philosophy homework
Thomas Aquinas’
Five Ways
Thomas’ five arguments for the existence of God (ST I, Q. 2, iii) are all examples of cosmological arguments. Cosmology strives to give an account ( a logos) of the origin and structure of the cosmos or universe.
Each of the five ways represents Thomas’ view on the condiIons necessary for the universe to come about.
Each of the arguments is offered as an a posteriori argument. An a posteriori argument is one based on empirical evidence or evidence taken from experience.
The First Way – An argument from MoIon
1. In the world there are bodies either potenIally in moIon or actually in moIon. 2. But nothing can be changed from potenIality to actuality, except by something in a state of actuality.
3. No thing can be at once both in actuality and potenIality in the same respect. [Principle of Non-‐ContradicIon “PNC”] 4. Therefore, nothing can at once be in both actuality and potenIality with respect to moIon.
5. Thus, nothing can move itself. It must be put into moIon by something else. 6. If there were no “first mover, moved by no other” there would be no moIon.
7. But there is moIon. 8. Thus, there is a first mover, and this mover is God.
The Second Way – An argument from an efficient cause
Aristotle’s “Four Causes” 1. Material 2. Efficient 3. Formal 4. Final
The Second Way – An argument from an efficient cause
1. Nothing is the efficient cause of itself. 2. If A is the efficient cause of B, then if A is not present, then B is not present.
3. Efficient causes are determined from a first cause, through intermediate cause or causes, and last to ulImate effect. 4. If there is no first cause, there cannot be any ulImate effect. [2,3]
5. But there are effects. 6. So, there must be a first cause for all of them. God is this first cause.
The Third Way – An argument from possibility and necessity
This argument is a class example of a reduc-o. A reduc-o or reduc-on ad absurdum is a way of arguing that seeks to establish a thesis by deriving an absurdity from the denial of that statement. We’re le_ with accepIng the thesis because to reject it would lead to an absurdity.
ReducIo
Modus tollens – denying the consequent P à Q ~Q Thus, ~P (Where ~P is what you want)
Does water freeze?
1. Suppose water could not freeze. [P] 2. Then there would be no ice. [Q] 3. But wait! There IS ice! [~Q] 4. So that means that water DOES [~P]
freeze!
The 3rd way
1. We find in nature things that are possible to be and not to be, i.e., conIngent beings. 2. Everything is either necessary or conIngent.
3. Suppose that everything were conIngent. (hypothesis for the reduc-o!) 4. It is impossible for these conIngent beings always to exist, for that which can not-‐be at some Ime is not.
5. Therefore, at one Ime there was nothing. [3, 4] 6. That which does not exist begins to exist only through something already exisIng.
7. Therefore, there is nothing now. [5, 6] (the absurd result of the hypothesis) 8. But wait! There is something now!! 9. Therefore [3] has to be false.
10. And so there is a necessary being and that being is God [2].
The Fourth Way – An argument based on the noIon of gradaIon
1. GradaIon is found in things: some are beker (hoker, colder, etc.) than other things. 2. Things are X with respect to or in proporIon to how closely they resemble that which is most X.
3. Therefore, if there is nothing which is most good, there can be nothing which is good. 4. Thus, if anything is good, there must be something that is most good.
5. Therefore there must also be something which is to all beings the cause of their being, their goodness, and every other perfecIon; and this we call God.
The Fi_h Way – An argument based on teleology
Teleology is the study of the purpose (or “final end” or “goal” in the Aristotelian sense of the term) of the cosmos. This argument is o_en called an argument from “Design” because it is based on the idea that there is some observable design or purpose in the universe.
1. All natural bodies act toward certain ends. 2. Anything that acts toward an end must act either out of knowledge or under the direcIon of something with knowledge, .e.g., "as the arrow is directed by the archer."
3. But many natural beings (e.g., rocks) lack knowledge. 4. Therefore some intelligent being exists by whom all natural things are directed to their end; and this being we call God.