s , p r i v a t e c o r p o r a t i o n s , a n d N G O ’ s . C o n t i n u a l l y e x p a n d i n g w i t h n e w i d e a s , t h i s s e c t i o n e x p l a i n s h o w t o d e s i g n a n d i m p l e m e n t s o m e o f t h e s e s y s t e m s .

��

5 ESSENTIALS FOR GOOD RAINWATER COLLECTION:

1 C a t c h m e n t E f f i c i e n c y 2 G u t t e r S l o p e 3 H e i g h t o f O v e r f l o w 4 S t o r a g e E f f i c i e n c y 5 H e i g h t o f Ta p

TYPICAL HOUSEHOLD (H.H.) 4 - 6 r e s i d e n t s

D a i l y Wa t e r D e m a n d s = 2 5 l i t r e s Ro o f C a t c h e m e n t A r e a = 1 0 m 2 ( t y p i c a l ) Av g . A n n u a l Ra i n f a l l = 7 0 0 m m / y e a r D a i l y Av a i l a b l e Wa t e r = 1 7 l i t r e s / d a y ( f r o m r a i n w a t e r h a r v e s t i n g ) S t o r a g e Ta n k S i z e = 3 . 3 m 3 ( m i n i m u m )

CANA RESCUE HOME 3 O c h i l d r e n , 2 a d u l t s

D a i l y Wa t e r D e m a n d s = 1 7 0 l i t r e s Ro o f C a t c h m e n t A r e a = 2 5 8 m 2 Av g . A n n u a l Ra i n f a l l = 7 0 0 m m / y e a r D a i l y Av a i l a b l e Wa t e r = 4 4 5 l i t r e s / d a y ( f r o m r a i n w a t e r h a r v e s t i n g ) S t o r a g e Ta n k S i z e = 5 . 3 m 3 ( m i n i m u m )

COMMUNAL SERVICES PAVILION f o r s e r v i c e a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f c o m m u n a l w a s h r o o m s a n d l a u n d r y s e r v i c e s

Ro o f C a t c h m e n t A r e a = 2 1 7 m 2 Av g . A n n u a l Ra i n f a l l = 7 0 0 m m / y e a r D a i l y Av a i l a b l e Wa t e r = 3 7 5 l i t r e s / d a y ( f r o m r a i n w a t e r h a r v e s t i n g ) Re s e r v o i r S i z e = 7 m 3 ( m i n i m u m )

S A N I TAT I O N

H E A LT H

l a u n d r y c l e a n i n g p o t s , d i s h e s , e t c .

p e r s o n a l h y g i e n e

d r i n k i n g f o o d p r e p a r a t i o n / c o o k i n g c l e a n i n g p e r s o n a l h y g i e n e

S A N I TAT I O N

C O M M U N I T Y N E T W O R K S

w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n c o m m u n a l s e r v i c e s

c o m m u n i t y w a t e r p u m p l a u n d r y f a c i l i t y

p u b l i c w a s h r o o m s p u b l i c s h o w e r s

H E A LT H

s e d i m e n t a t i o n t a n k

DOMESTIC RAINWATER COLLECTION PUBLIC FACILITIES RAINWATER COLLECTION

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5 ESSENTIALS FOR GOOD RAINWATER COLLECTION:

1 C a t c h m e n t E f f i c i e n c y 2 G u t t e r S l o p e 3 H e i g h t o f O v e r f l o w 4 S t o r a g e E f f i c i e n c y 5 H e i g h t o f Ta p

TYPICAL HOUSEHOLD (H.H.) 4 - 6 r e s i d e n t s

CANA RESCUE HOME 3 O c h i l d r e n , 2 a d u l t s

COMMUNAL SERVICES PAVILION f o r s e r v i c e a n d m a i n t e n a n c e o f c o m m u n a l w a s h r o o m s a n d l a u n d r y s e r v i c e s

S A N I TAT I O N

H E A LT H

l a u n d r y c l e a n i n g p o t s , d i s h e s , e t c .

p e r s o n a l h y g i e n e

d r i n k i n g f o o d p r e p a r a t i o n / c o o k i n g c l e a n i n g p e r s o n a l h y g i e n e

S A N I TAT I O N

C O M M U N I T Y N E T W O R K S

w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t c o m m u n i t y o r g a n i z a t i o n c o m m u n a l s e r v i c e s

c o m m u n i t y w a t e r p u m p l a u n d r y f a c i l i t y

p u b l i c w a s h r o o m s p u b l i c s h o w e r s

H E A LT H

s e d i m e n t a t i o n t a n k

DOMESTIC RAINWATER COLLECTION PUBLIC FACILITIES RAINWATER COLLECTION

[WATER COLLECTION] Tw o - t h i rd s o f Ke n y a i s a r i d / s e m i - a r i d m a k i n g a c c e s s t o w a t e r s c a rc e . W i t h o v e r 5 0 % o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n l a c k i n g a c c e s s t o s a f e o r a d e q u a t e w a t e r s u p p l y, r a i n w a t e r c o l l e c t i o n i s o n e m e t h o d t h a t c a n h e l p w i t h w a t e r s u p p l y s h o r t a g e s . I n A f r i c a , Ke n y a i s l e a d i n g t h e w a y i n p ro m o t i n g r a i n w a t e r c a t c h m e n t s y s t e m s . S i n c e t h e l a t e 1 9 7 0 s , m a n y p ro j e c t s h a v e e m e rg e d i n d i f f e re n t p a r t s o f Ke n y a , e a c h w i t h t h e i r o w n d e s i g n s a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n s t r a t e g i e s . T h e s e p ro j e c t s , w i t h t h e e f f o r t s o f l o c a l l y t r a i n e d b u i l d e r s k n o w n a s “ f u n d i s ” – w h o a re o p e r a t i n g p r i v a t e l y a n d u s i n g t h e i r o w n i n d i g e n o u s d e s i g n s – h a v e b e e n re s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f m a n y r a i n w a t e r t a n k s t h ro u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y. W h e re c h e a p , a b u n d a n t , l o c a l l y a v a i l a b l e b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s , a p p ro p r i a t e c o n s t r u c t i o n s k i l l s a n d e x p e r i e n c e a re a b s e n t , f e r ro - c e m e n t t a n k s h a v e b e e n u s e d f o r b o t h s u r f a c e a n d s u b - s u r f a c e c a t c h m e n t s . 54

FIGURE 4.12 OPPOSITE LEFT Diagram of a simple Rainwater Catchment System for individual household. LEFT Diagram of a Rainwater Catchment System for the community (located at the Communal Services Pavilion).

��

S TA

C K

M U

LT IP

LY C

O M

B IN

s t a l k ( l o c a l )

c o r r u g a t e d m e t a l ( i m p o r t e d )

b r i c k ( l o c a l / i m p o r t e d )

s a l v a g e d m a t e r i a l s ( l o c a l )

c o n c r e t e ( i m p o r t e d )

FR A

M E

W O

R K

A D

A P

TA B

L E

H O

U S

IN G

FIGURE 4.13 Exploded aonometric diagram showing the different phases of the proposed adaptable housing system (from the framework, to the final housing structure).

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S TA

C K

M U

LT IP

LY C

O M

B IN

s t a l k ( l o c a l )

c o r r u g a t e d m e t a l ( i m p o r t e d )

b r i c k ( l o c a l / i m p o r t e d )

s a l v a g e d m a t e r i a l s ( l o c a l )

c o n c r e t e ( i m p o r t e d )

FR A

M E

W O

R K

A D

A P

TA B

L E

H O

U S

IN G

T h e p ro p o s e d h o u s i n g s y s t e m f o r M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a t a k e s a n a d a p t a b l e a p p ro a c h . I t c o n s i s t s o f a s i m p l e c o n c re t e p o s t - b e a m s t r u c t u re t h a t f o r m s a f r a m e w o r k w h e re re s i d e n t s c a n t h e n i n f i l l w i t h re c y c l e d , s a l v a g e d a n d a f f o rd a b l e m a t e r i a l s . T h i s s y s t e m i s b a s e d o n a f f o rd a b i l i t y a n d f l e x i b i l i t y, w h i l e e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e h o u s e s a re s t r u c t u r a l l y s o u n d a n d s u s t a i n a b l e .

T h e c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n m u s t w o r k w i t h n o n - g o v e r n m e n t o rg a n i z a t i o n s a n d t h e b u s i n e s s s e c t o r t o h e l p f u n d t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e c o n c re t e s t r u c t u re s . U p o n c o m p l e t i o n o f t h e f r a m e s , re s i d e n t s c a n “ f i l l - i n” t h e s t r u c t u re , m a k i n g t h e w a l l s , a n d ro o f s t h e m s e l v e s u s i n g n e w , re c y c l e d o r re u s a b l e m a t e r i a l s t h a t t h e y c a n a f f o rd . I d e a l l y t h e s e h o m e s w o u l d b e c o n n e c t e d t o t h e p u b l i c s e w a g e s y s t e m a n d p l u m b i n g l i n e s .

N a i ro b i i s l o c a t e d o n t h e R i f t Va l l e y, w h e re N u b i a n A f r i c a n P l a t e a n d t h e S o m a l i a n A f r i c a n P l a t e m e e t , p l a c i n g t h e c i t y i n a n e a r t h q u a k e r i s k z o n e . T h e f r a m e w o r k - i n f i l l s y s t e m t h i s t h e s i s p ro p o s e s s h o u l d re a c t w e l l d u r i n g a n e a r t h q u a k e , a s t h e h o u s i n g s t r u c t u re i s s u p p o r t e d h a s a f o u n d a t i o n , a n d t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u re m a d e w i t h re i n f o rc e d c o n c re t e . A l s o , i f l o c a l m a t e r i a l s , s a l v a g e d a n d re c y c l e d m a t e r i a l s t h a t a re l i g h t - w e i g h t , a re m a d e a n d u s e d b y t h e re s i d e n t s , t h e d a m a g e w i l l b e d e c re a s e d i f t h e y h a p p e n t o f a l l d u r i n g a n e a r t h q u a k e . T h e r i s k o f f i re d u r i n g a n e a r t h q u a k e i s a l s o a c o n c e r n . H o w e v e r, a s t h e p ro p o s e d f r a m e w o r k u s e s re i n f o rc e d c o n c re t e , i t s h o u l d n o t c o l l a p s e e v e n i n t h e r i s k o f f i re .

E a r t h - b a s e d m a s o n r y, a d o b e , o r s o i l c e m e n t i s a l s o a n o p t i o n f o r w a l l m a t e r i a l s . T h e y c a n b e t i e d a n d f r a m e d t o t h e c o n c re t e f r a m e w o r k , w h i c h s h o u l d s t a n d w e l l d u r i n g a n e a r t h q u a k e . T h e s e m a t e r i a l s a re a l s o l o c a l l y b u i l t a n d c a n p ro v i d e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r c re a t i n g l o c a l e m p l o y m e n t .

Ve n t i l a t i o n a n d a i r f l o w a l s o n e e d t o b e c o n s i d e re d i n n e w h o m e c o n s t r u c t i o n . E x i s t i n g s l u m h o m e s c u r re n t l y d o n o t h a v e w i n d o w s , c a u s i n g h e a l t h r i s k s f ro m e x c e s s i v e i n t a k e o f k e ro s e n e a n d c h a rc o a l f u m e s f ro m c o o k i n g . E l e m e n t s , s u c h a s w i n d o w s a n d a i r v e n t s , a re i m p o r t a n t a s t h e y h e l p m o v e h a r m f u l f u m e s o u t o f t h e i n t e r i o r s p a c e . T h e y w i l l a l s o h e l p c o n t ro l i n t e r i o r h e a t g a i n b y a l l o w i n g a i r t o f l o w t h ro u g h t h e s p a c e , k e e p i n g t h e b u i l d i n g c o o l e r. A s m e t a l w o r k i s c o m m o n i n N a i ro b i , a m e t a l s h u t t e r i s o n e o p t i o n f o r w i n d o w c o v e r i n g s t h a t c a n b e b u i l t b y t h e l o c a l p e o p l e , r a i s i n g a n o t h e r f o r m o f v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g a n d e m p l o y m e n t .

[FRAMEWORK-INFILL SYSTEM] F O R A D A P T A B L E H O U S I N G

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d r a i n a g e a n d r u n o f f a w a y f r o m h o u s e a n d t o w a r d s s t r e e t o r r i v e r

w i n d

a i r f l o w

c o r r u g a t e d s h e e t m e t a l a i r s p a c e / s o u n d b u f f e r

s o u n d d a m p e n i n g m a t e r i a l

c o r r u g a t e d s h e e t m e t a l i n t e r i o r w a l l m a t e r i a l

( s a l v a g e d m a t e r i a l , s u c h a s p l y w o o d , c a r d b o a r d , e t c . )

FIGURE 4.14 Section of a typical slum home, illustrating different upgrading and infill details

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T h i s s e c t i o n i d e n t i f i e s f o u r d e t a i l s t h a t c o u l d b e a d d e d t o a n e x i s t i n g s l u m h o m e t o i m p ro v e i t s c u r re n t c o n d i t i o n :

A A n e w ro o f i n g s t r u c t u re w h i c h c o n s i s t s o f a n a i r s p a c e a n d s o u n d - d a m p i n g m a t e r i a l , s u c h a s m a i z e s t a l k s , t o b e p l a c e d u n d e r t h e c o r r u g a t e d m e t a l ro o f t o h e l p d a m p e n n o i s e f ro m r a i n , a n d h e l p c o n t ro l t h e h e a t g a i n o f t h e i n t e r i o r s p a c e .

B A n a t u r a l a i r v e n t l o c a t e d j u s t b e l o w t h e ro o f c a n h e l p f i l t e r c l e a n a i r i n t o t h e h o m e , a n d k e e p t h e i n d o o r a i r m o v i n g , h e l p i n g t o k e e p i n d o o r t e m p e r a t u re s c o o l e r.

C A c l a d d i n g s y s t e m f o r t h e h o u s e s t r u c t u re c a n b e p ro p o s e d a n d d e s i g n e d t o m a k e t h e w a l l s c o o l e r, a n d h e l p d a m p e n n o i s e f ro m r a i n h i t t i n g t h e m e t a l s u r f a c e

D A s i m p l e g u t t e r c a n b e b u i l t a l o n g t h e ro o f e d g e , w h i c h c a n c o l l e c t a n d d i re c t r a i n w a t e r t o a s t o r a g e t a n k . W i t h p ro p e r w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t , t h i s c a n s u p p l y o v e r h a l f o f a h o u s e h o l d s d a i l y w a t e r n e e d s .

E A b a s e , w h i c h g i v e s t h e h o m e s a f o u n d a t i o n a n d a r a i s e d f l o o r, e n s u r i n g t h a t f l o o d i n g i n t o t h e h o m e s d o e s n o t o c c u r, a n d t h a t w a t e r d r a i n s a w a y f ro m t h e s t r u c t u re t o w a rd s t h e s t re e t a n d r i v e r.

[UPGRADING AND INFILL DETAILS] F O R E X I S T I N G H O U S I N G

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S O L A R C O O K E R E S S E N T I A L S :

1 t h e s u n 2 d a r k , s h a l l o w, t h i n m e t a l p o t 3 h e a t r e t a i n e r 4 s u n l i g h t c a p t u r e d e v i c e ( o p t i o n a l )

in-box cooker or in-panel cooker

135 oC TEMPERATURE RANGE OF SIMPLE SOLAR COOKERS

100 oC

82 oC

71 oC

65 oC

22 oC

Water Boils

Food Cooks

Food Pasteurization

Water Pasteurization

R oom Temperature

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S O L A R C O O K E R E S S E N T I A L S :

1 t h e s u n 2 d a r k , s h a l l o w, t h i n m e t a l p o t 3 h e a t r e t a i n e r 4 s u n l i g h t c a p t u r e d e v i c e ( o p t i o n a l )

in-box cooker or in-panel cooker

135 oC TEMPERATURE RANGE OF SIMPLE SOLAR COOKERS

100 oC

82 oC

71 oC

65 oC

22 oC

Water Boils

Food Cooks

Food Pasteurization

Water Pasteurization

R oom Temperature

S O L A R E N E R G Y C u r re n t l y, m o s t re s i d e n t s u s e c h a rc o a l o r k e ro s e n e a s a c o o k i n g d e v i c e . T h i s i s b o t h h a z a rd o u s a n d d a n g e ro u s f o r h u m a n a n d e n v i ro n m e n t a l h e a l t h . S o l a r C o o k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l ( S C I ) i s a n o rg a n i z a t i o n t h a t “ a s s i s t s c o m m u n i t i e s t o u s e t h e p o w e r o f t h e s u n t o c o o k f o o d a n d p a s t e u r i z e w a t e r f o r t h e b e n e f i t o f p e o p l e a n d e n v i ro n m e n t s . ” 55

T h e re a re m a n y b e n e f i t s t h a t c o m e f ro m s o l a r c o o k i n g . T h e y c a n h e l p re s i d e n t s s a v e m o n e y t h a t n o r m a l l y w o u l d g o t o w a rd s b u y i n g c h a rc o a l o r k e ro s e n e , a n d u s e i t f o r o t h e r n e c e s s i t i e s . B y u s i n g t h e s u n’ s e n e rg y, n o w a s t e , s m o k e , o r a s h e s a re p ro d u c e d m a k i n g t h e m a c l e a n e r c o o k i n g d e v i c e . S o l a r c o o k e r s a l s o re d u c e e x p o s u re t o s m o k e a n d g a s a n d a s a re s u l t , a re m u c h s a f e r. T h i s s u s t a i n a b l e s o l u t i o n , a s w e l l a s p h o t o v o l t a i c e n e rg y s y s t e m s , s h o u l d b e p ro m o t e d b y p r i v a t e c o r p o r a t i o n s a n d N G O ’ s , i n f o r m i n g s l u m re s i d e n t s o f h e a l t h i e r a n d s u s t a i n a b l e w a y s o f i m p ro v i n g t h e i r o v e r a l l l i v i n g e n v i ro n m e n t .

I n Ke n y a , a p ro g r a m e n t i t l e d S u n n y S o l u t i o n s , w a s s t a r t e d b y S C I t o h e l p i n c re a s e m a r k e t - b a s e d s o l a r c o o k e r a c c e s s i n a re a s a f f e c t e d b y e n v i ro n m e n t a l d e g r a d a t i o n , w a t e r b o r n e i l l n e s s e s , a n d h i g h i n c i d e n c e o f H I V / A I D S . T h e y a re w o r k i n g i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h a l o c a l c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n , N y a k a c h C o m m u n i t y D e v e l o p m e n t A s s o c i a t i o n ( N Y A C O D A ) . La u n c h e d i n 2 0 0 0 , t h i s e n t re p re n e u r i a l p ro g r a m t e a c h e s l o c a l w o m e n h o w t o m a k e a n d u s e s o l a r c o o k e r s , p ro v i d i n g w o m e n w i t h a s k i l l a n d a n i n c o m e - g e n e r a t i n g o p p o r t u n i t y t h ro u g h t h e s e l l i n g o f t h e a c t u a l c o o k e r ( C o o K i t ) , o r s e l l i n g f o o d c o o k e d i n t h e m . T h i s b e n e f i t s b o t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y o f w o m e n , a n d e m p o w e r s t h e m b y e n s u r i n g d e c e n t r a l i z e d a c c e s s t o t h i s i n e x p e n s i v e s o l a r c o o k e r. T h e C o o K i t p ro g r a m h a s b e e n a w a rd e d , a n d s u s t a i n a b l e s o l u t i o n s s u c h a s t h i s s h o u l d b e f u r t h e r i n v e s t i g a t e d .

“ T h e “ O Y WA” C o o K i t , l o c a l l y d e v e l o p e d a n d a s s e m b l e d b y N y a k a c h w o m e n , i s m o re a f f o rd a b l e a n d m o re d u r a b l e t h a n f a c t o r y- b u i l t m o d e l s . T h e O Y WA , a n d t h e w o m e n t h a t d e v e l o p e d i t , re c e i v e d a t o p a w a rd a t t h e 2 0 0 5 Pa n- A f r i c a n W o m e n I n v e n t a n d I n n o v a t e a w a rd s c e re m o n y, o rg a n i z e d b y t h e G l o b a l W o m e n I n v e n t o r s a n d I n n o v a t o r s N e t w o r k , w h o s e a w a rd s a re c o n s i d e re d t h e w o r l d ’ s l e a d i n g a c c o l a d e f o r w o m e n i n v e n t o r s a n d i n n o v a t o r s ” 56

[SUSTAINABLE ENERGY SOLUTIONS]

FIGURE 4.15 Illustration of the Solar Cooker essentials, how it works, and the temperature range of a simple Solar Cooker.

FIGURE 4.16-18 TOP TO BOTTOM: Image of the CooKit Program in Kenya; two women preparing a pot of food using an in-panel cooker; the cooked food using a solar cooker.

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4 B A S I C C O M P O N E N T PA RT S F O R V. I . P. L AT R I N E S :

1 t h e p i t 2 t h e c o v e r s l a b a n d f o u n d a t i o n 3 t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e 4 t h e s c r e e n e d v e n t p i p e

f l y s c r e e n

s q u a t h o l e

slud g

U N - H A B I TAT ’ s M a r k I I Va c u t u g

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4 B A S I C C O M P O N E N T PA RT S F O R V. I . P. L AT R I N E S :

1 t h e p i t 2 t h e c o v e r s l a b a n d f o u n d a t i o n 3 t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e 4 t h e s c r e e n e d v e n t p i p e

f l y s c r e e n

s q u a t h o l e

slud g

U N - H A B I TAT ’ s M a r k I I Va c u t u g

T h e re s u l t o f t h e l a c k o f s a n i t a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s a n d w a t e r s u p p l y i s t h e s p re a d i n g o f e x c re t a - re l a t e d d i s e a s e s , re s p o n s i b l e f o r a l a rg e p o r t i o n o f t h e s i c k n e s s a n d m o r t a l i t y i n s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s . E x c re t a c o n t ro l i s o f p a r a m o u n t i m p o r t a n c e i f d i s e a s e a n d i l l n e s s a re t o b e re d u c e d . T h e Ve n t i l a t e d I m p ro v e d Pi t ( V. I . P. ) La t r i n e i s s i m i l a r t o a t r a d i t i o n a l p i t l a t r i n e , e x c e p t i t i n c l u d e s a v e r t i c a l v e n t p i p e , f i t t e d w i t h a f l y s c re e n a t t h e t o p o p e n i n g . T h e p i p e h e l p s w i t h b o t h o d o u r a n d f l y c o n t ro l , i m p ro v i n g t h e l o n g e v i t y a n d u s e o f t h e l a t r i n e . 57

T h e re a re t w o t y p e s o f V I P La t r i n e s : a s i n g l e - p i t l a t r i n e a n d a n a l t e r n a t i n g - p i t l a t r i n e . W i t h h i g h d e m a n d s f o r s u c h f a c i l i t i e s , a n a l t e r n a t i n g -V I P l a t r i n e i s re c o m m e n d e d f o r M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a . T h i s p i t i s d e s i g n e d t o b e a p e r m a n e n t s a n i t a t i o n f a c i l i t y, m a n a g e d a n d c o n t ro l l e d b y t h e c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n , w i t h re g u l a r re m o v a l o f t h e p i t c o n t e n t s e v e r t w o t o t h re e y e a r s . T h e c o m m u n i t y m u s t e n c o u r a g e t h e re s i d e n t s t o u s e t h e f a c i l i t y, a n d N G O ’ s a n d t h e g o v e r n m e n t m u s t h e l p s u p p o r t s u c h p ro g r a m s t h ro u g h f u n d i n g a n d p i t - c o n t e n t re m o v a l . C u r re n t l y, t h e M u k u r u W A S H P ro g r a m , r u n b y l o c a l c o m m u n i t y re s i d e n t s , h a s w o r k e d i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e C o m m u n i t y E m p o w e r m e n t a n d D e v e l o p m e n t S e r v i c e s ( C E D S ) , t h e E u ro p e a n U n i o n , a n d t h e G o v e r n m e n t o f Ke n y a , t o b u i l d a s a n i t a t i o n f a c i l i t y i n t h e c o m m u n i t y. T h i s f a c i l i t y i s l o c a t e d i n M u k u r u K w a - R u e b e n , a n a p p ro x i m a t e l y 1 5 - 2 0 m i n u t e w a l k i n g d i s t a n c e f ro m M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a . T h i s n e w f a c i l i t y h a s a c c e s s t o a m a i n w a t e r s o u rc e , h o w e v e r i s d e s i g n e d w i t h a r a i n w a t e r c a t c h m e n t s y s t e m , a s w a t e r i s n a t u r a l l y s c a rc e . T h i s f a c i l i t y i n c l u d e s 1 6 t o i l e t / s h o w e r s t a l l s , 8 s t a l l s f o r m a l e s a n d f e m a l e s e a c h , a n d a g e n e r a l h y g i e n e s t o re s e l l i n g t o i l e t p a p e r, s o a p s , s h a m p o o s , e t c . T h i s p ro j e c t i s a s t a r t t o b e t t e r h e a l t h a n d i s m o v i n g t h e M u k u r u S l u m s i n t h e r i g h t d i re c t i o n .

[VENTILATED IMPROVED PIT (V.I.P.) LATRINES] M U LT I - C O M PA RT M E N T A LT E R N AT I N G P I T S

PLAN

FIGURE 4.19 Diagram of a Ventilated Improved Pit (V.I.P.) Latrine.

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FIGURE 4.20 OPPOSTIE TOP: Image of the new community washroom facility in the Mukuru Slums. This facility is located at an apporximately 15-20 minute walking distrance from the CFHRC.

FIGURE 4.21-24 OPPOSITE BOTTOM: Image of the entrance into the female washroom stalls; image of the shower; image of the toilet (located in the same stall as the toilet); image of the sink located at the entrance (notice reads: “Wash Your Hands After Your Needs”)

FIGURE 4.25 ABOVE: Image of the community organizers and voluteers who coordinated the construction of this facility.

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5.0 > M U KU R U KWA - N J E N G A : 2 0 3 0 “ T h e i m a g i n e d p l a c e i s c o n s t r u c t e d o f c o n n e c t i o n s , n o t o f s e p a r a t i o n s ; o f r e a d i n g s , n o t c a t e g o r i s a t i o n s . ” 58

– Te d d y C r u z –

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9 10

7 7

16 16

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PLAN

1 M u k u r u A v e n u e ( o n e - w a y v e h i c u l a r ro a d s ) 2 Pe d e s t r i a n Pa t h s 3 M o b i l e C l i n i c S t a t i o n 4 C a n a H e a l t h C l i n i c 5 C o m m u n a l S e r v i c e s Pa v i l i o n 6 Te m p o r a r y M a r k e t P l a c e 7 Pe r m a n e n t M a r k e t Pa v i l i o n ( a n d o t h e r p o s s i b l e l o c a t i o n s f o r p e r m a n e n t m a r k e t s t o b e e s t a b l i s h e d ) 8 C a n a D e l i v e r a n c e C h u rc h 9 C a n a E l e m e n t a r y S c h o o l 1 0 Pu b l i c S q u a re / P l a y g ro u n d 1 1 C a n a C o m m u n i t y C e n t re 1 2 C F H R C H e a d O f f i c e 1 3 F i n a n c e a n d H o u s i n g C e n t re 1 4 Pu b l i c G a t h e r i n g A re a 1 5 C a n a Re s c u e H o m e ( O r p h a n a g e ) 1 6 A d a p t a b l e H o u s i n g

A V i e w i n t o Pe r m a n e n t M a r k e t Pa v i l i o n B V i e w o f M o b i l e C l i n i c S t a t i o n a n d H e a l t h C l i n i c b e y o n d C V i e w o f Pu b l i c S q u a re / P l a y g ro u n d a n d t h e C a n a C o m m u n i t y C e n t e r D V i e w o f t h e C a n a Re s c u e H o m e a n d t h e p e d e s t r i a n p a t h w a y

S C A L E 1 : 7 5 0

16 2

FIGURE 5.1 Proposed plan of Mukuru Kwa-Njenga in 2030 (with application of the Kijiji Kit).

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FIGURE 5.2 View into Permanent Market Pavilion

FIGURE 5.3 View of Mobile Clinic Station and Health Clinic beyond.

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FIGURE 5.4 View of Public Square/Playground and the Cana Community Center

FIGURE 5.5 View of the Cana Rescue Home and activity along the pedestrian pathway.

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6.0 > P R I N C I P L E S F O R C H A N G E “ S k i l f u l p r a c t i t i o n e r s u n d e r s t a n d t h e i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e b e t w e e n d e s i g n a n d e m e r g e n c e . T h e y k n o w t h a t i n t o d a y s t u r b u l e n t … e n v i r o n m e n t , t h e c h a l l e n g e i s t o f i n d t h e r i g h t b a l a n c e b e t w e e n t h e c r e a t i v i t y o f e m e r g e n c e a n d t h e s t a b i l i t y o f d e s i g n . ” 59 – N a b e e l H a m d i –

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ON PRACTICE

P h y s i c a l a n d s o c i a l e n v i ro n m e n t s a re i n t r i n s i c a l l y l i n k e d , a n d a rc h i t e c t u re c o n t i n u e s t o s t r i v e t o b r i n g t h e t w o t o g e t h e r. W h e n w o r k i n g w i t h t h e u r b a n p o o r i n t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d , m a n y a rc h i t e c t s n a t u r a l l y d e s c r i b e t h e i r p u r p o s e a s a n e t h i c a l re s p o n s i b i l i t y. Ye t w h e t h e r o r n o t a n a rc h i t e c t u r a l p ro j e c t i s b a s e d o n e t h i c s o r p ro f i t , t h e e n d p ro d u c t re a c h e s a n d a f f e c t s t h e g l o b a l p o p u l a t i o n . T h u s , a rc h i t e c t s m u s t a d d re s s t h e i s s u e o f u r b a n s l u m s a n d t h e i n h e re n t i s s u e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s l u m s . 60 W h e n a rc h i t e c t u re a n d s l u m u p g r a d i n g c o m e t o g e t h e r, b e t t e r c o m m u n i t i e s a re m a d e p o s s i b l e . A rc h i t e c t u re a n d s l u m u p g r a d i n g a re n o t j u s t a b o u t t h e p h y s i c a l s t r u c t u re , b u t a b o u t b u i l d i n g c l o s e - k n i t i n t e rd e p e n d e n t n e t w o r k s , l i n k i n g d i v e rg i n g p o s i t i o n s a n d o rg a n i z a t i o n s t o g e t h e r t o re s o l v e t o d a y ’ s i s s u e s . T h e s e n e t w o r k s m u s t c o n t i n u e t o e x i s t a n d m o t i v a t e i n d i v i d u a l s t o a c t . M o re i m p o r t a n t l y, t h e y m u s t b e u s e d t o p l a n l o n g - t e r m s t r a t e g i c a p p ro a c h e s t h a t p ro d u c e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r a b r i g h t e r a n d m o re p ro s p e ro u s f u t u re .

P r a c t i c e i s t h e a r t o f l e a r n i n g t o m a k e t h i n g s p o s s i b l e . I t i s a b o u t e x p a n d i n g o n e ’ s b o u n d a r y o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d c r a f t i n g s k i l l s t h a t w i l l a f f e c t p e o p l e a n d e n v i ro n m e n t s i n a t a n g i b l e w a y. A s a p r a c t i c e , a rc h i t e c t u re h a s t h e p o w e r t o c h a n g e t h e w a y p e o p l e t h i n k o f s p a c e b y e n c o u r a g i n g e x p l o r a t i o n o f u n f a m i l i a r t e r r i t o r y i n d e s i g n . I n t h i s s e n s e , a rc h i t e c t s t a k e o n t h e ro l e o f a g e n t , f a c i l i t a t o r, a n d i n i t i a t o r. W h e t h e r i n a b u i l t o r a b s t r a c t f o r m , d e s i g n e r s a re e q u i p p e d w i t h t h e n e c e s s a r y e x p e r t i s e t o a l i g n p a t t e r n s o f t h e s o c i a l e n v i ro n m e n t s w i t h i t s p h y s i c a l e n v i ro n m e n t . T h e d e n s e l i v i n g o f o v e r 1 b i l l i o n p e o p l e i s a p a r t o f t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y u r b a n l a n d s c a p e . T h e s e l a n d s c a p e s a re t h e o re t i c a l l y t h e “ l a b o r a t o r i e s ” t h a t c a n t e a c h , re v e a l , a n d i n f o r m d e s i g n e r s o f n e w w a y s o f p r a c t i c e , a n d t o e x p l o re e m e rg i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e c i t y, b u i l d i n g m e t h o d s , m a t e r i a l s a n d a p p l i c a t i o n s .

T h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d i s s h o w i n g u s t h a t p ro f e s s i o n a l s a re n e e d e d i n t h e p ro c e s s o f u r b a n c h a n g e a n d re n e w a l . T h e y a re b e i n g c a l l e d u p o n t o t h i n k b e y o n d f o r m , a n d t o s e e t h e m s e l v e s a s d e s i g n e r s o f p ro c e s s e s . A s t h e w o r k o f t h e a rc h i t e c t a t t e m p t s t o c o n n e c t b o t h t h e p h y s i c a l a n d s o c i a l a s p e c t s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y, t h e c re a t i o n o f “ f o r m ” b e c o m e s a p ro d u c t o f t h e c o m m u n i t y ’ s p ro c e s s e s i n s l u m u p g r a d i n g , a n d t h e a rc h i t e c t i s t h e c a t a l y s t t r i g g e r i n g t h e p ro c e s s .

J a u re g u i a n d h i s t e a m o f a rc h i t e c t s re a l i z e t h a t “ t h e i r a rc h i t e c t u re s e r v e s a s o c i a l p u r p o s e – a rc h i t e c t u re c a n n o t a f f o rd t o b e d i s l i k e d b y t h e c o m m u n i t y. I t m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d t o b e a c c e p t e d , m a i n t a i n e d , a n d k e p t f u n c t i o n i n g b y t h e p o p u l a t i o n . ” 61 J a u re g u i ’ s a rc h i t e c t u r a l i n t e r v e n t i o n s i n t h e f a v e l a s o f B r a z i l m a y a p p e a r s i m p l e , b u t i t s i m p a c t i s e x t re m e l y s o p h i s t i c a t e d . S u c h i n t e r v e n t i o n s i n c l u d e t h e c l e a n i n g o u t o f t h e F a r i a R i v e r l o c a t e d a t t h e e d g e t h e F e r n a o C a rd i m f a v e l a - b a i r ro , a n d a s e w e r s y s t e m i n s t a l l e d , re s u l t i n g i n a c l e a n e r e n v i ro n m e n t a n d w a t e r. N e w ro a d s w e re p a v e d a l o n g t h e r i v e r, f l a n k e d w i t h p u b l i c s e a t i n g a n d r a i l i n g s a l o n g t h e r i v e r s e d g e . Ve h i c u l a r a n d p e d e s t i r a n b r i d g e s w e re f i x e d a n d

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e x p a n d e d t o m a i n t a i n a c o n t i n u o u s f l o w o f m o v e m e n t a n d c o m m u n i c a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e t w o s i d e s o f t h e r i v e r, e n c o u r a g i n g s a f e t y a n d p u b l i c l i f e t o f l o u r i s h i n t h e c o m m u n i t y. T h i s v i s i b l y i l l u s t r a t e s t h e v a l u e o f s l u m u p g r a d i n g – a p ro g re s s i v e , h o l i s t i c a p p ro a c h t o u r b a n d e s i g n , o n e t h a t re c o g n i z e s t h e v a l u e o f s o c i a l re s e a rc h a n d re - i n v e s t m e n t i n t h e s e e m e rg i n g u r b a n c o n g l o m e r a t e s r a t h e r t h a n t h e p a s t a t t e m p t s o f d e m o l i t i o n a n d d i s p l a c e m e n t . 62

“ W e c a n n o t f o rg e t t h a t ( s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s ) a re t h e p ro d u c t o f re s i s t a n c e a n d t r a n s g re s s i o n . I n a t i m e w h e n a r c h i t e c t u re h a s b e e n s o d i s t a n t f ro m t h e p o l i t i c a l g ro u n d a n d t h e s o c i a l f a b r i c t h a t s h a p e s i t , t h e c r i t i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n o f t h e s e s e t t l e m e n t s a n d t h e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e p o s s i b l e t a c t i c s o f i n t e r v e n t i o n t o a s s i s t t h e i r o rg a n i c e v o l u t i o n i s a r i s k w o r t h t a k i n g . ” 63

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ON PARTICIPATION

Pa r t i c i p a t i o n a m o n g t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d i t s re s i d e n t s i s f u n d a m e n t a l . I t e n t a i l s t h e r i g h t o f p e o p l e t o b e c o m e i n v o l v e d i n t h e d e c i s i o n s t h a t a f f e c t t h e i r l i v e s . S l u m re s i d e n t s a re l i k e l y t o p a r t i c i p a t e a t t h e l o c a l l e v e l w h e re t h e y a re m o s t d i re c t l y l i n k e d . T h e c h a l l e n g e i s t o f i n d w a y s t o i n t e g r a t e t h e m i n t o t h e d e s i g n a n d p o l i c y m a k i n g p ro c e s s e s . O n e m e t h o d t h a t h a s b e e n s u c c e s s f u l i s t h ro u g h “ Pa r t i c i p a t o r y R a p i d A p p r a i s a l ” ( P R A ) d e r i v e d b y Ro b e r t C h a m b e r s .

Pa r t i c i p a t o r y R a p i d A p p r a i s a l f i r s t o r i g i n a t e d f ro m t h e p h i l o s o p h y k n o w n a s R a p i d R u r a l A p p r a i s a l ( R R A ) . R R A f i r s t e m e rg e d i n t h e l a t e 1 9 7 0 ’ s a n d w a s i n t e n d e d f o r l e a r n i n g b y o u t s i d e r s a b o u t r u r a l l i f e a n d c o n d i t i o n s i n d i f f e re n t p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d . I t w a s e x t r a c t i v e , m e a n i n g , t h e o u t s i d e r g a t h e re d i n f o r m a t i o n b y b e i n g w i t h t h e l o c a l p e o p l e , i n t e r a c t i n g f a c e - t o - f a c e , e x p l o r i n g t h e s i t e , a n d u s i n g a r a n g e o f m e t h o d s t o c ro s s c h e c k t h e i n f o r m a t i o n g a i n e d .

“ [ T h e o u t s i d e r ] d e t e r m i n e s t h e a g e n d a , o b t a i n s a n d t a k e s p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e i n f o r m a t i o n , re m o v e s i t , o rg a n i z e s a n d a n a l y s e s i t , a n d p l a n s a n d w r i t e s p a p e r s a n d re p o r t s . … [ T h e y ] a re c o l l e c t o r s , p ro c e s s o r s a n d p ro d u c e r s o f o u t p u t s . ” P R A , o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , i s l e a r n i n g t h ro u g h c o l l a b o r a t i o n a n d i s p a r t i c i p a t o r y, m e a n i n g , “ [ t h e o u t s i d e r ] e n c o u r a g e s a n d a l l o w s [ t h e l o c a l p e o p l e ] t o b e d o m i n a n t , t o d e t e r m i n e m u c h o f t h e a g e n d a , t o g a t h e r, e x p re s s a n d a n a l y s e i n f o r m a t i o n , a n d t o p l a n . ” 64

A l t h o u g h i t o r i g i n a t e d f ro m a r u r a l p e r s p e c t i v e , P R A e n t a i l s a “ g ro w i n g f a m i l y o f a p p ro a c h e s a n d m e t h o d s t o e n a b l e l o c a l p e o p l e t o s h a re , e n h a n c e , a n d a n a l y s e t h e i r k n o w l e d g e o f l i f e a n d c o n d i t i o n s , t o p l a n a n d t o a c t . ” 65 I t i s n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e r u r a l c o m m u n i t y, a n d h a s a l s o b e e n a p p l i e d i n u r b a n c o n d i t i o n s . I t i s a n i n t e r a c t i v e m e t h o d o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h a t p ro m o t e s d i v e r s i t y a n d f l e x i b i l i t y, a n d i s a w a y i n w h i c h t h e c o m m u n i t y c a n c o m e t o t h e i r o w n c o n c l u s i o n s o n t h e i r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s , w h a t t h e y c h e r i s h a n d w h a t t h e y l a c k , a n d t o d e v e l o p a p l a n t h a t w o u l d c h a n g e t h e i r c u r re n t s i t u a t i o n f o r t h e b e t t e r. C o n d i t i o n s o f h o u s i n g , h e a l t h , e d u c a t i o n , a n d p h y s i c a l c o n d i t i o n s , s u c h a s ro a d , w a l k w a y s , a n d re f u s e w o u l d b e a n a l y s e d , a n d a s t h e c o m m u n i t y s h a re s t h e i r k n o w l e d g e , a n o p e n f o r u m i s c re a t e d , s h a re d a n d o w n e d b y t h e c o m m u n i t y. A n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s b a s e d o n p ro c e s s a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n d e s i g n a t e s t h e o u t s i d e r – s u c h a s t h e a rc h i t e c t – a s c o o rd i n a t i n g t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d g e t t i n g t h e m s t a r t e d o n t h e u n d e r t a k i n g o f a n a l y s i s a n d c re a t i n g d e s i g n s o l u t i o n s t h a t c a n b e s h a re d , a n a l y z e d a n d re v i s e d .

T h i s p ro c e s s o f a n a l y s i s w o u l d b e u s e d t o h e l p t h e a rc h i t e c t g e t t h e c o m m u n i t y i n v o l v e d i n t h e d e s i g n p ro c e s s , t o d e t e r m i n e w h a t t h e c o m m u n i t y t r u l y n e e d s , a n d t o d e v e l o p a s e t o f i d e a s a n d d e s i g n s t h a t a re e n c o u r a g e d b y t h e c o m m u n i t y, r a t h e r t h a n f o rc e d o n t o t h e m . Ro b e r t C h a m b e r s e s t a b l i s h e s s i x b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s a n d o b j e c t i v e s o f P R A a n d i s t o b e u s e d a s a g u i d e l i n e . T h e s e a re :

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1 . Re s i d e n t s ’ k n o w l e d g e a n d c a p a b i l i t i e s 2 . Re l a x e d R a p p o r t 3 . D i a g r a m m i n g a n d V i s u a l S h a r i n g 4 . S e q u e n c e s 5 . Tr a i n i n g a n d Re o r i e n t a t i o n f o r O u t s i d e r s 6 . S h a r i n g a n d S p re a d .

A s a f a c i l i t a t o r, t h e a rc h i t e c t s h o u l d e n c o u r a g e l o c a l re s i d e n t s t o b e d o m i n a n t , t o e s t a b l i s h t h e p ro g r a m , t o g a t h e r, t o e x p re s s a n d a n a l y s e i n f o r m a t i o n , a n d t o p l a n t h e s t a g e s o f t h e p ro j e c t . T h e a rc h i t e c t b e c o m e s a c a t a l y s t , a l e a r n e r, a n d a c o n s u l t a n t , a n d h i s / h e r re s p o n s i b i l i t y i s t o “ e s t a b l i s h r a p p o r t , t o c o n v e n e a n d t o e n q u i re , o n t h e m e t h o d s , a n d t o e n c o u r a g e i m p ro v i s i o n f ro m t r a d i t i o n a l s y s t e m s . ” 66

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ON PARTNERSHIP

Pa r t n e r s h i p s w i t h i n d u s t r i e s , o rg a n i z a t i o n s a n d i n d i v i d u a l s a re n e c e s s a r y i n a n y d e v e l o p m e n t p ro j e c t , a n d d e s i g n p ro f e s s i o n a l s b e c o m e m e d i a t o r s i n t h e f i e l d , w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r a n d c o l l a b o r a t i n g b e t w e e n “ b o t t o m ” c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n s a n d “ t o p ” g o v e r n m e n t , p r i v a t e , a n d p u b l i c i n v e s t m e n t s e c t o r s . A s a rc h i t e c t s a re t r a i n e d t o b e a w a re o f p o l i c i e s , t h e i r e x p e r t i s e i n t h i s a re a c a n b e u s e d t o h e l p c o m m u n i t i e s v o i c e t h e i r c o n c e r n s t o t h e c i t y.

E v e n w i t h p r a c t i c e a n d p a r t i c i p a t i o n , t h e s u c c e s s o f a n y a p p ro a c h , m e t h o d , o r p ro g r a m re q u i re s m u t u a l p a r t n e r s h i p a n d c o l l a b o r a t i o n b e t w e e n i n d i v i d u a l a n d f a c i l i t a t o r ( a rc h i t e c t ) , f a c i l i t a t o r a n d g o v e r n m e n t , c o m m u n i t y a n d g o v e r n m e n t , a n d g o v e r n m e n t a n d g l o b a l s o c i e t y. E a c h c o m m u n i t y m u s t h a v e a l o c a l o rg a n i z a t i o n g e n e r a t i n g g r a s s ro o t s l e a d e r s h i p , c o m m u n i t y i n i t i a t i v e , a n d i n f l u e n c e i n n e i g h b o u r h o o d s t h a t a re f o rg o t t e n o r i g n o re d b y t h o s e i n p o w e r. T h e c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n w o r k s w i t h p ro f e s s i o n a l s a n d g o v e r n m e n t s t o e n s u re b a s i c s e r v i c e s , s u c h a s a c c e s s t o c l e a n w a t e r, b e c o m e a v a i l a b l e . T h e y w o r k i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h n o n - g o v e r n m e n t o rg a n i z a t i o n s t h a t p ro v i d e l i n k s t o t h e g l o b a l n e t w o r k o f f u n d i n g a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u p p o r t . I t i s t h ro u g h t h e s e p a r t n e r s h i p s t h a t a n u p g r a d e f ro m t h e i r c u r re n t l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s a n d c o m m u n i t y re b u i l d i n g c a n b e g i n .

Pa r t n e r s h i p re q u i re s i n t e rd e p e n d e n c e a n d s h a re d o w n e r s h i p . T h e re a re c u r re n t l y 2 8 , 9 0 0 i n t e r n a t i o n a l N o n - G o v e r n m e n t a l O rg a n i z a t i o n s ( N G O ’ s ) a n d a p p ro x i m a t e l y 2 0 , 0 0 0 t r a n s - n a t i o n a l n e t w o r k s g l o b a l l y. Ke n y a a l o n e h a s o v e r 5 0 0 N G O ’ s , 67 N e p a l h a s o v e r 1 2 0 0 N G O ’ s , 2 1 0 , 0 0 0 i n B r a z i l , a n d 1 m i l l i o n i n I n d i a . 68 P r i v a t e c o r p o r a t i o n s a n d e c o n o m i c a l l y s t r i v i n g o rg a n i z a t i o n s m a k e u p t h e “ d o n o r c o m m u n i t y ” – t h e m o n e y p o w e r. T h e “ l o c a l c o m m u n i t y ” , p ro v i d e s a d i v e r s i t y o f i n t e re s t s , l a n g u a g e s , c u l t u re s , a n d d re a m s . A l t h o u g h t h e g l o b a l i z i n g e c o n o m y a n d d e v e l o p m e n t h a v e w i d e n e d t h e g a p b e t w e e n t h e r i c h a n d t h e p o o r, w e h a v e l e a r n e d t h a t d e v e l o p m e n t i s a n o n - g o i n g p ro c e s s . 69 G l o b a l i z a t i o n o f f e r s t h e p o w e r t o c o n n e c t t o i n f o r m a t i o n , re s o u rc e s a n d t e c h n o l o g i e s o n l o c a l , n a t i o n a l , a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l l e v e l s . T h i s o n g o i n g d e v e l o p m e n t p ro c e s s , c o m b i n e d w i t h g o o d p r a c t i c e , w i l l i n g p a r t i c i p a t i o n , a n d m u t u a l p a r t n e r s h i p , i s w h a t w i l l e n a b l e c h a n g e f o r s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s , b y re v e a l i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s a n d m a k i n g re s o u rc e s a c c e s s i b l e t o a l l s o c i e t i e s i n s t e a d o f a s e l e c t f e w .

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FIGURE 6.1 Selected logo’s, icons, and images of governments, community groups, organizations, and people working to create better communities for the urban poor.

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CONCLUSION

S u b - S a h a r a n A f r i c a i s f a c i n g a m e d i c a l c r i s i s t h a t i s o r p h a n i n g c h i l d re n b y t h e m i l l i o n s a n d c re a t i n g a g e n e r a t i o n t h a t m u s t d e v e l o p i n t o a d u l t s w i t h o u t t h e g u i d a n c e o f p a re n t s o r o t h e r p o s i t i v e ro l e m o d e l s . T h i s i s t h e “ l o s t g e n e r a t i o n” – t h e m o s t v u l n e r a b l e p o p u l a t i o n w h o d e s p e r a t e l y n e e d c o m m u n i t i e s t o g i v e t h e m t h e s u p p o r t a n d s t r u c t u re t h e y re q u i re . U n f o r t u n a t e l y, u r b a n s l u m s – c o m m u n i t i e s w i t h n o w a t e r, n o l a v a t o r i e s , a n d n o s e r v i c e s – a re t h e p l a c e s t h a t j u s t o v e r h a l f o f t h i s l o s t g e n e r a t i o n i s t r y i n g t o g ro w , l e a r n , a n d g a i n p o s i t i v e a n d h o p e f u l f u t u re s . G r a n d m o t h e r s a n d e x t e n d e d f a m i l y m e m b e r s a re l e f t h a v i n g t o c a re f o r t h i s o r p h a n e d g e n e r a t i o n , w h i l e t h e y t h e m s e l v e s a re l i v i n g i n s q u a l o r a n d t r y i n g t o s u p p o r t t h e i r o w n i m m e d i a t e f a m i l i e s . T h i s i s n o t a c c e p t a b l e . C i t i e s m u s t re s p o n d t o t h e n e e d s o f i t s i n h a b i t a n t s – f ro m t h e m o s t b a s i c p h y s i c a l a d j u s t m e n t s t o t h e m o re c o m p l e x s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n s – a n d a l l o w t h e s e s l u m s b e c o m e t h r i v i n g c o m m u n i t i e s g i v i n g n o t o n l y o r p h a n s b u t t h e g re a t e r p o p u l a t i o n o f u r b a n p o o r a h u m a n e a n d p ro g re s s i v e s t a n d a rd o f l i v i n g .

“ T h e a r c h i t e c t h a s t o i m a g i n e s p a c e s , o rd e r i n g s , m a t e r i a l s , a e s t h e t i c e f f e c t s , re l a t i o n s t o e n v i ro n m e n t s , a n d d e a l a t t h e s a m e t i m e w i t h t h e m o re m u n d a n e i s s u e s o f p l u m b i n g , h e a t i n g , e l e c t r i c c a b l e s , l i g h t i n g , a n d t h e l i k e . T h e a r c h i t e c t i s n o t a t o t a l l y f re e a g e n t i n t h i s . N o t o n l y d o t h e q u a n t i t i e s a n d q u a l i t i e s o f a v a i l a b l e m a t e r i a l s a n d t h e n a t u re o f s i t e s c o n s t r a i n c h o i c e s b u t e d u c a t i o n a l t r a d i t i o n s a n d l e a r n e d p r a c t i c e s c h a n n e l t h o u g h t . R e g u l a t i o n s , c o s t s , r a t e s o f re t u r n , c l i e n t s ’ p re f e re n c e s , a l l h a v e t o b e c o n s i d e re d t o t h e p o i n t w h e re i t o f t e n s e e m s t h a t t h e d e v e l o p e r s , t h e f i n a n c i e r s , t h e a c c o u n t a n t s , t h e b u i l d e r, a n d t h e s t a t e a p p a r a t u s h a v e m o re t o s a y a b o u t t h e f i n a l s h a p e o f t h i n g s t h a n t h e a r c h i t e c t . T h e p ro c e s s o f ‘ d o i n g a r c h i t e c t u re ’ e n t a i l s a l l t h e s e c o m p l i c a t i o n s . ‘ D o i n g a r c h i t e c t u re ’ i s e m b e d d e d , s p a t i o t e m p o r a l p r a c t i c e . B u t t h e re i s , n e v e r t h e l e s s , a l w a y s a m o m e n t w h e n t h e f re e p l a y o f t h e i m a g i n a t i o n s – t h e w i l l t o c re a t e – m u s t e n t e r. ” 70 ( H a r v e y, 2 0 0 0 )

A s H a r v e y m a k e s c l e a r t h e c o m p l e x i t i e s o f ‘ d o i n g a rc h i t e c t u re ’ , t h e a n a l y s i s a n d d e s i g n o f M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a c o n f ro n t s t h e p ro b l e m s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l , c o m m u n i t y, a n d c i t y i n t e r m s o f d e v e l o p m e n t a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n f o r t h e l o n g - t e r m . I t c a l l s o n d e s i g n e r s t o w o r k w i t h re s i d e n t s a n d g r a s s ro o t s c o m m u n i t y g ro u p s , a n d d e m a n d s p a r t i c i p a t i o n f ro m N G O ’ s , l o c a l a n d n a t i o n a l g o v e r n m e n t s , a n d t h e i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t y. T h e K i j i j i K i t – g e n e r a t e d b a s e d o n s l u m u p g r a d i n g – i l l u s t r a t e s t h e e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t s n e e d e d t o f o r m a t h r i v i n g c o m m u n i t y, a n d d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f i s s u e s , n e t w o r k s , a n d p a r t n e r s h i p s re q u i re d . S l u m u p g r a d i n g i s t h e m o s t c o s t - e f f i c i e n t , s e l f- h e l p i n g , a n d d e c e n t r a l i z e d m e t h o d o f i m p ro v i n g s l u m c o n d i t i o n s . I t re q u i re s t h e re s i d e n t s t o t a k e o w n e r s h i p o f t h e i r c o m m u n i t i e s a n d p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e d e s i g n p ro c e s s , v o i c e t h e i r o p i n i o n s a n d c o n c e r n s , a n d h e l p m a k e d e c i s i o n s , w i t h o u t h a v i n g t o re l o c a t e . I t i s a m e t h o d t h a t s e e s t h e p o t e n t i a l i n p e o p l e , a n d re l i e s o n t h e i n d i v i d u a l t o i n i t i a t e a n d t h i n k p ro g re s s i v e l y. H e n c e , t h e K i j i j i K i t i s a g u i d e l i n e t h a t e m p h a s i z e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f h o l i s t i c t h i n k i n g f ro m a l l b a c k g ro u n d s ,

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e d u c a t i o n s , a n d f i e l d s . I t i s a b o u t c re a t i n g d e s i g n p ro p o s a l s t h a t g e n e r a t e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f p ro c e s s e s a n d h o w c e r t a i n i n t e r v e n t i o n s w i l l p o s i t i v e l y i m p a c t t h e f u t u re o f a c o m m u n i t y.

S l u m c o m m u n i t i e s a re i n n e e d o f b e t t e r l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s . A rc h i t e c t s m u s t re s p o n d t o t h i s n e e d . W h e t h e r i t i s i n b u i l d i n g n e w p o l i c i e s , n e g o t i a t i n g b e t w e e n l a rg e c o r p o r a t i o n s , o r f a c i l i t a t i n g d e s i g n w o r k s h o p s , t h e a rc h i t e c t ’ s ro l e i s i n e n v i s i o n i n g t h e p h y s i c a l n e e d s t h a t w i l l r a i s e b o t h t h e p h y s i c a l a n d s o c i a l q u a l i t y o f c o m m u n i t y l i f e . ‘ D o i n g a rc h i t e c t u re ’ c a n h e l p g e n e r a t e n e w p o l i c i e s t h a t a c k n o w l e d g e t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s a n d a l l o w t h e m t o i m p ro v e . I t i m p e l s N G O ’ s , t h e p r i v a t e s e c t o r, a n d t h e d e v e l o p e d w o r l d t o g e t i n v o l v e d a n d h e l p f u n d c o m m u n i t y p ro j e c t s , a n d i t a d v o c a t e s p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d p a r t n e r s h i p a m o n g re s i d e n t s , p o l i t i c i a n s , a n d d e s i g n e r s .

A rc h i t e c t u re m u s t b e c o n c e r n e d w i t h c re a t i n g a m i l i e u o f u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h a t s l u m s a re t h e p l a c e s o f t h e f u t u re . B y s e t t i n g t h i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g , m o re s t r a t e g i e s w i l l b e d e v e l o p e d a n d i m p l e m e n t e d t h a t a re a b l e t o p ro v i d e t h e b a s i c n e e d s f o r t h e l o s t g e n e r a t i o n , a l l s t r i v i n g t o w a rd s i m p ro v i n g t h e l i v i n g e n v i ro n m e n t s o f s l u m s . T h e K i j i j i K i t i s a g u i d e t h a t h e l p s t h e u r b a n p o o r s e e t h e p o t e n t i a l t h e i r c o m m u n i t y h a s f o r p ro s p e r i t y a n d a b r i g h t e r f u t u re . T h e k i t i s a p ro p o s a l t h a t s u p p o r t s t h e m o s t v u l n e r a b l e d e m o g r a p h i c , s e t t i n g s t a n d a rd s b a s e d o n t h e i r n e e d s a n d t a k i n g i n t o a c c o u n t t h e g re a t e r a f f e c t i t w i l l h a v e o n t h e c i t y. A s c i t i e s a re l i k e o rg a n i s m s , c o n s t a n t l y g ro w i n g , c h a n g i n g , a n d a d a p t i n g , s o i s t h e K i j i j i K i t . T h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h e k i t i s t o a s s i s t c o m m u n i t i e s i n i m p l e m e n t i n g c h a n g e t h ro u g h v i s u a l i z i n g t h e i r n e e d s a n d p o t e n t i a l s . A s d i f f e re n t c o m m u n i t y ’ s f a c e d i f f e re n t p h y s i c a l a n d s o c i a l c i rc u m s t a n c e s , m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e k i t m a y b e re q u i re d f o r t h e re s p e c t i v e c o m m u n i t y. T h e k i t i s n o t a f i n i t e l i s t , b u t a b o o k o f e n d l e s s p o s s i b i l i t i e s t h a t s e e k t o h e l p a c i t y g ro w t o w a rd s a b e t t e r f u t u re . W i t h m a n y c o m m u n i t i e s a ro u n d t h e w o r l d s t r u g g l i n g j u s t l i k e M u k u r u K w a - N j e n g a , t h e re m u s t b e m a n y s c h e m e s c re a t e d i n t h e i m a g i n a t i o n o f a rc h i t e c t s t o h e l p t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s s e e t h e i r p o t e n t i a l , a n d w o r k t o g e t h e r t o w a rd s i t .

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APPENDIX A > C A S E S T U D I E S

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FIGURE A.1 View of Petare, a slum community in Caracs, Venezuela.

FIGURE A.2 Painted steps to enliven the pedestrian path in Petare.

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[PETARE : CARACAS, VENEZUELA]

Pe t a re i s a b a i r ro ( t h e Po r t u g u e s e w o rd f o r c o m m u n i t y ) t h a t i m m e n s e l y g re w d u r i n g t h e o i l b o o m o f t h e 1 9 7 0 ’ s . Lo c a t e d o n t h e e a s t e r n h i l l s o f C a r a c a s , Ve n e z u e l a , i t s g ro w t h d e v e l o p e d a s a re s u l t o f t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a s i x - l a n e h i g h w a y t h a t c o n n e c t e d t h e re g i o n t o t h e e a s t e r n o u t e r c i t i e s . D u r i n g t h e h i g h w a y ’ s 1 0 - y e a r c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e f o o t h i l l s o f Pe t a re w e re o c c u p i e d b y b a r r a c k s o f w o r k e r s , m a k i n g i t a p r i m e s i t e f o r s q u a t t e r s . To d a y, t h i s p e d e s t r i a n c i t y s t re t c h e s s i x - s q u a re - k i l o m e t re s a n d i s h o m e t o a l m o s t 1 m i l l i o n i n h a b i t a n t s . W i t h a n o u t s t a n d i n g d e n s i t y o f 7 6 8 i n h a b i t a n t s p e r h e c t a re – i n c o m p a r i s o n t o M a n h a t t a n w i t h 5 1 5 i n h a b i t a n t s p e r h e c t a re – Pe t a re i s o n e o f t h e m o s t i n n o v a t i v e u r b a n s e t t l e m e n t s o n a p p ro p r i a t e l y h a n d l i n g p ro p e r t y r i g h t s , p ro d u c i n g l e s s w a s t e a n d s p e n d i n g l e s s e n e rg y t h a n m o s t u r b a n re g i o n s o f t h e w o r l d . Pe t a re m a i n t a i n s ro o f g a rd e n s , d r y t o i l e t s , c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r s , g y m n a s i u m s , u r b a n c a b l e c a r s , f l e x i b l e g ro w i n g h o u s e s , a n d i n c re d i b l e a m o u n t s o f i n c o m p l e t e i n f r a s t r u c t u re . A rc h i t e c t u re ’ s i n v o l v e m e n t i n t h e c o m m u n i t y ’ s d e v e l o p m e n t p ro c e s s c a m e a b o u t t h ro u g h t h e i n i t i a t i v e o f t h e re s i d e n t s , i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h a rc h i t e c t s f ro m U r b a n T h i n k Ta n k , a n d w o r k i n g w i t h t h e c i t y m u n i c i p a l i t y, a n d t h e i r g o v e r n m e n t , a n d i s s e t t i n g t h e s t a g e f o r a s u c c e s s f u l d e v e l o p m e n t p ro c e s s . 1

T h e c o m m u n i t y o f Pe t a re i s o n e o f m i l l i o n s o f c o m m u n i t i e s o f t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y t h a t h a v e e m e rg e d n o t o u t o f t h e m i n d s o f a rc h i t e c t s , b u t o u t o f t h e i n h a b i t a n t s a n d o u t o f n e c e s s i t y. I n v i e w o f g l o b a l i z a t i o n a s p ro c e s s , t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s a re c h a n g i n g t h e u r b a n l a n d s c a p e a n d h a v e e m e rg e d a m i d s t h a r s h c o n d i t i o n s . Ye s – c i t i e s a re g ro w i n g f a s t e r t h a n c u r re n t s e r v i c e s a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u re s c a n h a n d l e ; a n d y e s – c i t i e s a re s t r u g g l i n g t o k e e p u p w i t h t h e g ro w t h a n d d o n o t k n o w h o w t o a l l e v i a t e t h i s p re s s u re . T h u s , i n f o r m a l c i t i e s s u c h a s Pe t a re a re t e a c h i n g u s t h a t a rc h i t e c t u re a n d u r b a n d e s i g n m u s t b e e n g a g e d i n t h e e v o l u t i o n o f t h e c o m m u n i t y a n d b e c o m e l a b o r a t o r i e s o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l , c o n c e p t u a l a n d s o c i a l i s s u e s o f g ro w t h . T h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s e x e m p l i f y t h e n e e d f o r s o c i a l a n d p o l i t i c a l d e s i g n a n d i n n o v a t i o n , a n d s h o u l d b e s t u d i e d a n d i m i t a t e d w i t h a s i m i l a r p u r p o s e – t o h e l p i m p ro v e t h e l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e m o s t v u l n e r a b l e .

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FIGURE A.3 Hassan Fathy

FIGURE A.4 Site plan of New Gourna in Luxor, Egypt.

FIGURE A.5 Image of a residential building portraying the style of construction used for the New Gourna community.

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CASE STUDY #1 | NEW GOURNA

A R C H I T E C T: H a s s a n F a t h y LO C A T I O N : Lu x o r, E g y p t D A T E : c i rc a 1 9 4 8 C O N T E X T: r u r a l v i l l a g e , i m p ro v i n g h o u s i n g f o r t h e p o o r B U I L D I N G T Y P E : re s i d e n t i a l , v i l l a g e , u r b a n p l a n n i n g a n d d e v e l o p m e n t C L I M A T E : h o t , a r i d

H a s s a n F a t h y i s a n a rc h i t e c t w h o d e v o t e d h i m s e l f t o d e v e l o p i n g i m p ro v e d h o u s i n g f o r t h e p o o r. H e b e l i e v e d i n b u i l d i n g a s a c o l l e c t i v e a c t i o n , a n d b o t h t h e a rc h i t e c t a n d t h e d w e l l e r w e re e s s e n t i a l c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e b u i l d i n g e q u a t i o n . 2

I n 1 9 4 5 , h e w o r k e d w i t h t h e E g y p t i a n D e p a r t m e n t o f A n t i q u i t i e s t o b u i l d t h e v i l l a g e o f N e w G o u r n a , n e a r Lu x o r, E g y p t , i n p u r s u i t o f p ro v i d i n g c o s t - e f f e c t i v e h o u s i n g f o r a n e n t i re e n t re n c h e d c o m m u n i t y o f e n t re p re n e u r i a l e x c a v a t o r s . H e w o r k e d w i t h t h e re s i d e n t s , u s i n g i n e x p e n s i v e m a t e r i a l s , a n d l o c a l m e t h o d s . H e a c t e d a s b o t h a n a rc h i t e c t - d e s i g n e r a n d a n a rc h i t e c t - f a c i l i t a t o r, w o r k i n g w i t h re s i d e n t s a n d d e s i g n i n g w i t h t h e i r n e e d s i n m i n d t o e n s u re t h a t t h e l i v e l i h o o d s o f t h e p o o r w e re n o t i g n o re d . T h e N e w G o u r n a V i l l a g e w a s p a r t i a l l y b u i l t f ro m 1 9 4 5 t o 1 9 4 8 , w h e re d i f f i c u l t i e s a ro s e d u r i n g t h i s t i m e . D e s p i t e F a t h y ’ s b e s t i n t e n t i o n s a n d h i s d e v o t i o n t o t h e p ro j e c t , t h e l a b o u re r s a n d e v e n t u a l re s i d e n t s o f t h e N e w G o u r n a v i l l a g e d i d n o t w a n t t o m o v e a n d t o o k e v e r y o p p o r t u n i t y t o s a b o t a g e t h e i r n e w v i l l a g e i n o rd e r t o s t a y w h e re t h e y w e re . D e s p i t e t h e i d e a l l o c a t i o n , t h e s i t e w a s e v e n t u a l l y a b a n d o n e d a n d u n u s e d .

W h y w e re t h e re s i d e n t s h e s i t a n t a n d re l u c t a n t t o m o v e ? W h a t d o e s t h i s m e a n f o r t h e a rc h i t e c t ? T h e re s u l t f ro m F a t h y ’ s a t t e m p t m a y n o t h a v e b e e n w h a t h e e x p e c t e d , h o w e v e r i t r a i s e s t h e k e y q u e s t i o n o f “ h o w t o c re a t e a c u l t u r a l l y a n d e n v i ro n m e n t a l l y v a l i d a rc h i t e c t u re t h a t i s s e n s i t i v e t o t h e e t h n i c a n d re g i o n a l t r a d i t i o n w i t h o u t a l l o w i n g s u b j e c t i v e v a l u e s a n d i m a g e s t o i n t e r v e n e i n t h e d e s i g n p ro c e s s . ” 3 T h i s c a s e s t u d y c o n f i r m s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f w o r k i n g i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h t h e re s i d e n t s , a s t h e y w i l l b e t h e o n e s m o s t a f f e c t e d b y s l u m u p g r a d i n g p ro j e c t s . Ke e p i n g e s t a b l i s h e d n e t w o r k s i n a c o m m u n i t y i n t a c t a n d re a l i z i n g t h e d e s i re s o f t h e re s i d e n t s i s e s s e n t i a l f o r s u c c e s s .

F a t h y ’ s e x p e r i m e n t e m p h a s i z e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a h a v i n g a t r a n s p a re n t a n d s o l i d re l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e p e o p l e , a d e e p re s p e c t a n d s e n s i t i v i t y t o w a rd s t h e c u l t u re a n d l i f e s t y l e o f t h e p e o p l e , a n d a s s e m b l i n g a n h o n e s t a n a l y s i s o f w h a t t h e i n d i v i d u a l s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y t r u l y n e e d a n d w a n t . T h e i n h a b i t a n t s m u s t b e b o t h a c t i v e p a r t i c i p a n t s a n d d e c i s i o n m a k e r s t h ro u g h o u t t h e e n t i re p ro c e s s . W i t h o u t t h e i r s u p p o r t a n d c o o p e r a t i o n , t h e b u i l d i n g s w i l l b e s t e r i l e , u n l o v e d , a n d u n t e n d e d .

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FIGURE A.6 Sam Mockbee with a resident of Hale County and the resident’s two sons.

FIGURE A.7 Three students working on the Sanders-Dudley House (2001) in Sawyerville, a small town located approximately 18km northwest of Hale County, Alabama.

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CASE STUDY #2 | HALE COUNTY, ALABAMA

A R C H I T E C T: R u r a l S t u d i o LO C A T I O N : H a l e C o u n t y, A l a b a m a D A T E : 1 9 9 0 t o p re s e n t C O N T E X T: r u r a l c o u n t y, a l o n g A l a b a m a ’ s p o v e r t y- s t r i c k e n “ b l a c k - b e l t ” B U I L D I N G T Y P E : h o u s i n g , c o m m u n i t y a n d p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s C L I M A T E : t e m p e r a t e

I n A l a b a m a , S a m M o c k b e e h a s b e e n a d r i v i n g f o rc e i n b r i n g i n g t h e l o c a l m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , t h e a rc h i t e c t , a n d t h e p e o p l e t o g e t h e r. F o u n d e d i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 9 0 ’ s , M o c k b e e s e t u p t h e R u r a l S t u d i o , a p ro g r a m a t A u b u r n U n i v e r s i t y w h e re a rc h i t e c t u re s t u d e n t s a re a b l e t o w o r k i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h t h e re s i d e n t s o f H a l e C o u n t y t o d e s i g n a n d b u i l d p ro j e c t s f o r u n d e r p r i v i l e g e d m e m b e r s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y. H a l e C o u n t y i s o n e o f A l a b a m a ’ s p o o re s t a n d n e g l e c t e d r u r a l d i s t r i c t s w i t h m a n y re s i d e n t s l i v i n g b e l o w t h e p o v e r t y l i n e . I t h a s a p o p u l a t i o n o f j u s t o v e r 1 7 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e , t h e d e m o g r a p h i c c o n s i s t i n g p re d o m i n a n t l y o f A f r i c a n - A m e r i c a n s . 4

M o c k b e e b e l i e v e d t h a t , “ T h e b e s t w a y t o m a k e re a l a r c h i t e c t u re i s b y l e t t i n g a b u i l d i n g e v o l v e o u t o f t h e c u l t u re a n d p l a c e . T h e s e s m a l l p ro j e c t s d e s i g n e d b y s t u d e n t s a t t h e s t u d i o re m i n d u s w h a t i t m e a n s t o h a v e a n A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t u re w i t h o u t p re t e n c e . T h e y o f f e r u s a s i m p l e g l i m p s e i n t o w h a t i s e s s e n t i a l t o t h e f u t u re o f A m e r i c a n a r c h i t e c t u re , i t s h o n e s t y. … A r c h i t e c t u re a s a d i s c i p l i n e [ i s ] ro o t e d i n c o m m u n i t y a n d i t s e n v i ro n m e n t a l , s o c i a l , p o l i t i c a l , a n d a e s t h e t i c i s s u e s a n d s h o w s s t u d e n t s t h a t t h e y c a n m a k e a d i f f e re n c e . … a s a r c h i t e c t s , t h e i r g o o d n e s s i s m o re i m p o r t a n t t h a n t h e i r g re a t n e s s , t h e i r c o m p a s s i o n m o re e v e n t f u l t h a n t h e i r p a s s i o n . ” 5

T h i s b e l i e f s t e m s f ro m M o c k b e e ’ s c o n v i c t i o n s a s a n a rc h i t e c t a n d a r t i s t :

1 . T h e a rc h i t e c t u r a l p ro f e s s i o n h a s a n e t h i c a l re s p o n s i b i l i t y t o h e l p i m p ro v e l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e p o o r ; 2 . T h e p ro f e s s i o n s h o u l d “ c h a l l e n g e t h e s t a t u s q u o i n t o m a k i n g re s p o n s i b l e e n v i ro n m e n t a l a n d s o c i a l c h a n g e s ”

R u r a l S t u d i o h a s a l l o w e d s t u d e n t s t o b u i l d c o s t e f f i c i e n t a n d s u s t a i n a b l e h o m e s f o r m a n y o f t h e l o c a l f a m i l i e s i n n e e d , a n d h a s a l s o c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e c o m m u n i t y w i t h t h e d e s i g n a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p u b l i c g a t h e r i n g p l a c e s , c h u rc h e s , c o m m u n i t y c e n t re s , a n d e x t r a - c u r r i c u l a r c l u b s f o r c h i l d re n a n d a d u l t s . T h e s t u d e n t s u s e c o s t - e f f e c t i v e m a t e r i a l s a n d s u s t a i n a b l e m e t h o d s t o k e e p c o s t s l o w , m a k i n g h o m e s a f f o rd a b l e f o r re s i d e n t s a n d p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s f e a s i b l e f o r t h e m u n i c i p a l i t y. T h e p ro j e c t s

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FIGURE A.8-9 TOP LEFT: The Bryant (Hay Bale) House in 1994. TOP RIGHT: The changes the house has adapted over time (2000).

FIGURE A.10-12 The Akron Boys and Girls Club LEFT FROM TOP TO BOTTOM: The ruin-like strucutre before construction began; a community meeting being held in the newly renovated building; the club at dusk.

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i n t e g r a t e t h e re s i d e n t s t h ro u g h o u t t h e d e s i g n p ro c e s s a n d p ro m o t e p a r t i c i p a t i o n , re s p o n s i b i l i t y, a n d s o c i a l c h a n g e . T h e s e s i m p l e , y e t i n n o v a t i v e s t e p s t a k e n b y t h e a rc h i t e c t u re s c h o o l h a v e n o t o n l y m a d e a n i m p a c t o n t h e l i v e s o f t h e re c i p i e n t i n d i v i d u a l s a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s – a n d t h e d e s i g n s t u d e n t s t h e m s e l v e s – b u t h a v e b e e n i n s t r u m e n t a l i n s t a r t i n g a t r a n s f o r m a t i o n p ro c e s s f o r t h e e n t i re c o m m u n i t y. I t e x e m p l i f i e s t h e p o w e r a rc h i t e c t u r a l i n t e r v e n t i o n s c a n h a v e i n b r i n g i n g c h a n g e t o a p o v e r t y- s t r i c k e n n e i g h b o ro u g h o o d , a n d e m p h a s i z e s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e p a r t n e r s h i p b e t w e e n t h e d e s i g n e r, t h e re s i d e n t , a n d m u n i c i p a l i t y. T h ro u g h t h i s p a r t n e r s h i p , H a l e C o u n t y i s w e l l o n i t s w a y t o b e c o m i n g a h e a l t h i e r a n d g ro w i n g c o m m u n i t y.

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FIGURE A.13 Aerial view of Fernao Cardim favela-bairro in Brazil; some of the major upgrading projects implemented in this community are: the construction safer and cleaner pedestrian pathways; building retaining walls and bridges along and across the river.

FIGURE A.14 A before and after photograph of a pedestrian walkway that was constructed as part of an upgrading project in Fuba Campinho, a favela-bairro in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

FIGURE A.15 A diverging pedestrian pathway with public lighting and planting in one of the favela-bairro’s of Rio de Janeiro as part of an upgrading project.

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CASE STUDY #3 | THE FAVELA-BAIRRO PROJECT

A R C H I T E C T: J o rg e M a r i o J a u re g u i A rc h i t e c t s LO C A T I O N : R i o d e J a n e i ro , B r a z i l D A T E : 1 9 9 3 t o p re s e n t C O N T E X T: h i l l s i d e c o m m u n i t i e s , a l o n g e d g e o f t h e c i t y B U I L D I N G T Y P E : u r b a n re n e w a l , c o m m u n i t y f a c i l i t i e s , p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s C L I M A T E : h o t , h u m i d

O n e t h i rd o f R i o d e J a n e i ro ’ s p o p u l a t i o n l i v e s i n f a v e l a s – s h a n t y t o w n s b u i l t o n s t e e p ro c k s a l o n g t h e c o s t o f B r a z i l t h a t l a c k b a s i c s e r v i c e s a n d i n f r a s t r u c t u re s . I n re s p o n s e t o t h e n e e d s o f t h e u r b a n p o o r, J o rg e M a r i o J a u re g u i A rc h i t e c t s b e g a n w o r k i n g o n p ro j e c t s i n t h e f a v e l a s t o p e n e t r a t e a n d re v i t a l i z e t h e s e s h a n t y t o w n s . Wo r k i n g w i t h m u n i c i p a l i t i e s , t h e l o c a l re s i d e n t s , a s w e l l a s d r u g - l o rd s t h a t t e r r i t o r i a l l y c l a i m d i f f e re n t a re a s o f t h e f a v e l a s , T h e F a v e l a - B a i r ro P ro j e c t w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 9 3 t o t r y a n d t u r n t h e s e f a v e l a s ( s h a n t y t o w n s ) i n t o f u n c t i o n i n g b a i r ro s ( c o m m u n i t i e s ) .

O v e r t h e p a s t d e c a d e , J a u re g u i ’ s t e a m o f a rc h i t e c t s h a v e c a r r i e d o u t v a r i o u s p ro j e c t s i n m o re t h a n t e n f a v e l a s . T h e s e p ro j e c t s h a v e m a d e p o s i t i v e i m p a c t s o n t h e c o m m u n i t i e s a n d r a n g e f ro m t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s a f e r p e d e s t r i a n w a l k w a y s , t o c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r s a n d re c re a t i o n a l f a c i l i t i e s , j o b t r a i n i n g p ro g r a m s , a n d e v e n c o m m u n a l k i t c h e n s . T h e s u c c e s s o f t h e v a r i o u s i n t e r v e n t i o n s i s i n h o w t h e y p ro m o t e a p o s i t i v e p e r s p e c t i v e o f t h e c o m m u n i t y, i n t u r n s u p p o r t i n g a n d b u i l d i n g u p t h e s o c i o l o g i c a l a n d e c o n o m i c s t a t u s o f t h e f a v e l a . T h e y h a v e p ro m o t e d a c o m m u n a l e n v i ro n m e n t a n d s t ro n g e r i d e n t i t y t o t h e s e f a v e l a s t h ro u g h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f c o m m u n a l k i t c h e n s a n d l a u n d r y f a c i l i t i e s , n a m i n g t h e s t re e t s , n u m b e r i n g b u i l d i n g s , a c c e s s i n g u n d e rg ro u n d i n f r a s t r u c t u re , c o n s t r u c t i n g p e d e s t r i a n p a t h w a y s , p u b l i c s q u a re s , a n d s o c i a l a n d re c re a t i o n a l s p a c e s .

T h i s p ro j e c t i s a n a p p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s l u m u p g r a d i n g a n d e x e m p l i f i e s i t s s u c c e s s . T h e m a j o r p r i n c i p l e g a t h e re d f ro m t h e F a v e l a - B a i r ro P ro j e c t i s t h a t i t i s n o t c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f h o u s i n g , b u t g a u g e s i t s p ro j e c t s b a s e d o n t h e s o c i a l c o n d i t i o n s o f a f a v e l a a n d i t s l o n g - t e r m n e e d s t h a t w i l l i m p ro v e t h e d a i l y l i v e s o f t h e re s i d e n t s . I t s e e k s t o b re a k t h e s e g re g a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e r i c h a n d p o o r, w h i l e b e i n g s e n s i t i v e t o t h e c u l t u r a l a n d p o l i t i c a l b o u n d a r i e s . A rc h i t e c t u re , i n t h i s s e n s e , “ d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e p o w e r o f u r b a n d e s i g n i n re a l i z i n g s o c i a l c h a n g e a n d e n g a g i n g m a rg i n a l i z e d p e o p l e i n t h e re v i t a l i z a t i o n o f t h e i r o w n c o m m u n i t i e s . ” 6

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FIGURE A.16 The logos of: ACORN (the grassroots community group in New Orleans) and the main participating universities (Cornell Univeristy, Columbia Univeristy, and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign).

FIGURE A.17 ACORN Housing/Univeristy Partnership representative presenting “The People’s Plan” to possible funding parties in New York City.

FIGURE A.18 A public unveiling of “The People’s Plan”.

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CASE STUDY #4 | THE PEOPLE’S PLAN

A R C H I T E C T: A C O R N w i t h C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y, C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y, a n d t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s a t U r b a n a - C h a m p a i g n . A H U P LO C A T I O N : N e w O r l e a n s , Lo u i s i a n a D A T E : 2 0 0 5 t o p re s e n t C O N T E X T: d i s a s t e r re l i e f f ro m H u r r i c a n e K a t r i n a B U I L D I N G T Y P E : h o u s i n g , u r b a n re n e w a l C L I M A T E : h u m i d s u b t ro p i c a l

I n 2 0 0 5 , N e w O r l e a n s , Lo u i s i a n a w a s h i t b y a C a t e g o r y 5 h u r r i c a n e t h a t r i p p e d t h ro u g h t h e c i t y k i l l i n g o v e r 1 , 8 0 0 p e o p l e , d e s t ro y i n g t h o u s a n d s o f h o m e s , a n d d i s p l a c i n g t h o u s a n d s o f f a m i l i e s . Tw o y e a r s l a t e r, t h e re a re s t i l l c o u n t l e s s f a m i l i e s l i v i n g i n l a rg e w a re h o u s e s , o t h e r s h a v i n g t o m o v e a n d l i v e o u t o f s t a t e , a n d m o re t r y i n g t o re b u i l d t h e i r h o m e s w i t h t h e l i t t l e re s o u rc e s t h e y h a v e l e f t .

A C O R N i s a g r a s s ro o t s c o m m u n i t y g ro u p t h a t h a s m a d e a g re a t i m p a c t o n N e w O r l e a n s a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y o f t h e Lo w e r 9 t h Wa rd ( W 9 ) , t h e a re a h a rd e s t h i t b y t h e s t o r m . Wo r k i n g i n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h a rc h i t e c t u re s t u d e n t s f ro m C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y, C o l u m b i a U n i v e r s i t y, a n d U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o i s a t U r b a n a - C h a m p a i g n , t h e s t u d e n t s a n d A C O R N h a v e d e v e l o p e d a m a s t e r p l a n f o r W 9 t h a t h e l p s re s i d e n t s re c l a i m t h e i r p ro p e r t i e s a n d h o m e s . T h e s t u d e n t s h a v e g o n e i n t o t h e n e i g h b o u r h o o d s , m e e t i n g w i t h t h e re s i d e n t s a n d i n c l u d i n g t h e m i n t h e d e s i g n p ro c e s s , e n s u r i n g t h a t t h e p ro p o s e d re - d e s i g n o f t h e c o m m u n i t y i s t h e b e s t - f i t s o l u t i o n f o r t h o s e l i v i n g i n t h e a re a .

T h i s p ro j e c t h a s n o t a l w a y s b e e n m e t w i t h s u p p o r t b y t h e m u n i c i p a l i t i e s . T h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n m a d e b y p o l i t i c i a n s w a s t o c l e a r a n d d e v e l o p t h e a re a i n t o a v a s t g re e n - s p a c e , n o t c o n s i d e r i n g t h e p ro p e r t y r i g h t s o f t h e o r i g i n a l re s i d e n t s . A C O R N a n d t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g u n i v e r s i t i e s h a v e h a d t o f a c e m u c h p o l i t i c a l c h a l l e n g e s d u e t o g o v e r n m e n t p o l i c i e s a g a i n s t t h e i r f a v o u r. T h e s t u d e n t s h a v e s t e p p e d i n a n d n e g o t i a t e d w i t h m u n i c i p a l i t i e s o n p ro t e c t i n g t h e r i g h t s o f t h e re s i d e n t a n d t h e f u t u re d e v e l o p m e n t p l a n o f W 9 ; a n d t h e n e g o t i a t i o n s h a v e p a i d o f f.

I n p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h A C O R N , c o n s t r u c t i o n h a s n o w s t a r t e d o n re b u i l d i n g t h e a re a i n t o t h e c o m m u n i t y i t o n c e w a s , b r i n g i n g t h e re s i d e n t s b a c k t o t h e i r n e i g h b o ro u g h o o d s , o n l y t h i s t i m e w i t h s t ro n g e r l e v e e s a n d b e t t e r d e s i g n e d h o u s e s . 7 C o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h a g r a s s ro o t s c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n a n d t h e a rc h i t e c t ( i n t h i s c a s e , t h e s t u d e n t s o f t h e p a r t i c i p a t i n g u n i v e r s i t i e s ) i s n e c e s s a r y, a n d c o n s t a n t n e g o t i a t i o n w i t h g o v e r n m e n t p o l i c y m a k e r s i s p a r t o f t h e p ro c e s s . T h i s p ro j e c t , k n o w n a s “ T h e Pe o p l e ’ s P l a n , ” i s j u s t o n e e x a m p l e o f t h e c o m m u n i t y- a rc h i t e c t - g o v e r n m e n t p a r t n e r s h i p a n d h o w i t c a n w o r k .

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FIGURE A.19 Aerial view of Sultanbeyli in Istanbul, Turkey.

FIGURE A.20-23 LEFT COLUMN: Day and night images of public pedestrian spaces in Sultanbeyli. FIGURE A.24-27 RIGHT COLUMN: A public services building’s construction sequence in Sultanbeyli.

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CASE STUDY #5 | SULTANBEYLI

A R C H I T E C T: re s i d e n t s o f S u l t a n b e y l i LO C A T I O N : I s t a n b u l , Tu r k e y D A T E : c i rc a 1 9 6 9 C O N T E X T: s q u a t t e r d e v e l o p m e n t , h o u s i n g o n i l l e g a l l a n d B U I L D I N G T Y P E : h o u s i n g , c o m m u n i t y b u i l d i n g s , p u b l i c s e r v i c e s C L I M A T E : t e m p e r a t e c o n t i n e n t a l

S t a r t i n g i n 1 9 6 9 w i t h a p p ro x i m a t e l y t w e n t y- f o u r f a m i l i e s , t h i s s l u m c o m m u n i t y i n I s t a n b u l , Tu r k e y i s n o w a m e t ro p o l i s o f o v e r 3 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e . T h ro u g h n e t w o r k i n g a n d c o m m u n a l l y o rg a n i z i n g t h e m s e l v e s , re s i d e n t s h a v e w o r k e d t o g e t h e r t o c re a t e a t h r i v i n g , s e l f- s u s t a i n i n g c o m m u n i t y. T h e y h a v e b u i l t h o m e s , s c h o o l s , c o m m u n i t y f a c i l i t i e s a n d e v e n t h e i r o w n S u l t a n b e y l i C i t y H a l l , w h i c h i s n o w a t h r i v i n g c e n t re f o r o rg a n i z e d d e p a r t m e n t s o f p l a n n i n g , p u b l i c w o r k s , s a n i t a t i o n , a n d e v e n a p u b l i c t r a n s i t s y s t e m . 8 T h i s re m a r k a b l e a c h i e v e m e n t h a s c re a t e d s o u rc e s f o r a n e s t a b l i s h e d e c o n o m y f o r t h e re s i d e n t s o f S u l t a n b e y l i a n d f o r m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l e l i v i n g i n t h e s u r ro u n d i n g a re a . D e s p i t e t h e g re a t n e t w o r k s a n d e s t a b l i s h m e n t s , t h e c o m m u n i t y i t s e l f i s s t i l l t e c h n i c a l l y i l l e g a l , a s re s i d e n t s h a v e s e t t l e d , d e v e l o p e d a n d b u i l t o n l a n d t h a t t h e y d o n o t o w n .

T h i s s t u d y s h o w s t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e a n d p o w e r b e h i n d t h e n e t w o r k i n g a n d o rg a n i z i n g o f a s m a l l g ro u p o f p e o p l e , a n d t h e i m p a c t a n d g ro w t h t h e y c a n a c h i e v e . R a t h e r t h a n i g n o r i n g t h e s e “ i l l e g a l l y- f o r m i n g ” c o m m u n i t i e s , p o l i t i c i a n s s a w t h i s c o m m u n i t y a n d re a l i z e d t h e n e e d f o r l o w- c o s t l i v i n g . T h e y h a v e a l l o w e d t h e re s i d e n t s t o d e v e l o p t h e i r c o m m u n i t y a n d h a v e s h o w n t h e i r s u p p o r t b y s i m p l y p ro v i d i n g a c c e s s t o p u b l i c s e r v i c e s , s u c h a s d r a i n a g e , w a t e r, a n d e l e c t r i c i t y. T h i s t y p e o f “ i l l e g a l s e t t l e m e n t ” s h o u l d n o t b e re p l a c e d o r b ro k e n b y d i s p l a c e m e n t , n o r s h o u l d t h e y b e s e e n a s n e g a t i v e . G o v e r n m e n t s s h o u l d s e e t h e s e c o m m u n i t i e s a s re s o u rc e s a n d s u p p o r t t h e m a s p o s i t i v e a s p e c t s i n t h e g ro w t h o f t h e i r c i t y.

I f m o re a n d m o re c o m m u n i t i e s a re a b l e t o o rg a n i z e t h e m s e l v e s i n t h e s a m e m a n n e r a s S u l t a n b e y l i , a n d a re a b l e t o c o n n e c t w i t h p ro f e s s i o n a l s t o f a c i l i t a t e t h e i r d e v e l o p m e n t , t h e p o t e n t i a l t o p ro v i d e o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r t h e u r b a n p o o r a re i m m e n s e . Tr a d i t i o n a l “ t o p - d o w n” p l a n n i n g m u s t b e o v e rc o m e , a n d p ro f e s s i o n a l s n e e d t o s t a r t w o r k i n g w i t h g r a s s ro o t s g ro u p s a n d c o m m u n i t y o rg a n i z a t i o n s s o t h a t i n n o v a t i v e i d e a s o f f o r m a n d s p a c e f o r t h e p re s e n t u r b a n c i t y c a n b e re a l i z e d . S u l t a n b e y l i , a l o n g w i t h m a n y o t h e r s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s , a re “ i l l e g a l l y ” b u i l t . H o w e v e r, t h ro u g h d i s c o v e r i n g t h e g re a t e f f e c t i v e n e s s t h a t re s u l t s i n t h e a b i l i t y t o g e t t o g e t h e r a n d o rg a n i z e a s a c o m m u n i t y, t h e s e “ n o n - p l a c e s ” s o o n b e c o m e “ p l a c e s ” .

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FIGURE A.28-32 LEFT: Examples of the different ways micro-financing can help the poor start a form of income generation.

FIGURE A.33 ABOVE RIGHT: Muhammad Yunus, creater and founder of Grameen Bank, meeting with the women of a community in Bangladesh.

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CASE STUDY #6 | GRAMEEN BANK

F O U N D E R : P ro f e s s o r M u h a m m a d Yu n u s LO C A T I O N : J o b r a , B a n g l a d e s h D A T E : c i rc a 1 9 7 4 C O N T E X T: m i c ro - c re d i t f i n a n c i n g , i n t e r n a t i o n a l e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t C L I E N T E L E : p o o r ( p a r t i c u l a r l y f e m a l e ) C R E D I T S Y S T E M : b a s e d o n s m a l l l o a n s , s m a l l t r a n s a c t i o n s

P ro f e s s o r M u h a m m a d Yu n u s i s t h e f o u n d e r o f t h e G r a m e e n B a n k , a m i c ro - c re d i t p ro g r a m t h a t h a s c h a n g e d t h e w o r l d o f e c o n o m i c a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l d e v e l o p m e n t . T h e G r a m e e n B a n k p ro v i d e s c re d i t t o t h e p o o r b y “ re m o v i n g t h e n e e d f o r c o l l a t e r a l , [ a n d i s a ] b a n k i n g s y s t e m b a s e d o n m u t u a l t r u s t , a c c o u n t a b i l i t y, p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d c re a t i v i t y. ” 9 I t f i n a l l y c o n n e c t s t h e p o o r – p re v i o u s l y v i e w e d a s “ u n - b a n k a b l e ” – t o t h e g l o b a l e c o n o m i c s y s t e m , a n d c h a n n e l s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c c o n d i t i o n s o f t h e p o o r. P ro f e s s o r Yu n u s b e l i e v e d t h a t i f f i n a n c i a l re s o u rc e s w e re a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p o o r o n t e r m s a n d c o n d i t i o n s t h a t w e re a p p ro p r i a t e a n d re a s o n a b l e , “ t h e s e m i l l i o n s o f s m a l l p e o p l e w i t h t h e i r m i l l i o n s o f s m a l l p u r s u i t s c a n a d d u p t o c re a t e t h e b i g g e s t d e v e l o p m e n t w o n d e r. ” A n d h e w a s r i g h t . A s o f M a y 2 0 0 7 , t h e G r a m e e n B a n k h a s 2 , 4 3 1 b r a n c h e s , p ro v i d i n g s e r v i c e s t o 7 . 2 1 m i l l i o n b o r ro w e r s , 9 7 p e rc e n t o f w h o m a re w o m e n .

P ro f e s s o r Yu n u s a c k n o w l e d g e s t h a t h i s i d e a s d i d n o t c o m e a l l a t o n c e , n o r w a s i t s s u c c e s s a c h i e v e d o v e r n i g h t . O v e r t h e c o u r s e o f t h re e d e c a d e s , w i t h e n o r m o u s e n e rg y a n d d e d i c a t i o n , t h i s p ro g r a m g re w o rg a n i c a l l y, f ro m “ g ro u n d - u p ” , t h ro u g h a n o n g o i n g a n d re p e a t e d p ro c e s s o f “ a c t i o n a n d c o r re c t i o n , re - a c t i o n a n d re - c o r re c t i o n . ” 10 C o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e v i l l a g e p e o p l e , t a l k i n g t o t h o u s a n d s o f j o u r n a l i s t s , b a n k e r s a n d o t h e r p ro f e s s i o n a l s , w e re a l l p a r t o f t h e s u c c e s s o f t h e p ro g r a m .

I n t h e We s t e r n w o r l d , s i x t y d o l l a r s c o u l d p ro b a b l y b u y a p a i r o f j e a n s , b u t i n B a n g l a d e s h , t h e c o s t o f t h o s e j e a n s i s a l o a n t h a t g i v e s a w o m a n t h e m e a n s t o p u rc h a s e m a t e r i a l s s u c h a s b a m b o o t o m a k e f u r n i t u re , o r l i v e s t o c k s u c h a s g o a t s t o p ro d u c e m i l k . O v e r t i m e , t h e l o a n i s p a i d o f f a n d i n c o m e i s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e h o u s e h o l d . T h i s l o a n i s a s i m p l e c o n c e p t t h a t , i f d i re c t e d t o a l l f i e l d s o f d e v e l o p m e n t i n c l u d i n g d e s i g n , c a n s t a r t b u i l d i n g b e t t e r c o m m u n i t i e s . N o m a t t e r h o w s m a l l t h e i n t e r v e n t i o n , d e s i g n c a n b e u s e d t o v i s u a l i z e t h e i s s u e s a n d b e g i n p ro c e s s e s o f re v e a l i n g t h e m a j o r q u e s t i o n s t h a t n e e d t o b e a d d re s s e d .

T h i s c a s e s t u d y e x e m p l i f i e s t h e g re a t re s o u rc e f u l n e s s o f t h e u r b a n p o o r. P ro f e s s o r Yu n u s p e r s i s t e n t v i s i o n s h o w s t h a t t i m e a n d d e d i c a t i o n a re n e e d e d f o r s u c h i d e a s t o b e c o m e s u c c e s s f u l .

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FIGURE A.34 TOP: Berea Baptist Mission Church in Johannesburg, South Africa.

FIGURE A.35-37 LOWER IMAGES: Images of the “Door of Hope” (baby-bin).

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CASE STUDY #7 | THE DOOR OF HOPE

F O U N D E R : B e re a B a p t i s t M i s s i o n C h u rc h ( s e n i o r Pa s t o r C h e r y l A l l e n ) LO C A T I O N : J o h a n n e s b u rg , S o u t h A f r i c a D A T E : c i rc a 1 9 9 9 C O N T E X T: o r p h a n a g e l o c a t e d i n t h e c i t y, a n o n y m o u s b a b y d ro p - o f f B U I L D I N G T Y P E : c h u rc h , o r p h a n a g e , p u b l i c s e r v i c e C L I M A T E : d r y, s u b t ro p i c a l

T h e D o o r o f H o p e i s a n o r p h a n a g e l o c a t e d i n J o h a n n e s b u rg , S o u t h A f r i c a a n d b e g a n w i t h a h o l e m a d e i n t h e w a l l o f t h e B e re a B a p t i s t M i s s i o n C h u rc h i n A u g u s t , 1 9 9 9 . W i t h 4 0 t o 5 0 b a b i e s a b a n d o n e d e v e r y m o n t h a n d l e f t t o d i e o f s t a r v a t i o n o r e x p o s u re , t h e c h u rc h f e l t t h e n e e d t o d o s o m e t h i n g a b o u t t h i s i s s u e a n d h a v e m a d e t h i s h o l e – o r t h e “ b a b y b i n” – w h e re u n w a n t e d b a b i e s c a n b e d ro p p e d o f f. T h e b a b y- b i n i s a s i m p l e u n i t w i t h a s e n s o r a l e r t t h a t s i g n a l s w o r k e r s i n t h e c h u rc h w h e n a b a b y h a s b e e n p l a c e d i n t h e b i n , w h o t h e n i m m e d i a t e l y re t r i e v e a n d b e g i n c a r i n g f o r t h e c h i l d . B a b i e s a re a l s o p e r s o n a l l y d ro p p e d o f f b y m o t h e r s d i re c t l y t o t h e w o r k e r s a t t h e c h u rc h . H o s p i t a l s c a l l a s k i n g t h e c h u rc h t o p i c k u p a b a b y w h o s e m o t h e r h a d a b a n d o n e d t h e c h i l d a f t e r b i r t h , o r f ro m p o l i c e o f f i c e r s w h o f i n d b a b i e s a b a n d o n e d a l o n g t h e s i d e o f t h e ro a d . A s o f J u n e 2 0 0 7 , t h e D o o r o f H o p e h a s h e l p e d o v e r 5 6 0 b a b i e s a b o u t 5 0 o f w h o m c a m e t h ro u g h t h e h o l e i n t h e w a l l , a n d a l m o s t 2 0 0 h a v e g o n e f o r a d o p t i o n . 11

T h e D o o r o f H o p e d e m o n s t r a t e s h o w a s i m p l e i n s t a l l a t i o n c a n a f f e c t t h e s o c i a l p ro c e s s a n d o u t c o m e s o f a c o m m u n i t y. T h i s b i n h a s a l l o w e d a n e t w o r k t o d e v e l o p b e t w e e n t h e c h u rc h , t h e p o l i c e f o rc e , a n d t h e h o s p i t a l , t h a t b r i n g s c h a n g e t o a c i t y. A l t h o u g h i t i s a s m a l l i n t e r v e n t i o n , i t a l t e r s t h e p ro c e s s o f a b a n d o n m e n t o f a c h i l d a n d i n s t i l l s a s e n s e o f h o p e i n t h e c i t y, r a t h e r t h a n a s e n s e o f d e s p a i r. I t i s a p e r f e c t e x a m p l e o f t h e i m p a c t a s m a l l i n t e r v e n t i o n c a n m a k e . I f d e s i g n e r s s t a r t c o n s t r u c t i n g i d e a s b a s e d o n p ro c e s s e s t h a t w i l l g e n e r a t e c h a n g e a n d c a t e r t o t h e n e e d s o f a c o m m u n i t y, o v e r t i m e , t h e s o c i a l i m p a c t w i l l b e i m m e n s e .

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FIGURE A.38 The entrance to Nyumbani Orphanage in the town of Karen, located just outside of Nairobi, Kenya.

FIGURE A.39 An aerial view of the grounds of Nyumbani Orphanage in Karen.

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CASE STUDY #8 | NYUMBANI CHILDREN’S HOME, LEA TOTO, & THE NYMBANI VILLAGE F O U N D E R : F a t h e r A n g e l o D ’ A g o s t i n o LO C A T I O N : K a re n , N a i ro b i , Ke n y a D A T E : c i rc a 1 9 9 2 C O N T E X T: o r p h a n a g e f o r H I V i n f e c t e d c h i l d re n , c o m m u n i t y o u t re a c h o rg a n i z a t i o n B U I L D I N G T Y P E : o r p h a n a g e s , c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r s , v i l l a g e C L I M A T E : m o d e r a t e

D e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t 7 5 % o f b a b i e s w h o t e s t p o s i t i v e a t b i r t h w i l l e v e n t u a l l y n o t d e v e l o p t h e d i s e a s e t h e m s e l v e s – a s b a b i e s c a r r y m a n y o f t h e i r m o t h e r ’ s a n t i b o d i e s t h ro u g h t h e i r f i r s t y e a r, g i v i n g a ‘ f a l s e p o s i t i v e ’ – m o t h e r s a b a n d o n t h e m a n y w a y, o n t h e u n i n f o r m e d a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e y t o o h a v e A I D S . F o u n d e d i n 1 9 9 2 , N y u m b a n i C h i l d re n’ s H o m e i s a n o r p h a n a g e t h a t h a s a c t i v e l y re s p o n d e d t o t h e r i s i n g n u m b e r o f H I V i n f e c t e d c h i l d re n b o r n i n A f r i c a e v e r y d a y. N y u m b a n i m e a n s ‘ h o m e ’ i n S w a h i l i a n d c a re s f o r a p p ro x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 H I V p o s i t i v e ( H I V + ) c h i l d re n r a n g i n g i n a g e f ro m n e w b o r n s t o t w e n t y- t h re e y e a r o l d s . W h e n a b a b y i s t a k e n i n , i t i s c a re d f o r u n t i l a d e f i n i t e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e i r H I V s t a t u s c a n b e m a d e . C h i l d re n f o u n d n o t t o h a v e t h e v i r u s a re a d o p t e d o r f i n d o t h e r h o m e s . C h i l d re n w h o a re H I V + a re g i v e n t h e b e s t n u t r i t i o n a l , m e d i c a l , a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r, a n t i - re t ro v i r a l t h e r a p y, p s y c h o l o g i c a l , a c a d e m i c , a n d s p i r i t u a l c a re a v a i l a b l e , l i v i n g a t N y u m b a n i u n t i l t h e y b e c o m e s e l f- re l i a n t . T h e s e c h i l d re n a re o f d i f f e re n t t r i b e s a n d e t h n i c i t i e s f ro m a l l o v e r Ke n y a , m a n y o f t h e m re f e r re d t o t h ro u g h N y u m b a n i ’ s o w n c o m m u n i t y o u t re a c h P ro g r a m – Le o To t o . M e a n i n g ‘ t o r a i s e a c h i l d ’ i n S w a h i l i , Le a To t o i s a c o m m u n i t y- b a s e d o u t re a c h p ro g r a m p ro v i d i n g s e r v i c e s t o H I V + c h i l d re n a n d t h e i r f a m i l i e s i n s e v e r a l s l u m c o m m u n i t i e s o f N a i ro b i , Ke n y a . T h i s p ro g r a m s t a r t e d t h ro u g h re c o g n i z i n g t h a t e v e n w i t h t h e o r p h a n a g e , t h e re w a s s t i l l a p re s s i n g n e e d t o s u p p o r t t h e g ro w i n g n u m b e r o f H I V + c h i l d re n . La u n c h e d i n 1 9 9 8 , t h e Le a To t o P ro g r a m i s a s u p p o r t s y s t e m t h a t i s b a s e d o n t h e H o m e B a s e d C a re ( H B C ) m o d e l , a n d h a s o n e g o a l : “ t o i m p ro v e t h e q u a l i t y o f l i f e o f t h e a f f e c t e d t h ro u g h a p a c k a g e o f c o m p re h e n s i v e c a re f o r t h e c l i e n t a n d h i s / h e r f a m i l y. ” 12 T h i s p a c k a g e i n c l u d e s b a s i c m e d i c a l a n d n u r s i n g c a re , c o u n s e l i n g a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l s u p p o r t , s p i r i t u a l g u i d a n c e , re l i e f f o r s o c i a l n e e d s , H I V t r a n s m i s s i o n p re v e n t i o n e d u c a t i o n , p ro m o t i o n o f c o m m u n i t y e m p o w e r m e n t / o w n e r s h i p , a n d s e l f- h e l p . I t a l l o w s H I V + c h i l d re n t o s t a y w i t h t h e i r p a re n t s , o r c a re g i v e r s i n t h e i r c o m m u n i t i e s , a n d h a s p ro v e d t o b e a c o s t - e f f e c t i v e a n d p o s i t i v e w a y t o re a c h t h o s e i n n e e d .

S i n c e i t s i n c e p t i o n , Le a To t o h a s h e l p e d o v e r 2 , 0 0 0 p a t i e n t s , a n d t o d a y h a s o v e r 1 , 5 0 0 c l i e n t s . T h i s o rg a n i z a t i o n , a l o n g

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FIGURE A.40-46 Images of the construction of the Nyumbani Village. Construction labour for the village was mostly done by member of the surrounding community.

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w i t h t h e o r p h a n a g e , e x e m p l i f i e s t h e n e e d f o r s u c h p ro g r a m s a n d c o m m u n i t y- b a s e d c a re . T h e m a i n p r i n c i p l e g a i n e d f ro m t h i s e x a m p l e i s t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f t h e c o m m u n i t y- o rg a n i z a t i o n p a r t n e r s h i p . T h i s p a r t n e r s h i p re l i e s o n e a c h o t h e r t o t a k e p o s i t i v e s t e p s t o w a rd s n u r t u r i n g a n d c a r i n g f o r v u l n e r a b l e c h i l d re n . A s a re s u l t , i t w i l l b r i n g p o s i t i v e c h a n g e s i n t h e c h i l d re n’ s l i v e s , w h i c h w i l l h e l p t h e m g ro w i n t o c o n f i d e n t a d u l t s . T h e N y u m b a n i o rg a n i z a t i o n h a s e x e m p l i f i e d t h i s p a r t n e r s h i p t h ro u g h t h e Le a To t o P ro g r a m , a s w e l l a s t h e i r n e w p ro j e c t , T h e N y u m b a n i V i l l a g e i n Ke n y a . T h i s V i l l a g e w i l l b e a s e l f- s u s t a i n i n g c o m m u n i t y t o s e r v e o r p h a n s a n d e l d e r s w h o h a v e b e e n l e f t b e h i n d b y t h e “ l o s t g e n e r a t i o n” o f t h e A I D S p a n d e m i c .

O n e t h o u s a n d a c re s o f l a n d w a s d o n a t e d b y t h e K i t u i D i s t r i c t C o u n t y C o u n c i l t o b e u s e d f o r t h e N y u m b a n i V i l l a g e . T h e s i t e i s l o c a t e d 3 h o u r s e a s t o f N a i ro b i i n o n e o f t h e p o o re s t d i s t r i c t s , a n d h a s t h e h i g h e s t n u m b e r o f A I D S o r p h a n s a ro u n d t h e a re a . T h e V i l l a g e p l a n s t o a c c o m m o d a t e 1 2 8 0 – 1 6 0 0 i n d i v i d u a l s , w i t h a p p ro x i m a t e l y 1 0 0 d w e l l i n g u n i t s , e a c h d e s i g n e d t o h o u s e a g r a n d m o t h e r / c a re t a k e r l o o k i n g a f t e r 7 t o 1 0 c h i l d re n . T h e V i l l a g e w i l l a l s o i n c l u d e a c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r, h e a l t h c e n t e r, p r i m a r y s c h o o l , t e c h n i c a l t r a i n i n g c e n t e r, a p o l i c e p o s t , s t a f f a n d g u e s t h o u s i n g .

T h e g o a l o f t h e V i l l a g e i s t o c o m b i n e t h e e n e rg y o f y o u t h a n d m a t u r i t y o f e l d e r s , c re a t i n g a s t a b l e f a m i l y t h a t c u l t i v a t e s “ h e a l i n g , h o p e , a n d o p p o r t u n i t y. ” 13 I t p ro v i d e s o r p h a n s w i t h a f a m i l y- l i k e s e t t i n g u n d e r t h e s t e w a rd s h i p o f e l d e r l y a d u l t s , w h i l e s t i l l m e e t i n g t h e i r b a s i c p h y s i c a l n e e d s . W i t h a v a s t a re a o f t i l l a b l e l a n d , t h e re s i d e n t s w i l l b e s e l f- s u s t a i n i n g t h ro u g h a g r i c u l t u re , p o u l t r y, d a i r y, a n d o t h e r a g r i c u l t u r a l p ro j e c t s . T h e V i l l a g e ’ s c o n s t r u c t i o n m e t h o d i s t o u s e l o c a l l y a v a i l a b l e re s o u rc e s , a n d t o m a n u f a c t u re m a t e r i a l s o n s i t e , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f s t e e l s h e e t s f o r ro o f i n g a n d g l a s s f o r w i n d o w s . A s w e l l , t h e m a j o r l a b o u r f o rc e w i l l b e h i re d l o c a l l y, p ro v i d i n g v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g a n d e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s , w h i c h s u p p o r t b o t h t h e V i l l a g e a n d t h e s u r ro u n d i n g c o m m u n i t y. I f a l l c o m m u n i t i e s w e re t o h a v e t h i s k i n d o f v i s i o n a n d t h i s k i n d o f g o a l , t h e r i s k t h a t m a n y o r p h a n s f a c e w i l l d e c re a s e i m m e n s e l y a n d t h e f u t u re o f t h e c i t y w i l l b e o p t i m i s t i c .

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FIGURE A.47 The entrance from the main road into Mully Children’s Family (MCF) Ndalani Branch.

FIGURE A.48-50 Activities that take place in MCF. FROM TOP TO BOTTOM: MCF children during an assembly; MCF boys playing a game of competitive soccer; local women hired to farm the crops grown at MCF.

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CASE STUDY #9 | MULLY CHILDREN’S FAMILY

F O U N D E R : C h a r l e s M u l l i LO C A T I O N : v a r i o u s l o c a t i o n s , Ke n y a D A T E : c i rc a 1 9 8 9 C O N T E X T: s e l f- s u s t a i n i n g c o m m u n i t y f o r o r p h a n s a n d s t re e t c h i l d re n , r u r a l s e t t i n g B U I L D I N G T Y P E : o r p h a n a g e , c o m m u n i t y c e n t e r s , s c h o o l s , g re e n h o u s e s , e t c . C L I M A T E : m o d e r a t e

M u l l y C h i l d re n’ s F a m i l y ( M C F ) i s a C h r i s t i a n , n o n - d e n o m i n a t i o n a l , n o n - p ro f i t , re h a b i l i t a t i o n o rg a n i z a t i o n f o r s t re e t c h i l d re n , o r p h a n s , a b a n d o n e d , a b u s e d , H I V / A I D S a f f e c t e d a n d i n f e c t e d , d e s p e r a t e a n d n e g l e c t e d c h i l d re n w h o h a v e n o h o m e a n d n o o n e t o c a re f o r t h e m . I n 1 9 8 9 , C h a r l e s M u l l i , a C h r i s t i a n c h u rc h l e a d e r a n d b u s i n e s s m a n , d i re c t e d a l l h i s re s o u rc e s t o e s t a b l i s h t h i s h o m e . S i n c e t h e n , i t h a s g ro w n t o a n o rg a n i z a t i o n t h a t h a s h e l p e d o v e r 4 , 0 0 0 c h i l d re n , w i t h 1 , 2 8 7 c h i l d re n c u r re n t l y i n c a re . M C F w a s f o u n d e d “ t o e n s u re t h a t t h e c h i l d re n , y o u n g p e o p l e a n d t h e m a rg i n a l i z e d m e m b e r s o f s o c i e t y a c c e s s j u s t i c e , s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c e m p o w e r m e n t , a n d a d e c e n t a n d d i g n i f i e d l i v e l i h o o d . ” 14 T h e y s e e k t o re h a b i l i t a t e b o t h p h y s i c a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l c i rc u m s t a n c e s o f s t re e t a n d o r p h a n e d c h i l d re n – w h o h a v e b e e n a b a n d o n e d , a b u s e d , a n d n e g l e c t e d – b y p ro v i d i n g s h e l t e r, f o o d , c l o t h i n g , e d u c a t i o n , v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g , m e d i c a l c a re , p s y c h o l o g i c a l , a n d s p i r i t u a l s u p p o r t .

M C F h a s g ro w n f ro m o n e h o m e - b a s e d c a re c e n t e r t o 3 h o m e s - a n d 3 c o m m u n i t y- b a s e d c e n t e r s l o c a t e d a l l o v e r Ke n y a . T h e p ro g r a m s a n d a c t i v i t i e s c a r r i e d o u t a t t h e M C F c e n t e r s c o n s i s t o f : f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n ( f ro m p re - s c h o o l t o u n i v e r s i t y ) ; n o n - f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n ( c a r p e n t r y, a g r i c u l t u re , m e t a l - w o r k , c o n s t r u c t i o n , t a i l o r i n g , e t c . ) ; s p o r t s a n d re c re a t i o n a l a c t i v i t i e s ( f o o t b a l l , b a s k e t b a l l , d r a m a , m u s i c , d a n c e , e t c . ) ; s p i r i t u a l g u i d a n c e ( B i b l e c l u b s , o u t re a c h , c h o i r, d e v o t i o n s ) ; i n c o m e g e n e r a t i n g a c t i v i t i e s ( h o r t i c u l t u r a l f a r m i n g , b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , c a r p e n t r y, e t c . ) ; H I V / A I D S o u t re a c h t o b e n e f i c i a r i e s w i t h i n t h e h o m e s a s w e l l a s o u t re a c h t o t h e c o m m u n i t y a t l a rg e ; c o u n s e l i n g p ro g r a m s ; s t re e t o u t re a c h p ro g r a m s ( f e e d i n g , m e d i c a l c a re , c l o t h i n g , s p re a d i n g t h e g o s p e l ) .

T h e re a re t h e 6 c e n t e r s t h a t M C F a re c u r re n t l y r u n n i n g :

M C F E l d o re t i s t h e p a re n t h o m e . S i t u a t e d i n t h e t o w n o f E l d o re t , 3 2 0 k i l o m e t e r s w e s t f ro m t h e N a i ro b i , i t re a c h e s o u t t o t h e n e e d y c h i l d re n i n We s t e r n Ke n y a . I t c a t e r s t o m a i n l y s t re e t c h i l d re n a n d H I V / A I D S o r p h a n s , b o t h b o y s a n d g i r l s , f ro m n e w b o r n s t o 1 3 y e a r o l d c h i l d re n .

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M C F N d a l a n i i s t h e s e c o n d h o m e a n d w a s e s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 9 9 6 . I t i s l o c a t e d a p p ro x i m a t e l y 1 0 8 k m s o u t h e a s t o f N a i ro b i o n 8 0 a c re s l a n d . D u e t o i t s c l o s e p ro x i m i t y t o t h e c i t y, i t c a t e r s t o t h e n e e d s o f c h i l d re n i n t h e N a i ro b i a re a . N d a l a n i i s t h e l a rg e s t h o m e , w i t h 5 3 0 f o r m e r s t re e t b o y s a n d g i r l s b e t w e e n 7 a n d 2 3 y e a r s o f a g e l i v i n g o n c a m p u s a n d re c e i v i n g c a re a n d s u p p o r t t h ro u g h t h e v a r i o u s p ro g r a m s w h i c h i n c l u d e f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n , t e c h n i c a l e d u c a t i o n , a n d h o r t i c u l t u re f a r m i n g p ro g r a m s f o r s e l f- s u s t a i n a b i l i t y.

M C F Ya t t a Re h a b i l i t a t i o n C e n t re i s a t h i rd re s c u e c e n t e r, s p e c i f i c a l l y f o c u s i n g o n s t re e t g i r l s i n t h e Ya t t a p ro v i n c e . T h i s h o m e p ro v i d e s c h i l d re n w i t h t h e i r p h y s i c a l a n d s p i r i t u a l n e e d s – s p e c i f i c a l l y m e d i c a l c a re , p a re n t a l l o v e , s p i r i t u a l n o u r i s h m e n t , a n d e m e rg e n c y re l i e f f o o d . Te a c h i n g p r i m a r y h e a l t h c a re , c o o k e r y, c h i l d c a re , h o u s e k e e p i n g a n d g e n e r a l h o m e s c i e n c e i s h i g h l i g h t e d i n o rd e r t o i m p ro v e t h e i r l i v i n g s t a n d a rd s a n d p re p a re t h e m f o r f u t u re re s p o n s i b i l i t i e s i n t h e i r f a m i l i e s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e y a re t a u g h t s k i l l s t h a t re s u l t i n e c o n o m i c e m p o w e r m e n t . T h e s e s k i l l s i n c l u d e t a i l o r i n g , h a i r d re s s i n g , a g r i c u l t u re , a n d b a s k e t r y. T h e re h a b i l i t a t i o n c e n t e r a l s o re a c h e s o u t t o t h e s u r ro u n d i n g c o m m u n i t y t o d e v e l o p H I V / A I D S a w a re n e s s p ro g r a m s t h ro u g h d r a m a , a u d i o - v i s u a l s ( c i n e m a ) a n d t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a h e a l t h c e n t e r f o r s t re e t g i r l s .

M C F K a n g u n d o C o m m u n i t y- B a s e d C e n t e r w a s e s t a b l i s h e d a s a re s p o n s e t o t h e i n c re a s e d n u m b e r o f c h i l d re n o r p h a n e d b y H I V / A I D S a n d t h e c o n s t a n t i n c re a s e o f c h i l d l a b o re r s i n K a n g u n d o p ro v i n c e . A t t h i s c e n t e r, 1 3 2 c h i l d re n c o m e a n d re c e i v e f o o d , f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n , m e d i c a l c a re , a n d o t h e r b a s i c n e e d s o n a d a i l y b a s i s , w h i l e s t i l l l i v i n g a t h o m e w i t h t h e i r re l a t i v e s o r c a re t a k e r.

M C F V i p i n g o C o m m u n i t y- B a s e d C e n t e r i s l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e c o a s t o f Ke n a y i n V i p i n g o , a r u r a l l o w- i n c o m e a re a o f t h e K i l i f i d i s t r i c t . T h i s c e n t e r i s s i m i l a r t o M C F K a n g u n d o , a n d i s c u r re n t l y h e l p i n g 1 4 1 o r p h a n s , c h i l d l a b o re r s a n d m a n y o t h e r c h i l d re n i n n e e d o f s p e c i a l c a re a n d p ro t e c t i o n .

M C F K i p s o n g o C o m m u n i t y- B a s e d C e n t e r i s a f e e d i n g p ro g r a m f o r t h e s t re e t c h i l d re n o f K i p s o n g o s l u m i n t h e t o w n o f K i t a l e . A s a re s u l t o f t h i s p ro g r a m , t h e n u m b e r o f c h i l d re n l o i t e r i n g o n t h e s t re e t s h a s b e e n re d u c e d ; i t h a s h e l p e d c h i l d re n s t a y i n s c h o o l , a n d p ro v i d e s c h i l d re n w i t h a s o u rc e o f f o o d .

D u r i n g m y v i s i t t o Ke n y a , I h a d a c h a n c e t o v i s i t t h e M C F N d a l a n i . T h e t w o h o u r j o u r n e y, o n s e v e r a l o v e rc ro w d e d m a t a t u ’ s w a s d e f i n i t e l y w o r t h i t . I w a s g i v e n a t o u r o f t h e e n t i re c a m p u s b y o n e o f t h e re s i d e n t p a s t o r s . Wa l k i n g a ro u n d t h e c a m p u s a n d s e e i n g a l l t h e d i f f e re n t a c t i v i t i e s m a d e m e re a l i z e t h a t h o u s i n g t h e s e v u l n e r a b l e c h i l d re n i s o n l y o n e s m a l l p a r t o f w h a t M C F d o e s . T h e y p ro v i d e t h e c h i l d re n w i t h a f u l l e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m , c o n s i s t i n g o f a n e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l , h i g h s c h o o l , a n d v o c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g c e n t e r, t h a t e q u i p c h i l d re n o f a l l a c a d e m i c l e v e l s f o r f u t u re o p p o r t u n i t i e s . T h e y h a v e a h e a l t h c l i n i c a n d H I V / A I D S p ro g r a m t h a t

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s u p p o r t s t h e c h i l d re n w h o n e e d m e d i c a l a t t e n t i o n . T h e y h a v e a c re s o f c u l t i v a t e d l a n d t h a t k e e p s t h e m s e l f- s u s t a i n i n g . T h e c ro p s t h a t t h e y f a r m i n c l u d e a w i d e r a n g e o f f r u i t s a n d v e g e t a b l e s – m a n g o s , p a p a y a s , t o m a t o e s – a n d s t a p l e f o o d s , s u c h a s m a i z e a n d p o t a t o e s . T h e y a l s o r a i s e l i v e s t o c k , s u c h a s c a t t l e a n d c h i c k e n . I n 1 9 9 6 , t h e y b e g a n a b u s i n e s s v e n t u re w i t h a p r i v a t e c o r p o r a t i o n i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , g ro w i n g a n d e x p o r t i n g G r a d e A g re e n b e a n s . S e e i n g t h e d e t a i l e d t e c h n o l o g y a n d h i g h q u a l i t y o f t h e g re e n h o u s e s w a s a s t o n i s h i n g , a n d I w a s v e r y e x c i t e d t o l e a r n o f t h e i r g l o b a l p a r t n e r s h i p t h a t i s h e l p i n g t h e m g a i n f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t a n d e x p a n d o n t h e i r c u r re n t re s o u rc e s .

T h e s e l f- s u s t a i n a b i l i t y a l s o a p p l i e s i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a l l t h e b u i l d i n g s o n t h e c a m p u s . T h ro u g h t h e v o c a t i o n a l p ro g r a m , s o m e o f t h e y o u n g a d u l t s l i v i n g a t M C F a re t r a i n e d i n b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d m e t a l w o r k , a n d h a v e b u i l t a l l t h e f a c i l i t i e s , w e l d e d a l l t h e m e t a l a n d a s s e m b l e d a l l t h e w i n d o w s a n d d o o r s . H o w e v e r, t h e w o r k d o e s n o t re m a i n i n t e r n a l . Lo c a l re s i d e n t s a ro u n d t h e a re a a re a l s o h i re d t o f a r m t h e l a n d , h e l p w i t h c o n s t r u c t i o n w o r k , a n d o t h e r a re a s w h e n n e c e s s a r y.

M C F i s a t r u e s u c c e s s s t o r y a n d o n e t h a t s h o u l d b e i m i t a t e d b y o t h e r c o m m u n i t i e s . T h e k e y p r i n c i p l e s g a i n e d f ro m t h i s o rg a n i z a t i o n i s h o w c o m m u n i t i e s c a n d e v e l o p i n a s e l f- s u s t a i n i n g w a y, h o w t h e y c a n h a v e g l o b a l p a r t n e r s w o r k i n g t o g e t h e r t o s u p p o r t o n e a n o t h e r, a n d h o w m a n y p e o p l e b e n e f i t f ro m o n e m a i n g o a l : h e l p i n g t h o s e i n n e e d . T h e o p e r a t i o n s o f M C F e x e m p l i f y t h e w a y a c o m m u n i t y s h o u l d b e n e t w o r k e d a n d h o w i t s h o u l d f u n c t i o n .

FIGURE A.51 TOP: Green beans growing inside the greenhouses. These beans are then sifted for Grade A quality by hired labourers from the surrounding community, and exported to Europe.

FIGURE A.52 BOTTOM: A panoramic view of the greenhouses and the landscape beyond at MCF - Ndalani Branch.

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APPENDIX B > T E C H N I C A L D ATA

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M O N T H R A I N F A L L ( m m )

R A I N F A L L H A RV E S T E D ( m 3 / m o n t h )

C U M U L A T I V E R A I N F A L L H A R V E S T E D ( 1 )

D E M A N D ( m 3 )

C U M U L A T I V E D E M A N D (2)

D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N C U M U L A T I V E ( 1 ) & ( 2 )

M a r 9 1 0.81 9 0.819

0.527 0.527

0.292

A p r 2 4 1 2.16 9 2.988

0.527 1.054

1.934

M a y 1 9 0 1.7 1 4.698

0.527 1.581

3.117

J u n 3 8 0.34 2 5.04

0.527 2.108

2.932

J u l 1 8 0.16 2 5.202

0.527 2.635

2.567

A u g 2 3 0.20 7 5.409

0.527 3.162

2.247

S e p 3 0 0.2 7 5.679

0.527 3.689

1.99

O c t 6 1 0.54 9 6.228

0.527 4.216

2.012

N o v 1 5 0 1.3 5 7.578

0.527 4.743

2.835

D e c 1 0 7 0.96 3 8.541

0.527 5.27

3.271

J a n 5 8 0.52 2 9.063

0.527 5.797

3.266

F e b

T O T A L

5 1

M O N T H R A I N F A L L ( m m )

M a r 9 1

A p r 2 4 1

M a y 1 9 0

J u n 3 8

J u l 1 8

A u g 2 3

S e p 3 0

O c t 6 1

N o v 1 5 0

D e c 1 0 7

J a n 5 8

F e b

T O T A L

5 1

0.45 9 9.522

0.527 6.324

3.198

9 . 5 2 2

6 . 3 2 4

R e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g eR e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g e

R e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g e R e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g e

R e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g e

13.467

11.84

21.13

55.96

44.12

8.82

4.18

5.34

6.97

14.16

34.83

24.85

2 4 5 . 6 6 7

13.467

25.307

46.437

102.397

146.517

155.337

159.517

164.857

171.827

185.987

220.817

245.667

5.21

6 2 . 5 2

5.21

10.42

15.63

20.84

26.05

31.26

36.47

41.68

46.89

52.1

57.31

62.52

S U

P P

L Y

D E

M A

N D

m in

im u

m S

T O

R A

G E

T A

N K

S IZ

8.257

14.887

30.807

81.557

120.467

124.077

123.047

123.177

124.937

133.887

163.507

183.147

RWC Storage Tank Sizing:

R e s i d e n t i a l

D E M A N D : w a t e r c o n s u m p t i o n p e r p e r s o n = 5 l i t r e s / p e r s o n / d a y # o f p e o p l e = 5 t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n = 5 l i t r e s / p e r s o n / d a y x 5 p e o p l e = 2 5 l i t r e s / d a y

> T h e r e f o r e , t h e d a i l y w a t e r d e m a n d p e r h o u s e h o l d i s 2 5 l i t r e s .

S U P P L Y : R o o f A r e a = 1 0 m 2 ( a p p r o x . ) R u n - o f f C o e f f i c i e n t = 0 . 9 ( f o r n e w c o r r u g a t e d G 1 r o o f )

A v e r a g e a n n u a l r a i n f a l l = 7 0 0 m m / y e a r A n n u a l a v a i l a b l e w a t e r ( a s s u m i n g a l l i s c o l l e c t e d ) = [ R o o f A r e a ] x [ A v g . A n n u a l R a i n f a l l ] x [ c o e f f i c i e n t ] = 1 0 m 2 X 0 . 7 m x 0 . 9 = 6 . 3 m 3 / y e a r

> T h e r e f o r e , a s s u m i n g a l l t h e r u n - o f f r a i n i s c o l l e c t e d , t h e d a i l y w a t e r a v a i l a b l e i s 0 . 0 1 7 m 3 / d a y ( 1 7 l i t r e s / d a y ) .

> S i n c e t h e d e m a n d o f 2 5 l i t r e s / d a y e x c e e d s t h e s u p p l y o f 1 7 l i t r e s / d a y , t h e e x p e c e d d e m a n d c a n n o t b e m e t b y h e a v a i l a l b e h a r v e s t e d w a t e r . C a r e f u l w a t e r m a n a g e m e n t i s t h e r e f o r e r e q u i r e d .

C a n a R e s c u e H o m e

D E M A N D : w a t e r c o n s u m p t i o n p e r p e r s o n = 5 l i t r e s / p e r s o n / d a y # o f p e o p l e = 3 2 t o t a l c o n s u m p t i o n = 5 l i t r e s / p e r s o n x 3 2 p e o p l e = 1 6 0 l i t r e s / d a y + 1 0 l i t r e s * = 1 7 0 l i t r e s / d a y * T h e 1 0 l i t r e s a d d e d i s f o r e x t r a c l e a n i n g , c o o k i n g , e t c .

> T h e r e f o r e , t h e d a i l y w a t e r d e m a n d p e r h o u s e h o l d i s 1 7 0 l i t r e s .

S U P P L Y : R o o f A r e a = 2 5 8 m 2 ( a p p r o x . ) R u n - o f f C o e f f i c i e n t = 0 . 9 ( f o r n e w c o r r u g a t e d G 1 r o o f )

A v e r a g e a n n u a l r a i n f a l l = 7 0 0 m m / y e a r A n n u a l a v a i l a b l e w a t e r ( a s s u m i n g a l l i s c o l l e c t e d ) = [ R o o f A r e a ] x [ A v g . A n n u a l R a i n f a l l ] x [ c o e f f i c i e n t ] = 2 5 8 m 2 X 0 . 7 m x 0 . 9 = 1 6 2 . 5 m 3 / y e a r

> T h e r e f o r e , a s s u m i n g a l l t h e r u n - o f f r a i n i s c o l l e c t e d , t h e d a i l y w a t e r a v a i l a b l e i s 0 . 4 4 5 m 3 / d a y ( 4 4 5 l i t r e s / d a y ) .

> S i n c e t h e d e m a n d o f 1 7 0 l i t r e s / d a y i s l e s s t h a n t h e d a i l y s u p p l y o f 4 4 5 l i t r e s / d a y , r a i n w a t e r h a r v e s t i n g c a n s u p p l y a l l o f t h e w a t e r n e e d s o f t h e o r p h a n a g e .

FIGURE B.1 The formulas and process of calculating the minimum storage tank size for a rainwater catchment system applied to a typical slum house and the Cana Rescue Home, based on month Average Annual Rainfall, demand, and supply.

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M O N T H R A I N F A L L ( m m )

R A I N F A L L H A RV E S T E D ( m 3 / m o n t h )

C U M U L A T I V E R A I N F A L L H A R V E S T E D ( 1 )

D E M A N D ( m 3 )

C U M U L A T I V E D E M A N D (2)

D I F F E R E N C E B E T W E E N C U M U L A T I V E ( 1 ) & ( 2 )

M a r 9 1 0.81 9 0.819

0.527 0.527

0.292

A p r 2 4 1 2.16 9 2.988

0.527 1.054

1.934

M a y 1 9 0 1.7 1 4.698

0.527 1.581

3.117

J u n 3 8 0.34 2 5.04

0.527 2.108

2.932

J u l 1 8 0.16 2 5.202

0.527 2.635

2.567

A u g 2 3 0.20 7 5.409

0.527 3.162

2.247

S e p 3 0 0.2 7 5.679

0.527 3.689

1.99

O c t 6 1 0.54 9 6.228

0.527 4.216

2.012

N o v 1 5 0 1.3 5 7.578

0.527 4.743

2.835

D e c 1 0 7 0.96 3 8.541

0.527 5.27

3.271

J a n 5 8 0.52 2 9.063

0.527 5.797

3.266

F e b

T O T A L

5 1

M O N T H R A I N F A L L ( m m )

M a r 9 1

A p r 2 4 1

M a y 1 9 0

J u n 3 8

J u l 1 8

A u g 2 3

S e p 3 0

O c t 6 1

N o v 1 5 0

D e c 1 0 7

J a n 5 8

F e b

T O T A L

5 1

0.45 9 9.522

0.527 6.324

3.198

9 . 5 2 2

6 . 3 2 4

R e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g eR e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g e

R e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g e R e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g e

R e s i d e n t i a l O r p h a n a g e

13.467

11.84

21.13

55.96

44.12

8.82

4.18

5.34

6.97

14.16

34.83

24.85

2 4 5 . 6 6 7

13.467

25.307

46.437

102.397

146.517

155.337

159.517

164.857

171.827

185.987

220.817

245.667

5.21

6 2 . 5 2

5.21

10.42

15.63

20.84

26.05

31.26

36.47

41.68

46.89

52.1

57.31

62.52

S U

P P

L Y

D E

M A

N D

m in

im u

m S

T O

R A

G E

T A

N K

S IZ

8.257

14.887

30.807

81.557

120.467

124.077

123.047

123.177

124.937

133.887

163.507

183.147

RWC Storage Tank Sizing:

R e s i d e n t i a l

> T h e r e f o r e , t h e d a i l y w a t e r d e m a n d p e r h o u s e h o l d i s 2 5 l i t r e s .

S U P P L Y : R o o f A r e a = 1 0 m 2 ( a p p r o x . ) R u n - o f f C o e f f i c i e n t = 0 . 9 ( f o r n e w c o r r u g a t e d G 1 r o o f )

> T h e r e f o r e , a s s u m i n g a l l t h e r u n - o f f r a i n i s c o l l e c t e d , t h e d a i l y w a t e r a v a i l a b l e i s 0 . 0 1 7 m 3 / d a y ( 1 7 l i t r e s / d a y ) .

C a n a R e s c u e H o m e

> T h e r e f o r e , t h e d a i l y w a t e r d e m a n d p e r h o u s e h o l d i s 1 7 0 l i t r e s .

S U P P L Y : R o o f A r e a = 2 5 8 m 2 ( a p p r o x . ) R u n - o f f C o e f f i c i e n t = 0 . 9 ( f o r n e w c o r r u g a t e d G 1 r o o f )

> T h e r e f o r e , a s s u m i n g a l l t h e r u n - o f f r a i n i s c o l l e c t e d , t h e d a i l y w a t e r a v a i l a b l e i s 0 . 4 4 5 m 3 / d a y ( 4 4 5 l i t r e s / d a y ) .

STANDARD FORMULAS AND CHARTS F O R R A I N W A T E R C A T C H M E N T S Y S T E M S

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S TA K E H O L D E R S TA K E H O L D E R I N T E R E S T S

O P P O RT U N I T I E S F O R S T A K E H O L D E R S

O P P O RT U N I T I E S F O R P R O J E C T

U n i t e d N a t i o n s - U N I C E F, - U N - H a b i t a t , - U N E P

I n t e r n a t i o n a l P h i l a n t h r o p i c d o n o r s / N G O ’ s

N a t i o n a l e l e c t e d p o l i t i c i a n s

E t h n i c G r o u p l e a d e r s

- M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s ( M D G ) : i m p r o v e t h e l i v e s o f t h e u r b a n p o o r, s u p p o r t s t r u c t u r e f o r d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s / c i t i e s

- u s e t h e K i j i j i K i t a s a p i l o t p r o j e c t d e m o n s t r a t i n g a c h i e v e m e n t o f t h e M D G - s o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y

- f u n d i n g - i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u p p o r t a n d r e c o g n i t i o n f o r f u t u r e r e p l i c a t i o n

- p r o m o t e s o c i a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y - r i g h t f u n d i n g g o e s t o r i g h t p r o j e c t - i m p r o v e l i v e s o f t h o s e l e s s f o r t u n a t e

- s u p p o r t e r s g e t t o s e e t h e i r d o n a t i o n s i n a c t i o n - a c h i e v e m e n t o f g o a l s , i d e a l s - u s e p r o j e c t f o r p u b l i c i t y t o r a i s e f u n d i n g f o r N G O

- f u n d i n g - i n t e r n a t i o n a l s u p p o r t a n d r e c o g n i t i o n

- M e d i a Pr o f i l e - D e m o n s t r a t e L e a d e r s h i p - G e t m o r e v o t e s - c o n t r o l - p o w e r

- g a i n r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e p e o p l e p r o m o t e s g o o d m o r a l s t a n d i n g s t o t h e p e o p l e - h e l p s t h e m i n f u t u r e r e - e l e c t i o n

- h e l p c h a n n e l f u n d i n g f r o m c e n t r a l g o v e r n m e n t - n a t i o n a l s u p p o r t a n d r e c o g n i t i o n

- e t h n i c g r o u p r e c o g n i t i o n a n d p r i d e - t r a d i t i o n a l v a l u e s t o b e r e s p e c t e d a n d p r o m o t e d

- c r e a t e c o m m u n i t y s o l i d a r i t y - e n g a g e p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f e t h n i c g r o u p m e m b e r s i n s u p p o r t i n g t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f p r o j e c t s - s u p p o r t a n d t r u s t g a i n e d f r o m c i t i z e n s

- g r a s s r o o t s l e a d e r s h i p e s t a b l i s h e d - c u l t u r a l v a l u e s a n d p r a c t i c e s c o n s i d e r e d i n p r o j e c t s

��

T H R E AT S F O R S T A K E H O L D E R S

T H R E AT S F O R P R O J E C T

E N G A G E M E N T S T RAT E G Y

- n o n e – i n t e r n a t i o n a l a t t e n t i o n m a y a t t r a c t v i s i t o r s w h o m a y d i s r u p t a c t i v i t i e s i n c o m m u n i t y

- n e g o t i a t e a b u d g e t c o n t r i b u t i o n - s i g n a p r o j e c t a g r e e m e n t - e s t a b l i s h c r e d i b i l i t y t h r o u g h a n a l y s i s , k n o w l e d g e , a n d e x p e r t i s e - d e v e l o p a n d s t a t e t h e b e n e f i c i a l s o l u t i o n s - i l l u m i n a t e a d v a n t a g e s a n d s t a t e r i s k s i n v o l v e d - e x u d e c o n f i d e n c e i n i d e a s

- p r o j e c t m a y b e r i s k y - m a y t a k e t o o l o n g t o s e e r e s u l t s - n o t e n g a g i n g o r o f i n t e r e s t

- f u n d i n g m a y b a c k o u t v i s i o n s m a y n o t a g r e e

- s e c u r e a g r e e m e n t f o r l o n g t e m c o m m i t m e n t - f i n d c o m m o n g r o u n d - c l a r i t y o f b e l i e f s - i l l u m i n a t e a d v a n t a g e s - e x u d e c o n f i d e n c e i n i d e a s - d e v e l o p m e d i a o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r N G O

- p r o j e c t m a y n o t w o r k o u t - m a y n o t g e t p o l i t i c a l s u p p o r t f r o m c i t i z e n s w h o a r e n o t p a r t o f t h i s c o m m u n i t y - m a y b e r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t m o r e t h a n o n e p r o j e c t ( w h e n g o v e r n m e n t i s n o t r e a d y t o d o s o )

- a t t e n t i o n o n l y f o r p o l i t i c a l g a i n f u n d i n g p r o m i s e d b u t n e v e r r e c e i v e d - m a y b e i n f l u e n c e d b y l a n d o w n e r s o r e c o n o m i c i n t e r e s t s w h o a r e a g a i n s t t h e p r o j e c t

- f i n d c o m m o n g r o u n d - p r o v i d e v i v i d e v i d e n c e , f a c t s , l o g i c a l s o l u t i o n s - u n d e r s t a n d t h e i r v i e w s a n d d e v e l o p m u t u a l l y b e n e f i c i a l s o l u t i o n s - p r o v i d e p u b l i c a n d m e d i a o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r p o l i t i c i a n t o b e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e p r o j e c t

- u r b a n c o m m u n i t i e s a r e o f t e n m u l t i - e t h n i c a n d d o m i n a t i o n b y o n e g r o u p c a u s e s s o c i a l e x c l u s i o n o f m i n o r i t i e s - p o w e r s t r u g g l e - f e e l i n g o f l e a d e r s h i p b e i n g t a k e n a w a y

- p r o j e c t m a y p r o v i d e t h r e a t t o t r a d i t i o n a l a u t h o r i t y a n d c a u s e r e s i s t a n c e t o p r o j e c t - f e a r b y r e s i d e n t s d u e t o n e g a t i v e v i e w b y s t a k e h o l d e r - t r a d i t i o n a l l e a d e r s a r e o f t e n p a t r i a r c h a l a n d m a y i n t e r f e r e w i t h w o m e n ’ s e q u a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n p r o j e c t

- c r e a t e f o r m a l p r o j e c t a d v i s o r y g r o u p w i t h a l l o f t h e d i f f e r e n t e t h n i c g r o u p l e a d e r s a s m e m b e r s t o b u i l d s o l i d a r i t y a n d m i t i g a t e c o n f l i c t s - p r o m o t e w o m e n ’ s m e m b e r s h i p i n a b o v e g r o u p - f i n d c o m m o n g r o u n d - i l l u m i n a t e a d v a n t a g e s o f m u l t i - e t h n i c c o o p e r a t i o n - b e e d u c a t e d i n e a c h o t h e r s c u l t u r a l a n d e t h n i c v a l u e s - u n d e r s t a n d e v e r y o n e ’ s v i e w s

STAKEHOLDERS MATRIX P A RT 1

��

S TA K E H O L D E R S TA K E H O L D E R I N T E R E S T S

O P P O RT U N I T I E S F O R S T A K E H O L D E R S

O P P O RT U N I T I E S F O R P R O J E C T

L a n d o w n e r s

Re n t e r s ( s l u m r e s i d e n t s i n N a i r o b i a r e n o t a c t u a l l y s q u a t t e r s )

C o m m u n i t y l e a d e r s / t e a c h e r s / n u r s e s / s o c i a l w o r k e r s

- p r o t e c t o w n e r s h i p - p r o f i t - m a k i n g - s o u r c e o f i n c o m e ( f r o m r e n t p r i c e s ) - e a s y m o n e y - c o n t r o l o f r e n t / t e n a n t

- v a l u e o f p r o p e r t y c o u l d b e r a i s e d w i t h u p g r a d e - s e r v i c e s , w h i c h a r e l a c k i n g , c a n b e p r o v i d e d

- c o o p e r a t i o n w i t h c h a n g e s t o s i t e / p r o p e r t y - i n f o r m a t i o n o n s i t e c o n d i t i o n s , t e n a n t s , e t c .

- t r y i n g t o k e e p i n g r e n t p r i c e s l o w - i m p r o v e d a c c e s s t o s e r v i c e s - a c c e s s t o w a t e r - i m p r o v e d l i v i n g e n v i r o n m e n t - t e n a n t r i g h t s - l o c a t i o n c o n v e n i e n t t o i n n e r c i t y e m p l o y m e n t a n d e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s

- e m p o w e r m e n t t h r o u g h r e c o g n i t i o n o f t h e i r r i g h t s a s u r b a n c i t i z e n s - h e a l t h i e r l i v i n g e n v i r o n m e n t s - o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r m i c r o - f i n a n c i n g - u r b a n a g r i c u l t u r e - e m p l o y m e n t o p p o r t u n i t i e s - s e c u r e t e n u r e r i g h t s - m o r e l i v i n g s p a c e

- c o o p e r a t i o n , b u i l d i n g o f t r u s t , i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e , s u p p o r t - a n a l y s i s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y n e e d s , a s s e s s m e n t o f r e n t e r s s t a t e ( f i n a n c i a l l y, s o c i a l l y, p h y s i c a l l y ) - s e l f - h e l p b u i l d i n g k e e p s c o s t s l o w

- h e l p i n g s u r r o u n d i n g c o m m u n i t y - p r o v i d e s e r v i c e t o c o m m u n i t y - s o u r c e o f e m p l o y m e n t

- h e l p f u r t h e r d e v e l o p c o m m u n i t y s e r v i c e s - a s s i s t i n f i n d i n g f u n d i n g , p a r t n e r s h i p , s u p p o r t

- p a r t n e r s h i p , g e t t i n g a w a r e n e s s o f p r o j e c t g o a l s o u t t h e r e s i d e n t s a n d p r o m o t e b u y - i n - s u p p o r t f o r p r o j e c t

��

T H R E AT S F O R S T A K E H O L D E R S

T H R E AT S F O R P R O J E C T

E N G A G E M E N T S T RAT E G Y

- e m p o w e r e d a n d o r g a n i z e d c o m m u n i t y m a y c h a l l e n g e e x p l o i t a t i o n a n d h i g h r e n t s - p r o j e c t m a y d e m a n d t h a t G o v e r n m e n t c h a n g e p o l i c i e s a n d z o n i n g - m o r e m a i n t e n a n c e , l e s s p o w e r

- r e s i s t a n c e t o p r o j e c t - t h r e a t s m a d e t o p r o j e c t a n d t h e r e s i d e n t s - a t t e m p t s b y l a n d o w n e r t o r a i s e r e n t s w h e n n e w s e r v i c e s i n s t a l l e d - f o r c e d r e m o v a l s a n d e x p r o p r i a t i o n o f b e l o n g i n g s o f t h e p o o r e s t r e s i d e n t s w h o c a n n o t p a y

- d e v e l o p m u t u a l l y b e n e f i c i a l s o l u t i o n s - p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e o f p r o f i t - m a k i n g o p p o r t u n i t i e s t h r o u g h s t a t i s t i c s / s p r e a d s h e e t s - e x p l o r e p o l i t i c a l a l l i a n c e w i t h G o v e r n m e n t t o e x p r o p r i a t e o r f o r c e - p u r c h a s e l a n d i n f a v o r o f r e s i d e n t s a n d r e d i s t r i b u t e i t g i v i n g l o c a l r e s i d e n t s l e g a l t e n u r e r i g h t s

- c h a n g e i n l i f e s t y l e - b r e a k i n g d o w n o f e x i s t i n g n e t w o r k s - f e a r o f c o n f l i c t w i t h l a n d - o w n i n g i n t e r e s t g r o u p s - f e a r o f b e c o m i n g h o m e l e s s d u e t o p r o j e c t c o n s t r u c t i o n

- p a r t i c i p a t i o n p u t s d e m a n d s o n t i m e a n d r e s o u r c e s o f t h e p o o r w h o h a v e l i t t l e o f e i t h e r t o s p a r e - t a k e s t i m e a w a y f r o m e c o n o m i c a c t i v i t i e s - s l o w p r o g r e s s m a y c a u s e a p a t h y a n d - r e s i s t a n c e , l a c k o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n

- c o n d u c t p a r t i c i p a t o r y a p p r a i s a l t o c a p t u r e c o m m u n i t i e s w i s h e s , f e l t n e e d s a n d c o n c e r n s . - e n s u r e t h a t c o m m u n i t y r e s i d e n t s a r e a w a r e o f t h e p r o j e c t g o a l s a n d p l a n - e s t a b l i s h o p e n , t r a n s p a r e n t a n d p u b l i c c o n s u l t a t i o n m e c h a n i s m t h a t i n c l u d e s a l l - c o n n e c t e m o t i o n a l l y, s h o w u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d c o m m i t m e n t - s e l f - a w a r e n e s s , u n d e r s t a n d t h e i r v i e w s - b e p r e c i s e w i t h t h e i r n e e d s a n d w a n t s - e s t a b l i s h c r e d i b i l i t y a n d t r u s t , l i s t e n i n g t o w h a t t h e y h a v e t o s a y

- p r o j e c t d e m a n d s m a y b e t i m e c o n s u m i n g a b o v e t h e i r r e g u l a r p r o f e s s i o n a l t a s k s - t o o m u c h i n v e s t m e n t ( m e n t a l l y, s o c i a l l y, p h y s i c a l l y ) - l a c k o f c o m m i t m e n t o r m o t i v a t i o n

- i f n o t e n g a g e d a s a l l i e s f r o m t h e b e g i n n i n g c o u l d f o r m p a s s i v e r e s i s t a n c e , l a n d d i s c o u r a g e p a r t i c i p a t i o n

- p u b l i c l y r e c o g n i z e t h e i r r o l e s a s l e a d e r s a n d c r e a t o r s o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n - e s t a b l i s h c r e d i b i l i t y a n d t r u s t t h r o u g h u n d e r s t a n d i n g , c o m m i t m e n t a n d s e l f - a w a r e n e s s - l i s t e n t o w h a t t h e y h a v e t o s a y ( a s t h e y a r e a l s o m o s t c o n n e c t e d t o t h e r e s i d e n t s ) - f o s t e r t h e i r p r o f e s s i o n a l p r i d e i n i m p r o v e d f a c i l i t i e s s u c h a s s c h o o l s a n d h e a l t h f a c i l i t i e s

STAKEHOLDERS MATRIX P A RT 2

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S TA K E H O L D E R S TA K E H O L D E R I N T E R E S T S

O P P O RT U N I T I E S F O R S T A K E H O L D E R S

O P P O RT U N I T I E S F O R P R O J E C T

Wo m e n o f c o m m u n i t y

O r p h a n s

- s u p p o r t i n g f a m i l y a n d o r p h a n s o f t h e c o m m u n i t y - f i n d i n g e m p l o y m e n t - o f t e n t h e b r e a d w i n n e r s i n t h e i r f a m i l i e s - r e d u c i n g v i o l e n c e i n t h e i r n e i g h b o r h o o d s

- o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r w o m e n ’ s e m p o w e r m e n t b y t a k i n g l e a d e r s h i p r o l e s i n t h e p r o j e c t a n d t h e c o m m u n i t y - g i v e t h e m s u p p o r t - i m p r o v e d a c c e s s t o s e r v i c e s m a k e d a i l y l i f e e a s i e r - m o r e e m p l o y m e n t / e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l o p p o r t u n i t y

- p a r t n e r s h i p - p a r t i c i p a t i o n - l e a d e r s h i p a m o n g c o m m u n i t y

- s u r v i v a l - r i g h t t o p l a y

- g i v e t h e m s u p p o r t - a p l a c e t o b e l o n g , i d e n t i f y w i t h - s a f e a n d h e a l t h i e r e n v i r o n m e n t - o p e n s p a c e s t o p l a y

- p r o v i d e s a r e a l n e e d , e n e r g y, m o t i v a t i o n - p r o m o t e c h i l d - t o - c h i l d c a r e a n d r e h a b i l i t a t i o n

FIGURE B.2 This matrix is an analysis of the stakeholders involved and how a project can affect each of these specified groups.

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T H R E AT S F O R S T A K E H O L D E R S

T H R E AT S F O R P R O J E C T

E N G A G E M E N T S T RAT E G Y

- p r o j e c t d e m a n d s m a y b e t i m e c o n s u m i n g a b o v e t h e i r d o m e s t i c a n d i n c o m e g e n e r a t i n g r e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s - i n t r u d e o n d a i l y l i f e - p r o c e s s m a y f e e l t o o l o n g

- s l o w p r o g r e s s m a y c a u s e a p a t h y - r e s i s t a n c e , l a c k o f p a r t i c i p a t i o n

- e n s u r e w o m e n ’ s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n a l l p r o j e c t c o n s u l t a t i o n s a n d m e e t i n g s a n d t h a t t h e r e v o i c e s a r e h e a r d - e n c o u r a g e e q u i t y i n c o m m i t t e e s , g r o u p s a n d f o r u m s - c o n n e c t e m o t i o n a l l y, s h o w u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d c o m m i t m e n t - s e l f - a w a r e n e s s , u n d e r s t a n d t h e i r v i e w s - b e p r e c i s e w i t h t h e i r n e e d s a n d w a n t s - e s t a b l i s h c r e d i b i l i t y a n d t r u s t , l i s t e n i n g t o w h a t t h e y h a v e t o s a y

- n e t w o r k s m a y b r e a k , c h a n g e m a y a f f e c t g r o w t h o f c h i l d

- n o n e - u s e p a r t i c i p a t o r y d i a g n o s t i c t o o l s t o u n d e r s t a n d c h i l d ’ s p o i n t s o f v i e w, n e e d s a n d c o n c e r n s - s h o w c a r e , l e a d e r s h i p - g a i n t r u s t , s e l f - a w a r e n e s s , a n d c o m m i t m e n t - i n c o r p o r a t e t h e i r o w n s t a t e d n e e d s i n t o p r o j e c t p l a n n i n g

STAKEHOLDERS MATRIX P A RT 3

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ENDNOTES

I N T R O D U C T I O N 1 . T h e D o o r o f H o p e . < h t t p : / / w w w . h o l e i n t h e w a l l . o rg . z a > 2 . U N A I D S . 2 0 0 6 R e p o r t o n T h e G l o b a l A I D S E p i d e m i c : T h e I m p a c t o f A I D S o n Pe o p l e & S o c i e t i e s . c 2 0 0 6 . p 8 0 3 . U N I C E F , U N A I D S , U S A I D . C h i l d re n o n t h e B r i n k 2 0 0 4 : A J o i n t R e p o r t o f N e w O r p h a n E s t i m a t e s a n d a F r a m e w o r k f o r A c t i o n . c 2 0 0 4 . p 3

C H 1 : G LO B A L I Z AT I O N A N D I T S T R E N D S 4 . Ti b a i j u k a , A n n a . C i t i e s w i t h o u t s l u m s . N a i ro b i : U N - H A B I T A T. p 1 5 . U N - H A B I T A T. S t a t e o f t h e W o r l d ’ s C i t i e s 2 0 0 6 / 7 : T h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s a n d U r b a n S u s t a i n a b i l i t y : 3 0 Ye a r s S h a p i n g t h e H a b i t a t A g e n d a . c 2 0 0 6 . p 1 9 6 . U N - H A B I T A T. T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S l u m s : G l o b a l R e p o r t o n H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s 2 0 0 3 . c 2 0 0 3 . p 1 2 - 1 3 7 . U N - H A B I T A T. S t a t e o f t h e W o r l d ’ s C i t i e s 2 0 0 6 / 7 : T h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s a n d U r b a n S u s t a i n a b i l i t y : 3 0 Ye a r s S h a p i n g t h e H a b i t a t A g e n d a . c 2 0 0 6 . p 1 9 0 - 1 9 1 8 . D a v i s , M i k e . P l a n e t o f S l u m s . N e w Yo r k : Ve r s o . c 2 0 0 6 . p 1 1 9 . I b i d . p 1 6 1 0 . C o m m i s s i o n f o r A f r i c a . R e p o r t o f t h e C o m m i s s i o n f o r A f r i c a . c 2 0 0 5 M a rc h . p 3 1 1 1 . U N - H A B I T A T. T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S l u m s : G l o b a l R e p o r t o n H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s 2 0 0 3 . c 2 0 0 3 . p 1 0 0 1 2 . N e u w i r t h , Ro b e r t . S h a d o w C i t i e s . N e w Yo r k : Ro u t l e d g e . c 2 0 0 5 . p 3 0 6 1 3 . C D C ( C e n t e r o f D i s e a s e C o n t ro l a n d P re v n e t i o n ) . H I V / A I D S S u r v e i l l a n c e R e p o r t : C a s e s o f H I V I n f e c t i o n a n d A I D S i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 2 0 0 4 , Vo l . 1 6 . G e o rg i a : D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s . c 2 0 0 5 . p 1 6 . 1 4 . U N A I D S . A n n e x 1 : C o u n t r y P ro f i l e s f ro m 2 0 0 6 R e p o r t o n t h e G l o b a l A I D S E p i d e m i c . c 2 0 0 6 . p 3 2 0 , 3 2 8 , 4 5 5 , 4 8 0 , 4 8 8 1 5 . E a t o n , J e n n y a n d K a t e E t u e ( e d i t o r s ) . T h e a WA K E P ro j e c t : U n i t e d A g a i n s t t h e A f r i c a n A I D S C r i s i s . N a s h v i l l e : W Pu b l i s h i n g G ro u p . c 2 0 0 2 . 1 6 . Le w i s , S t e p h e n . R a c e A g a i n s t Ti m e . To ro n t o : H o u s e o f A n a n s i P re s s . c 2 0 0 5 . p 5 1 1 7 . F i s h e r, N i g e l . Pu t c h i l d re n a t t h e c e n t re . T h e To ro n t o S t a r : M o n d a y, A u g u s t 1 4 , 2 0 0 6 1 8 . U N A I D S . A I D S e p i d e m i c u p d a t e – D E C 0 6 . c 2 0 0 6 . p 5 9 1 9 . N y u m b a n i V i l l a g e B u l l e t i n . N a i ro b i : N y u m b a n i . J u l y 2 0 0 5

C H 2 : S I T E A N A LY S I S 2 0 . S h e e h a n , M o l l y O ’ M e a r a . “ W h e re t h e S i d e w a l k s E n d . ” W o r l d Wa t c h M a g a z i n e : W o r k i n g f o r a S u s t a i n a b l e Fu t u re . N o v e m b e r / D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 2 : p 2 1 2 1 . G re y w a l l P ro d u c t i o n s ( 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 5 ) . “ B r i e f H i s t o r y o f t h e R a i l w a y s i n E a s t A f r i c a . ” N a i ro b i R a i l w a y M u s e u m . < h t t p : / / w w w . g re y w a l l . d e m o n . c o . u k / r a i l / Ke n y a / n r m . h t m l > 2 2 . M i t u l l a h , W i n n i e . T h e C a s e o f N a i ro b i , Ke n y a . N a i ro b i : T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N a i ro b i . c 2 0 0 3 . p 2 2 3 . C r u z , F e r n a n d o d a a n d O b re t t a Te m p r a . Ke n y a U r b a n S e c t o r P ro f i l e . c 2 0 0 5 . p 2 2 4 . I b i d . p 4

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2 5 . U N A I D S . 2 0 0 6 R e p o r t o n T h e G l o b a l A I D S E p i d e m i c : T h e I m p a c t o f A I D S o n Pe o p l e & S o c i e t i e s . c 2 0 0 6 . p 5 0 5 2 6 . C r u z , F e r n a n d o d a a n d O m b re t t a Te m p r a . Ke n y a U r b a n S e c t o r P ro f i l e . c 2 0 0 5 . p 4 2 7 . S h e e h a n , M o l l y O ’ M e a r a . “ W h e re t h e S i d e w a l k s E n d . ” W o r l d Wa t c h M a g a z i n e : W o r k i n g f o r a S u s t a i n a b l e Fu t u re . N o v e m b e r / D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 2 . p 2 2 2 8 . U N - H A B I T A T. T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S l u m s : G l o b a l R e p o r t o n H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s 2 0 0 3 . c 2 0 0 3 . p 2 1 9 2 9 . H a rd i n g , A n d re w . N a i ro b i S l u m L i f e : E s c a p i n g K i b e r a . B B C N e w s : Tu e s d a y, O c t o b e r 1 2 , 2 0 0 2 3 0 . C r u z , F e r n a n d o d a , Ke r s t i n S o m m e r, a n d O m b re t t a Te m p r a . N a i ro b i U r b a n S e c t o r P ro f i l e . c 2 0 0 6 . p 1 0 3 1 . I b i d . p 1 5 3 2 . N e u w i r t h , Ro b e r t . S h a d o w C i t i e s . N e w Yo r k : Ro u t l e d g e . c 2 0 0 5 . p 7 8 3 3 . S e n n e r, K a t h r i n . M u k u ru R e c y c l i n g C e n t re - A G e n d e r E v a l u a t i o n . J a n u a r y 2 0 0 1 . p 1

C H 3 : T H E S T RAT E G Y 3 4 . S e n n e r, K a t h r i n . M u k u ru R e c y c l i n g C e n t re - A G e n d e r E v a l u a t i o n . J a n u a r y 2 0 0 1 . p 4 3 5 . U N - H A B I T A T. C h a l l e n g e o f S l u m s R e p o r t 2 0 0 3 . p 1 3 2 3 6 . T h e Wo r l d B a n k G ro u p ( 1 9 9 9 - 2 0 0 1 ) . U p g r a d i n g U r b a n C o m m u n i t i e s – A R e s o u r c e F r a m e w o r k . < h t t p : / / w e b . m i t . e d u / u r b a n u p g r a d i n g / u p g r a d i n g / w h a t i s / i n d e x . h t m l > 3 7 . I b i d . 3 8 . I b i d . 3 9 . H a r v e y, D a v i d . A n y w i s e : O n A r c h i t e c t s , B e e s , a n d Po s s i b l e U r b a n W o r l d . N e w Yo r k : A n y o n e C o r p o r a t i o n . c 1 9 9 6 . p 2 2 1 4 0 . M a s s e y, D o re e n . S p a c e , P l a c e , a n d G e n d e r: A G l o b a l S e n s e o f P l a c e . M i n n e s o t a : U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a P re s s . c 1 9 9 4 . p 8 4 1 . H a r v e y, D a v i d . A n y w i s e : O n A r c h i t e c t s , B e e s , a n d Po s s i b l e U r b a n W o r l d . N e w Yo r k : A n y o n e C o r p o r a t i o n . c 1 9 9 6 . p 2 2 1 4 2 . I b i d . p 2 2 1 4 3 . I b i d . p 2 2 2 4 4 . C r u z , Te d d y. B o rd e r Po s t c a rd s : C h ro n i c l e s f ro m t h e E d g e . N e w Yo r k : J a m e s S t i r l i n g M e m o r i a l Le c t u re s o n t h e C i t y, C a n a d i a n C e n t e r f o r A rc h i t e c t u re ; M o n t re a l a n d t h e Lo n d o n S c h o o l o f E c o n o m i c s , C i t i e s i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e Va n A l e n I n s t i t u t e . < h t t p : / / w w w . v a n a l e n . o rg / > 4 5 . S a c h s , J e f f e re y D . T h e E n d o f Po v e r t y : T h e E c o n o m i c Po s s i b i l i t i e s f o r o u r Ti m e . To ro n t o : Pe n g u i n B o o k s . c 2 0 0 5 . p 2 4 6 . M a s l o w , A b r a h a m H a ro l d . M o t i v a t i o n a n d Pe r s o n a l i t y. N e w Yo r k : H a r p e r & Ro w , Pu b l i s h e r s , I n c o r p o r a t e d . c 1 9 5 4 . p 8 0 - 1 0 6 4 7 . S h e e h a n , M o l l y O ’ M e a r a . “ W h e re t h e S i d e w a l k s E n d . ” W o r l d Wa t c h M a g a z i n e : W o r k i n g f o r a S u s t a i n a b l e Fu t u re . N o v e m b e r / D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 2 : p 3 1

C H 4 : T H E K I J I J I K I T 4 8 . C r u z , Te d d y. “ U r b a n A c u p u n c t u re . ” R e s i d e n t i a l A r c h i t e c t M a g a z i n e . J a n u r a y 2 0 0 5 : p 1 4 9 . M a c h a d o , R u d o l f o ( e d i t o r ) . “ Fa v e l a - B a i r ro P ro j e c t : J o rg e M a r i o J a u re g u i . ” T h e S i x t h Ve ro n i c R u d g e G re e n P r i z e i n U r b a n D e s i g n . C a m b r i d g e : P re s i d e n t a n d F e l l o w s o f H a r v a rd C o l l e g e . c 2 0 0 3 . p 1 5

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5 0 . C r u z , F e r n a n d o d a , Ke r s t i n S o m m e r, a n d O m b re t t a Te m p r a . N a i ro b i U r b a n S e c t o r P ro f i l e . c 2 0 0 6 . p 1 5 5 1 . M e m o n , Py a r A l i a n d D i a n a Le e - S m i t h . C i t i e s Fe e d i n g Pe o p l e : U r b a n A g r i c u l t u re i n Ke n y a . O t t a w a : I D R C ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t Re s e a rc h C e n t e r ) . c 1 9 9 4 . p 2 5 5 2 . I b i d . p 4 5 5 3 . U S A g e n c y f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t , B u re a u f o r A f r i c a , O f f i c e o f S u s t a i n a b l e D e v e l o p m e n t . Ke n y a D a t a P ro f i l e : O r p h a n s . O c t o b e r 2 0 0 3 . 5 4 . A n E n v i ro n m e n t a l l y S o u n d A p p ro a c h f o r S u s t a i n a b l e U r b a n Wa t e r M a n a g e m e n t : A n I n t ro d u c t o r y G u i d e f o r D e c i s i o n- M a k e r s . < h t t p : / / w w w . u n e p . o r. j p / i e t c / Pu b l i c a t i o n s / U r b a n / U r b a n E n v - 2 / 9 . a s p > 5 5 . S o l a r C o o k e r s I n c o r p o r a t e d . < h t t p : / / w w w . s o l a rc o o k e r s . o rg / b a s i c s / w h e re . h t m l > 5 6 . S o l a r C o o k e r s I n c o r p o r a t e d . < h t t p : / / w w w . s o l a rc o o k e r s . o rg / a b o u t / p ro g r a m s / m u l t k e n y a . h t m l > 5 7 . M a r a , D . D u n c a n . TA G Te c h n i c a l N o t e N o . 1 3 : T h e D e s i g n o f Ve n t i l a t e d I m p ro v e d Pi t L a t r i n e s . Wa s h i n g t o n D C : U n i t e d N a t i o n s D e v e l o p m e n t P ro g r a m m e a n d Wo r l d B a n k C o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l D r i n k i n g Wa t e r S u p p l y a n d S a n i t a t i o n D e c a d e . c 1 9 8 4 . p 4 - 8

C H 5 : M U KU R U KWA - N J E N G A : 2 0 3 0 5 8 . C r u z , Te d d y. A r c h i t e c t u re o f t h e B o rd e r l a n d s . T h e Ti j u a n a W o r k s h o p : T h e B o rd e r C h ro n i c l e s o f a Ve r t i c a l S t u d i o a t S c i - A r c . N e w Yo r k : J o h n W i l e y & S o n s , I n c . c 1 9 9 9 . p 4 3

C H 6 : P R I N C I P L E S O F C H A N G E 5 9 . H a m d i , N a b e e l . S m a l l C h a n g e – A b o u t t h e A r t o f P r a c t i c e a n d t h e l i m i t s o f P l a n n i n g i n C i t i e s . Lo n d o n : E a r t h s c a n . c 2 0 0 4 . p . x v i i 6 0 . “O n G l o b a l C i t i e s a n d G l o b a l S l u m s . ” B r i l l e m b o u rg , A l f re d o a n d H u b e r t D l u m p n e r / U r b a n T h i n k Ta n k . A r c h i t h e s e : A r m u t – Po v e r t y . M a rc h - A p r i l 2 0 0 7 n . 2 . p 4 0 6 1 . M a c h a d o , R u d o l f o ( e d i t o r ) . “ Fa v e l a - B a i r ro P ro j e c t : J o rg e M a r i o J a u re g u i . ” T h e S i x t h Ve ro n i c R u d g e G re e n P r i z e i n U r b a n D e s i g n . C a m b r i d g e : P re s i d e n t a n d F e l l o w s o f H a r v a rd C o l l e g e . c 2 0 0 3 . p 1 5 6 2 . I b i d . p 3 9 6 3 . C r u z , Te d d y. B o rd e r Po s t c a rd s : C h ro n i c l e s f ro m t h e E d g e . N e w Yo r k : J a m e s S t i r l i n g M e m o r i a l Le c t u re s o n t h e C i t y, C a n a d i a n C e n t e r f o r A rc h i t e c t u re ; M o n t re a l a n d t h e Lo n d o n S c h o o l o f E c o n o m i c s , C i t i e s i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e Va n A l e n I n s t i t u t e . < h t t p : / / w w w . v a n a l e n . o rg / > 6 4 . C h a m b e r s , Ro b e r t . R u r a l A p p r a i s a l : R a p i d , R e l a x e d a n d Pa r t i c i p a t o r y. B r i g h t o n : I n s t i t u t e o f D e v e l o p m e n t S t u d i e s : D i s c u s s i o n Pa p e r 3 1 1 – O c t o b e r 1 9 9 2 . p 1 9 6 5 . I b i d . p 1 6 6 . I b i d . p 1 9 6 7 . R i d e l l , Ro g e r C . A p p e n d i x 1 2 – N G O E v a l u a t i o n S y n t h e s i s S t u d y : T h e Ke n y a n C a s e S t u d y – N G O E v a l u a t i o n Po l i c i e s a n d P r a c t i c e . Lo n d o n : O v e r s e a s D e v e l o p m e n t I n s t i t u t e . M a y 1 9 9 7 : < h t t p : / / w w w . v a l t . h e l s i n k i . f i / i d s / o p p k 1 2 . h t m > 6 8 . H a m d i , N a b e e l . S m a l l C h a n g e : A b o u t t h e A r t o f P r a c t i c e a n d t h e L i m i t s o f P l a n n i n g i n C i t i e s . Lo n d o n : E a r t h s c a n . c 2 0 0 4 . p 1 0 6 9 . I b i d . p 1 4

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A P P E N D I X A : C A S E S T U D I E S 1 . “O n G l o b a l C i t i e s a n d G l o b a l S l u m s . ” B r i l l e m b o u rg , A l f re d o a n d H u b e r t D l u m p n e r / U r b a n T h i n k Ta n k . A r c h i t h e s e : A r m u t – Po v e r t y . M a rc h - A p r i l 2 0 0 7 n . 2 . p 4 1 2 . F a t h y, H a s s a n . A r c h i t e c t u re f o r t h e Po o r. C h i c a g o : T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P re s s . c 1 9 7 3 . p 8 3 . “ N e w G o u r n a V i l l a g e . ” A r c h N e t D i g i t a l L i b r a r y. < h t t p : / / a rc h n e t . o rg / l i b r a r y / s i t e s / o n e - s i t e . t c l ? s i t e _ i d = 1 5 6 > 4 . D e a n , A n d re a O p p e n h e i m e r. T h e R u r a l S t u d i o : S a m M o c k b e e a n d t h e A r c h i t e c t u re o f D e c e n c y. N e w Yo r k : P r i n c e t o n A rc h i t e c t u r a l P re s s . C 2 0 0 2 . p 1 5 . I b i d . p 4 6 . M a c h a d o , R u d o l f o ( e d i t o r ) . Fa v e l a - B a i r ro P ro j e c t : J o rg e M a r i o J a u re g u i . C a m b r i d g e : P re s i d e n t a n d F e l l o w s o f H a r v a rd C o l l e g e . c 2 0 0 3 . p 7 7 . N e u w i r t h , Ro b e r t . S h a d o w C i t i e s . N e w Yo r k : Ro u t l e d g e . c 2 0 0 5 . p 8 8 . R e b u i l d i n g t h e N i n t h . < h t t p : / / w w w . re b u i l d i n g t h e n i n t h . o rg > 9 . G r a m e e n B a n k . < h t t p : / / w w w . g r a m e e n - i n f o . o rg / b a n k / h i s t . h t m l > 1 0 . S t e f f e n , A l e x ( e d i t o r ) . W o r l d c h a n g i n g : A u s e r ’ s g u i d e f o r t h e 2 1 s t c e n t u r y. N e w Yo r k : A b r a m s . c 2 0 0 6 . p 3 5 3 1 1 . D o o r o f H o p e . < h t t p : / / w w w . h o l e i n t h e w a l l . o rg . z a / > 1 2 . N y u m b a n i . < h t t p > / / w w w . n y u m b a n i . o rg / > 1 3 . I b i d . 1 4 . M u l l y C h i l d re n’ s Fa m i l y . < h t t p : / / w w w . m u l l y c h i l d re n s f a m i l y. o rg / >

C O N C LU S I O N 7 0 . H a r v e y, D a v i d . S p a c e s o f H o p e . E d i n b u rg h : E d i n b u rg h U n i v e r s i t y P re s s . c 2 0 0 0 . p 2 0 4

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

A b r a m s , Le n . “ T h e Wa t e r Pa g e - Wa t e r f o r B a s i c N e e d s . ” T h e Wo r l d H e a l t h O rg a n i z a t i o n ( W H O ) . < h t t p : / / w w w . a f r i c a n w a t e r. o rg / b a s i c _ n e e d s . h t m >

A f r i c a n Po p u l a t i o n a n d H e a l t h Re s e a rc h C e n t e r. Po p u l a t i o n a n d H e a l t h D y n a m i c s i n N a i ro b i ’ s I n f o r m a l S e t t l e m e n t s . N a i ro b i : A p r i l 2 0 0 2 .

A rc h i t e c t u re f o r H u m a n i t y. D e s i g n L i k e Yo u G i v e a D a m n : A r c h i t e c t u r a l R e s p o n s e s t o H u m a n i t a r i a n C r i s i s . N e w Yo r k , N Y : M e t ro p o l i s B o o k s , 2 0 0 6 .

B a d s h a h , A k h t a r. O u r U r b a n Fu t u re : N e w Pa r a d i g m s f o r E q u i t y a n d S u s t a i n a b i l i t y . Lo n d o n : Z e d B o o k s , 1 9 9 6 .

B h a b h a , H o m i K . Lo c a t i o n o f C u l t u re . Lo n d o n [ E n g l a n d ] : Ro u t l e d g e , 1 9 9 4 .

B o w e r, C a ro l . “ S o u t h A f r i c a : T h e C a s e f o r C h i l d - H e a d e d H o u s e h o l d s . ” E a r l y C h i l d h o o d M a t t e r s n . 1 0 5 , ( D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 5 ) : 4 5 .

B r i l l e m b u rg , A l f re d o a n d H u b e r t K l u m p n e r. “O n G l o b a l C i t i e s a n d G l o b a l S l u m s : Le s s o n s f ro m t h e I n f o r m a l C i t y. ” A r c h i t h e s e 3 7 , n o . 2 ( M a r, 2 0 0 7 ) : 4 0 - 4 5 .

C D C ( C e n t e r o f D i s e a s e a n d C o n t ro l ) . H I V / A I D S S u r v e i l l a n c e R e p o r t : C a s e o f H I V I n f e c t i o n s a n d A I D S i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , 2 0 0 4 . A t l a n t a , G e o rg i a : D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d H u m a n S e r v i c e s , 2 0 0 4 .

C h a m b e r s , Ro b e r t . W h o s e R e a l i t y C o u n t s ? : Pu t t i n g t h e Fi r s t L a s t . Lo n d o n , U n i t e d K i n g d o m : I n t e r m e d i a t e Te c h n o l o g y Pu b l i c a t i o n s , 1 9 9 7 .

C o m m i s s i o n f o r A f r i c a . R e p o r t o f t h e C o m m i s s i o n f o r A f r i c a . Lo n d o n : M a rc h 2 0 0 5 .

C o r n i s h , G . A . a n d K i e l e n , N . C . “ 6 . Wa s t e w a t e r I r r i g a t i o n - H a z a rd O r L i f e l i n e ? E m p i r i c a l Re s u l t s f ro m N a i ro b i , Ke n y a a n d K u m a s i , G h a n a . ” T h e I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t Re s e a rc h C e n t e r. < h t t p : / / w w w . i d rc . c a / e n / e v - 6 8 3 3 4 - 2 0 1 - 1 - D O _ T O P I C . h t m l >

C re s s w e l l , Ti m . P l a c e : A S h o r t I n t ro d u c t i o n . M a l d e n , M A : B l a c k w e l l Pu b l i s h i n g L t d . , 2 0 0 5 . C r u z , F e r n a n d o d a , Ke r s t i n S o m m e r, a n d O m b re t t a Te m p r a . N a i ro b i U r b a n S e c t o r P ro f i l e . N a i ro b i : U N - H A B I T A T, 2 0 0 6 .

C r u z , F e r n a n d o d a a n d O m b re t t a Te m p r a . Ke n y a U r b a n S e c t o r P ro f i l e . N a i ro b i : U N - H A B I T A T, 2 0 0 5 .

C r u z , Te d d y. B o rd e r Po s t c a rd s : C h ro n i c l e s f ro m t h e E d g e . N e w Yo r k : J a m e s S e r t l i n g M e m o r i a l Le c t u re s o n t h e C i t y, C a n a d i a n C e n t e r f o r A rc h i t e c t u re : M o n t re a l , a n d t h e Lo n d o n S c h o o l o f E c o n o m i c s i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e Va n A l e n I n s t i t u t e . < h t t p : / / w w w . v a n a l e n . o rg >

C r u z , Te d d y. “ A rc h i t e c t u re f o t h e B o rd e r l a n d s ” . T h e Ti j u a n a W o r k s h o p : T h e B o rd e r C h ro n i c l e s o f a Ve r t i c a l S t u d i o a t S c i - A r c . N e w Yo r k : J o h n W i l e y & S o n s , I n c . , 1 9 9 9 .

C r u z , Te d d y. “ U r b a n A c c u p u n c t u re . ” R e s i d e n t i a l A r c h i t e c t M a g a z i n e . ( J a n u a r y 2 0 0 5 ) : 2 0 - 2 3

D a v i s , M i k e . P l a n e t o f S l u m s . N e w Yo r k , N e w Yo r k : Ve r s o , 2 0 0 6 .

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D e a n , A n d re a O p p e n h e i m e r. R u r a l S t u d i o : S a m u e l M o c k b e e a n d a n A r c h i t e c t u re o f D e c e n c y . N e w Yo r k , N e w Yo r k : P r i n c e t o n A rc h i t e c t u r a l P re s s , 2 0 0 2 .

E a t o n , J e n n y a n d K a t e E t u e ( e d i t o r s ) . T h e a WA K E P ro j e c t : U n i t e d A g a i n s t t h e A f r i c a n A I D S C r i s i s . N a s h v i l l e : W Pu b l i s h i n g G ro u p , 2 0 0 2 .

E g z i a b h e r, A x u m i t e G . C i t i e s Fe e d i n g Pe o p l e : A n E x a m i n a t i o n o f U r b a n A g r i c u l t u re i n E a s t A f r i c a . O t t a w a : I n t e r n a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t Re s e a rc h C e n t re , 1 9 9 4 .

F a t h y, H a s s a n . A r c h i t e c t u re f o r t h e Po o r; a n E x p e r i m e n t i n R u r a l E g y p t . C h i c a g o : U n i v e r s i t y o f C h i c a g o P re s s , [ 1 9 7 6 , 1 9 7 3 . ]

F i s h e r, N i g e l . Pu t c h i l d re n a t t h e c e n t re . T h e To ro n t o S t a r : M o n d a y, A u g u s t 1 4 , 2 0 0 6 .

F e rg u s o n , F r a n c e s c a . Ta l k i n g C i t i e s : T h e M i c ro p o l i t i c s o f U r b a n S p a c e = D i e M i k ro p o l i t i k D e s U r b a n e n R a u m s . B a s e l ; B o s t o n : B i r k h a u s e r- Pu b l i s h e r s f o r A rc h i t e c t u re , 2 0 0 6 .

F i n d l e y, L i s a . B u i l d i n g C h a n g e : A r c h i t e c t u re , Po l i t i c s a n d C u l t u r a l A g e n c y . N e w Yo r k , N e w Yo r k : Ro u t l e d g e , 2 0 0 5 .

F r a n k l i n , U r s u l a M . T h e R e a l W o r l d o f Te c h n o l o g y . Re v i s e d E d i t i o n e d . To ro n t o , O n t a r i o : H o u s e o f A n a n s i P re s s L i m i t e d , 1 9 9 9 .

F re e m a n , D o n a l d B . C i t y o f Fa r m e r s : I n f o r m a l U r b a n A g r i c u l t u re i n t h e O p e n S p a c e s o f N a i ro b i , Ke n y a . M o n t re a l : M c G i l l - Q u e e n’ s U n i v e r s i t y P re s s , 1 9 9 1 .

G u a l l a r t , V i c e n t e . S o c i ó p o l i s , P ro j e c t f o r a C i t y o f t h e Fu t u re . [ B a rc e l o n a ] : [ V i e n n a ] : A c t a r ; A rc h i t e k t u r Z e n t r u m , 2 0 0 4 .

H a m d i , N a b e e l . S m a l l C h a n g e : A b o u t t h e A r t o f P r a c t i c e a n d t h e L i m i t s o f P l a n n i n g i n C i t i e s . Lo n d o n , U n i t e d K i n g d o m : E a r t h s c a n , 2 0 0 4 .

H a rd i n g , A n d re w . N a i ro b i S l u m L i f e : E s c a p i n g K i b e r a . Lo n d o n : B B C N e w s , Tu e s d a y, O c t o b e r 1 2 , 2 0 0 2 .

H a r v e y, D a v i d . “O n A rc h i t e c t s , B e e s , a n d Po s s i b l e N e w Wo r l d s . ” I n A n y W i s e , e d i t e d b y C y n t h i a C . D a v i d s o n , 2 1 6 . C a m b r i d g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s : T h e M I T P re s s , 1 9 9 6 .

H a r v e y, D a v i d . S o c i a l J u s t i c e a n d t h e C i t y . B a l t i m o re , M a r y l a n d : J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y P re s s , 1 9 7 3 .

H a r v e y, D a v i d . S p a c e s o f H o p e . C a l i f o r n i a S t u d i e s i n C r i t i c a l H u m a n G e o g r a p h y. B e r k e l e y ; Lo s A n g e l e s : U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a P re s s , 2 0 0 0 . H o f f m a n , L i l y M . , S u s a n S . F a i n s t e i n , a n d D e n n i s R . J u d d . C i t i e s a n d V i s i t o r s : R e g u l a t i n g Pe o p l e , M a r k e t s a n d C i t y S p a c e . O x f o rd , U n i t e d K i n g d o m : B l a c k w e l l Pu b l i s h i n g L i m i t e d , 2 0 0 3 .

H u c h z e m e y e r, M a r i e . H o w t o I m p ro v e t h e L i v e s o f 1 0 0 M i l l i o n S l u m D w e l l e r s b y 2 0 2 0 . J o h a n n e s b u rg : C e n t re f o r B u i l t E n v i ro n m e n t S t u d i e s , J a n u a r y 2 0 0 6 .

Ko o l h a s s , Re m . L a g o s / K o o l h a a s . D i re c t e d b y B re g t j e Va n d e r H a a k , Pi e t e r v a n H u y s t e e , H a r v a rd P ro j e c t o n t h e c i t y, V P R O Te l e v i s i o n a n d F i r s t R u n / I c a r u s F i l m s . B ro o k l y n , N Y : F i r s t R u n / I c a r u s F i l m , 2 0 0 2 .

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La n d r y, C h a r l e s . C re a t i v e C i t y : A To o l k i t f o r U r b a n I n n o v a t o r s . Lo n d o n : E a r t h s c a n Pu b l i c a t i o n s , 2 0 0 0 .

La u b e r, Wo l f g a n g , Pe t e r C h e re t , K l a u s F e r s t l , a n d E c k h a r t R i b b e c k . Tro p i c a l A r c h i t e c t u re : S u s t a i n a b l e a n d H u m a n e B u i l d i n g i n A f r i c a , L a t i n A m e r i c a , a n d S o u t h - E a s t A s i a . N e w Yo r k , N e w Yo r k : P re s t e l , 2 0 0 5 .

Le a t h e r b a r ro w , D a v i d . U n c o m m o n G ro u n d : A r c h i t e c t u re , Te c h n o l o g y, a n d To p o g r a p h y . C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . ; Lo n d o n : M I T P re s s , 2 0 0 0 .

Le w i s , S t e p h e n . R a c e A g a i n s t Ti m e . C B C M a s s e y Le c t u re s . To ro n t o : H o u s e o f A n a n s i P re s s , 2 0 0 5 .

M a c h a d o , Ro d o l f o . Fa v e l a - B a i r ro P ro j e c t : J o rg e M a r i o J á u re g u i A r c h i t e c t s . C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . : H a r v a rd U n i v e r s i t y G r a d u a t e S c h o o l o f D e s i g n , 2 0 0 3 .

M a s l o w , A b r a h a m H a ro l d . T h e Fa r t h e r R e a c h e s o f H u m a n N a t u re . N e w Yo r k , N e w Yo r k : T h e V i k i n g P re s s , I n c . , 1 9 7 1 .

M a s l o w , A b r a h a m H a ro l d . M o t i v a t i o n a n d Pe r s o n a l i t y . N e w Yo r k , N e w Yo r k : H a r p e r & Ro w , 1 9 5 4 .

M a r a , D . D u n c a n . TA G Te c h n i c a l N o t e N o . 1 3 : T h e D e s i g n o f Ve n t i l a t e d I m p ro v e d Pi t L a t r i n e s . Wa s h i n g t o n D C : U n i t e d N a t i o n s D e v e l o p m e n t P ro g r a m m e , 1 9 8 4 .

M a s s e y, D o re e n . S p a c e , P l a c e , a n d G e n d e r: A G l o b a l S e n s e o f P l a c e . M i n n e s o t a : U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a P re s s , 1 9 9 4 .

M c G re g o r, D u n c a n F . M . , D a v i d S i m o n , a n d D o n a l d A . T h o m p s o n . Pe r i - U r b a n I n t e r f a c e : A p p ro a c h e s t o S u s t a i n a b l e N a t u r a l a n d H u m a n R e s o u r c e u s e . S t e r l i n g , V A : E a r t h s c a n , 2 0 0 6 .

M e m o n , Py a r A l i a n d D i a n a Le e - S m i t h . “ U r b a n A g r i c u l t u re i n Ke n y a ” . C a n a d i a n J o u r n a l o f A f r i c a n S t u d i e s . v. 2 7 ( 1 9 9 3 ) : 2 5 - 4 2 .

M i t u l l a h , W i n n i e . T h e C a s e o f N a i ro b i , Ke n y a . N a i ro b i : T h e U n i v e r s i t y o f N a i ro b i , 2 0 0 3

M u l a m a , J o y c e . “ D e v e l o p m e n t Ke n y a : F l y i n g To i l e t s S t i l l A i r b o r n e . ” I n t e r P re s s S e r v i c e N e w s A g e n c y, 2 0 0 6 .

N e u w i r t h , Ro b e r t . S h a d o w C i t i e s : A B i l l i o n S q u a t t e r s , a N e w U r b a n W o r l d . N e w Yo r k , N e w Yo r k : Ro u t l e d g e , 2 0 0 4 .

N o r b e rg - S c h u l z , C h r i s t i a n . A r c h i t e c t u re : M e a n i n g a n d P l a c e : S e l e c t e d E s s a y s . A rc h i t e c t u r a l D o c u m e n t . N e w Yo r k : E l e c t r a Ro z z o l i , 1 9 8 8 .

Pa l l e ro n i , S e rg i o a n d C h r i s t i n a M e r k e l b a c h . S t u d i o- a t - L a rg e : A r c h i t e c t u re i n S e r v i c e o f G l o b a l C o m m u n i t i e s . S u s t a i n a b l e D e s i g n f ro m t h e Pa c i f i c N o r t h w e s . 1 s t e d e d . S e a t t l e : U n i v e r s i t y o f Wa s h i n g t o n P re s s , 2 0 0 4 .

Pe t e r s o n , G a r y. “ Te d d y C r u z - w h a t A d a p t i v e A rc h i t e c t u re c a n Le a r n f ro m S h a n t y t o w n s . ” Re s i l i e n c e S c i e n c e . < h t t p : / / r s . re s a l l i a n c e . o rg / 2 0 0 6 / 0 3 / 1 5 / t e d d y- c r u z - w h a t - a d a p t i v e - a rc h i t e c t u re - c a n - l e a r n - f ro m - s h a n t y t o w n s / >

R i c h a rd s o n , V i c k y. “ N e w Ve r n a c u l a r A rc h i t e c t u re . ” A r c h i t e c t u re W e e k . < h t t p : / / w w w . a rc h i t e c t u re w e e k . c o m / 2 0 0 2 / 0 6 0 5 / d e s i g n _ 1 - 2 . h t m l >

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R i d e l l , Ro g e r C . A p p e n d i x 1 2 - N G O E v a l u a t i o n S y n t h e s i s S t u d y : T h e Ke n y a n C a s e S t u d y. Lo n d o n : O v e r s e a s D e v e l o p m e n t I n s t i t u t e , 1 9 9 7

S a c h s , J e f f re y D . T h e E n d o f Po v e r t y : E c o n o m i c Po s s i b i l i t i e s f o r o u r Ti m e . To ro n t o , O n t a r i o : Pe n g u i n B o o k s , 2 0 0 5 .

S a s s e n , S a s k i a . C i t i e s i n a W o r l d E c o n o m y . S e c o n d E d i t i o n e d . Lo n d o n , U n i t e d K i n g d o m : Pi n e F o rg e P re s s , 2 0 0 0 .

S e n n e r, K a t h r i n . M u k u ru R e c y c l i n g C e n t re - A G e n d e r E v a l u a t i o n . N a i ro b i : U n i t e d N a t i o n s H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s P ro g r a m m e , 2 0 0 1

S h e e h a n , M o l l y O ’ M e a r a . W h e re t h e S i d e w a l k s E n d . W o r l d Wa t c h : W o r k i n g f o r a S u s t a i n a b l e Fu t u re . N o v e m b e r / D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 2 .

S m i t h , D a v i d . K i b e r a : A f r i c a ’ s L a rg e s t S l u m . B o s t o n : A f f o rd a b l e H o u s i n g I n s t i t u t e : U n i t e d S t a t e s , J u l y 2 0 0 5 .

S o l à - M o r a l e s R u b i ó , I g n a s i a n d S a r a h W h i t i n g . D i f f e re n c e s : To p o g r a p h i e s o f C o n t e m p o r a r y A r c h i t e c t u re . W r i t i n g A rc h i t e c t u r. [ C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . ] : [ M I T P re s s ] , 1 9 9 7 .

Ta c o l i , C e c i l i a , e d . T h e E a r t h s c a n R e a d e r i n R u r a l - U r b a n L i n k a g e s . Lo n d o n , U K : E a r t h s c a n , 2 0 0 6 .

Ti b a i j u k a , A n n a . C i t i e s w i t h o u t S l u m s . O u r P l a n e t M a g a z i n e , 2 0 0 5 .

To y, M a g g i , J e re m y Ti l l , a n d S a r a h W i g g l e s w o r t h . E v e r y d a y a n d A r c h i t e c t u re . A rc h i t e c t u r a l D e s i g n P ro f i l e ; n o . 1 3 ; A rc h i t e c t u r a l D e s i g n ( Lo n d o n , E n g l a n d : 1 9 7 1 ) ; v. 6 8 , n o . 7 - 8 . Lo n d o n : A rc h i t e c t u r a l D e s i g n , 1 9 9 8 .

U N A I D S . 2 0 0 6 R e p o r t o n t h e G l o b a l A I D S E p i d e m i c . U N A I D S , 2 0 0 6 .

U N A I D S . O rg a n i z a t i o n s W o r k i n g i n Ke n y a t o A d d re s s H I V a n d A I D S i n W o m e n . N a i ro b i : U N A I D S ; T h e G l o b a l C o a l i t i o n o n Wo m e n a n d A I D S , 2 0 0 6 .

U N A I D S a n d Wo r l d H e a l t h O rg a n i z a t i o n ( W H O ) . A I D S E p i d e m i c U p d a t e . G e n e v a : U N A I D S , D e c e m b e r 2 0 0 6 .

U N I C E F . A C a l l t o A c t i o n : C h i l d re n - t h e M i s s i n g Fa c e o f A I D S . N e w Yo r k : U n i t e d N a t i o n s C h i l d re n’ s F u n d ( U N I C E F ) ; U N A I D S , 2 0 0 5 .

U N I C E F . T h e S t a t e o f t h e W o r l d ’ s C h i l d re n 2 0 0 6 : E x c l u d e d a n d I n v i s i b l e . N e w Yo r k : U n i t e d N a t i o n s C h i l d re n’ s F u n d ( U N I C E F ) , 2 0 0 6 .

U N I C E F , U N A I D S , a n d U . S . P re s i d e n t ’ s E m e rg e n c y P l a n f o r A I D S Re l i e f. A f r i c a ’ s O r p h a n e d a n d Vu l n e r a b l e G e n e r a t i o n : C h i l d re n A f f e c t e d b y A I D S . N e w Yo r k : U n i t e d N a t i o n s C h i l d re n’ s F u n d ( U N I C E F ) , A u g u s t 2 0 0 6 .

U N I C E F , U N A I D S , a n d U S A I D . C h i l d re n o n t h e B r i n k 2 0 0 4 : A J o i n t R e p o r t o f N e w O r p h a n E s t i m a t e s a n d a F r a m e w o r k f o r A c t i o n . N e w Yo r k : U n i t e d N a t i o n s C h i l d re n’ s F u n d ( U N I C E F ) , 2 0 0 4 .

U n i t e d N a t i o n s . T h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s R e p o r t 2 0 0 6 . N e w Yo r k : U n i t e d N a t i o n s , 2 0 0 6 .

U n i t e d N a t i o n s D e v e l o p m e n t P ro g r a m ( U N D P ) . I n v e s t i n g i n D e v e l o p m e n t - A P r a c t i c a l P l a n t o A c h i e v e t h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s . Lo n d o n : E a r t h s c a n , 2 0 0 5 .

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U n i t e d N a t i o n s H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s P ro g r a m m e ( U N - H A B I T A T ) . S t a t e o f t h e W o r l d ’ s C i t i e s 2 0 0 6 / 7 : T h e M i l l e n n i u m D e v e l o p m e n t G o a l s a n d U r b a n S u s t a i n a b i l i t y . Lo n d o n , U n i t e d K i n g d o m : E a r t h s c a n , 2 0 0 6 .

U n i t e d N a t i o n s H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s P ro g r a m m e ( U N - H A B I T A T ) . Fi n a n c i n g U r b a n S h e l t e r: G l o b a l R e p o r t o n H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s 2 0 0 5 . Lo n d o n , U n i t e d K i n g d o m : E a r t h s c a n , 2 0 0 5 .

U n i t e d N a t i o n s H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s P ro g r a m m e ( U N - H A B I T A T ) . T h e C h a l l e n g e o f S l u m s : G l o b a l R e p o r t o n H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s 2 0 0 3 . Lo n d o n , U n i t e d K i n g d o m : E a r t h s c a n , 2 0 0 3 .

U n i v e r s i t y o f S u s s e x . I n s t i t u t e o f D e v e l o p m e n t S t u d i e s . R u r a l A p p r a i s a l : R a p i d , R e l a x e d a n d Pa r t i c i p a t o r y. Lo n d o n : 1 9 9 2 .

U S A g e n c y f o r I n t e r n a t i o n D e v e l o p m e n t , B u re a u f o r A f r i c a , O f f i c e o f S u s t a i n a b l e D e v e l o p m e n t . Ke n y a D a t a P ro f i l e : O r p h a n s . N e w Yo r k : 2 0 0 3 .

Wa r a h , R a s n a . S l u m s a re t h e H e a r t b e a t o f C i t i e s . G l o b a l Po l i c y F o r u m 2 0 0 3 , < h t t p : / / w w w . g l o b a l p o l i c y. o rg / s o c e c o n / d e v e l o p / 2 0 0 3 / 1 0 0 6 s l u m s . h t m >

Z e t t e r, Ro g e r a n d G e o rg i a B u t i n a Wa t s o n . D e s i g n i n g S u s t a i n a b l e C i t i e s i n t h e D e v e l o p i n g W o r l d . D e s i g n a n d t h e B u i l t E n v i ro n m e n t S e r i e . A l d e r s h o t , E n g l a n d ; B u r l i n g t o n , V T: A s h g a t e , 2 0 0 6 .

“ 5 0 x 1 5 : D i g i t a l I n c l u s i o n w i t h a D e a d l i n e . ” A M D . < h t t p : / / 5 0 x 1 5 . a m d . c o m / e n - u s / d e f a u l t . a s p x ? s i = 1 >

“ B B C Wo r l d S e r v i c e - Wa t e r Wa l k s . ” < h t t p : / / w w w . b b c . c o . u k / w o r l d s e r v i c e / s p e c i a l s / 1 2 2 8 _ w a t e r w a l k s / p a g e 4 . s h t m l >

“ D a n d o r a Pa r i s h , N a i ro b i , Ke n y a . ” < h t t p : / / w w w . t e a c h e r s h e l p i n g t e a c h e r s - t h t . c o m / d a n d o r a / i n d e x . a l b u m / d a n d o r a - p a r i s h - n a i ro b i - k e n y a ? i = 0 >

“ D e v e l o p m e n t F o c u s e d Re s e a rc h Pa r t n e r s h i p s i n U r b a n a n d Pe r i - U r b a n A g r i c u l t u re . ” U r b a n H a r v e s t . < h t t p : / / w w w . c i p o t a t o . o rg / u r b a n h a r v e s t / h o m e / a b o u t _ u a . h t m >

“ D o m e s t i c Ro o f w a t e r H a r v e s t i n g Re s e a rc h P ro g r a m m e . ” < h t t p : / / w w w . e n g . w a r w i c k . a c . u k / D T U / r w h / i n d e x . h t m l >

“ D o o r o f H o p e ” < h t t p : / / w w w . h o l e i n t h e w a l l . o rg . z a / >

“ A n E n v i ro n m e n t a l l y S o u n d A p p ro a c h t o U r b a n Wa t e r M a n a g e m e n t ” . U N E P - U n i t e d N a t i o n s E n v i ro n m e n t P ro g r a m m e . < h t t p : / / w w w . u n e p . o r. j p / i e t c / Pu b l i c a t i o n s / U r b a n / U r b a n E n v - 2 / 9 . a s p >

“ T h e E q u a t o r I n i t i a t i v e . ” U N D P - U n i t e d N a t i o n s D e v e l o p m e n t P ro g r a m m e . < h t p p : / / w w w . u n d p . o rg / e q u a t o r i n i t i a t i v e / >

“ G r a m e e n - B a n k i n g f o r t h e Po o r. ” < h t t p : / / w w w . g r a m e e n - i n f o . o rg / i n d e x . h t m l >

“ Ke n y a - D e v e l o p m e n t o f H o u s i n g , Wa t e r S u p p l y, a n d S a n i t a t i o n i n N a i ro b i . ” T h e Wo r l d B a n k - I n d e p e n d e n t E v a l u a t i o n G ro u p . < h t t p : / / l n w e b 1 8 . w o r l d b a n k . o rg / o e d / o e d d o c l i b . n s f / D o c U N I D V i e w F o r J a v a S e a rc h / 1 7 F 0 0 C 7 B 4 6 D 6 C 4 8 0 8 5 2 5 6 7 F 5 0 0 5 D 2 B 4E >

“ M u l l y C h i l d re n’ s F a m i l y ” < h t t p : / / w w w . m u l l y c h i l d re n s f a m i l y. o rg / v i s i o n . h t m l >

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“ N a i ro b i C i t y C o u n c i l . ” N a i ro b i C i t y C o u n c i l . < h t t p : / / w w w . n a i ro b i c i t y. o rg / d e p a r t m e n t s / d e f a u l t 2 . a s p ? s e a rc h = s e w e r a g e >

“ N a i ro b i C i t y Wa t e r a n d S e w a g e C o m p a n y. ” < h t t p : / / w w w . n a i ro b i w a t e r. c o . k e / c o n t e n t / ? c o n t e n t i d = 5 > “ N a i ro b i R a i l w a y M u s e u m . ” G re y w a l l P ro d u c t i o n s ( 2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 5 ) < h t t p : / / w w w . g re y w a l l . d e m o n . c o . u k / r a i l / Ke n y a / n r m . h t m l >

“ N e w G o u r n a V i l l a g e ” A rc h N e t D i g i t a l L i b r a r y < h t t p : / / a rc h n e t . o rg / l i b r a r y / s i t e s / o n e - s i t e . t c l ? s i t e _ i d = 1 5 6 >

“ N y u m b a n i - C a r i n g f o r A b a n d o n e d a n d O r p h a n e d H I V + C h i l d re n i n Ke n y a . ” N y u m b a n i . < h t t p : / / w w w . n y u m b a n i . o rg / >

“ Re b u i l d i n g t h e N i n t h ” < h t t p : / / w w w . re b u i l d i n g t h e n i n t h . o rg >

“ S o l a r C o o k e r s I n t e r n a t i o n a l . ” < h t t p : / / w w w . s o l a rc o o k e r s . o rg / >

“ U N - H A B I T A T: S a n i t a t i o n - Va c u t u g . ” U n i t e d N a t i o n s H u m a n S e t t l e m e n t s P ro g r a m m e . < h t t p : / / w w w . u n h a b i t a t . o rg / c a t e g o r i e s . a s p ? c a t i d = 5 4 8 >

“ U p g r a d i n g U r b a n C o m m u n i t i e s - A Re s o u rc e F r a m e w o r k . ” T h e Wo r l d B a n k G ro u p . < h t t p : / / w e b . m i t . e d u / u r b a n u p g r a d i n g / u p g r a d i n g / w h a t i s / i n d e x . h t m l >

“ W E L L - Re s o u rc e C e n t re N e t w o r k . ” Wa t e r, E n g i n e e r i n g , a n d D e v e l o p m e n t C e n t e r ( W E D C ) . < h t t p : / / w w w . l b o ro . a c . u k / w e l l / re s o u rc e s / f a c t - s h e e t s / f a c t - s h e e t s - h t m / E m p t y i n g % 2 0 p i t % 2 0 l a t r i n e s . h t m >

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