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The modern theory of evolution

While researching texts written about the modern theory of evolution, I found a few authors who published books about the literature of the modern theory of evolution, particularly the synthetic theory of evolution, macroevolution/microevolution and evolution that happens in individuals. These authors often placed the evolution theory they were studying into an historical context by discussing the important events in the modern evolution theory of the year the literature was published (see Julian Huxley, for example). However, while these authors discuss the modern synthesis, natural selection, genetic drift, thinking in terms of populations, I could not find much discussion about another source of modern evolution theory: evolution handbook. My goal in this paper is to bring this source into the modern evolution theory literature discussion by connecting two modern evolution theory handbooks from the nineteenth century evolution history.

To achieve my goal I have organized my paper into four main sections, two of which have sub-sections. In the first section, I provide an account of three important events in the nineteenth century synthetic theory of evolution: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and micro/macroevolution. In the second section, I discuss two nineteenth century evolution handbooks in connection with the important events described in the first section. I end my paper with a third section that offers research questions that could be answered in future versions of this paper and conclude with a fourth section that discusses the importance of expanding this particular project. This project is going to focus on a major extinct human group called the Neanderthals.

Modern evolutionary synthesis. This theory explains that this extinct group is believed to have walked the earth from over 200,000 years ago until 30,000 years ago. The fossils and genetic data shows at Neanderthals shared a common ancestor with our species around 400,000 years ago, additional investigations from the scientist revealed that the Neanderthals relationship to modern humans was even closer than previously thought. Since this is believed Neanderthal interbred with modern humans not long after they spread out to Africa. One of the improvements showed that people in Europe, New Guinea and Asia have around 2.5% Neanderthal DNA in their genetic code (Vance Ferrell 242). According, to Vance Ferrell the Neanderthal population migrated from one region to the other: migration in is case is a result of searching for food, shelter e.t.c. studies show that Neanderthals were great hunters, made and used flint and stone tools, built shelters and controlled fire. They were observed as mostly carnivorous, a little amount of evidence supports they ate other food also.

Natural selection: it is by far the main method of change; even slight advantages are important when continued. The objective of collection is the phenotype in its surrounding. Natural selection brings about the different aspects of human evolution, since it involves the adaption of a certain species in an ecosystem. These movements of the Neanderthal from different regions such as Asia and Europe brought about the change in the adaption of these species e.g. there physical appearances and even the means of communication such as their language. The evolution of language varies from region to region according to the geographical location in which the species is found due to the migration.

Darwin’s idea was that “natural selection” must have changed one species into another. Evolution explains that by this is meant totally random changes which, according to theory, always improves the creature and produces wonderful new species…modification within species are called microevolution; but of course, that is not evolution at all…..we all agree that there can be changes within species(bigger dogs and smaller dogs, larger or smaller bird bills). But changes from one species into another (fish to birds, or cow to horses) never occur. This type of change is called macroevolution and is true evolution (Vance Ferrell, science and evolution, pg 19).

Genetic drift: “So, at present, we are left with neo-Darwinian theory that evolution has occurred, and has been directed mainly by natural selection, with random contributions from genetic drift and perhaps the occasional hopeful monster. In this form, the theory is not scientific by Popper’s standards. Definitely Popper calls the theory of evolution not a scientific theory but metaphysical research programme.” Colin Patterson, Evolution (1978), p. 149. From this case the role of genetic drift is clear. Though strongly supported initially by Dobzhansky, it was downgraded later as a result from ecological genetics was obtained. Genetic drift tries to explain the changes in the coding system of the Neanderthal DNA structure from that of the modern human being. According to scientist thinking in terms of population, rather than individuals is primary: genetic diversity existing in natural populations is a key factor in evolution. The strength of natural selection in the wild is better than previously expected; the effect of ecological factors such as niche occupation, habitat and the significance of barriers to gene flow are all important.

Technology and evolution: The use of tools has been regarded as the defining characteristics of Homo sapiens, that is, as a taxonomically distinctive characteristic of the species. However, in abundance of light and increasing evidence that subhuman primates and even lower animals can use tools. To some great thinkers, facts like these served simply to confirm in them the belief that evolution was the fundamental and universal modality of change. The assimilation of technology to ordinary organic evolution was not wholly without substance, since all instruments that serve us are functionally parts of ourselves.

Conclusion

From examining Vance, Popper and Colin’s handbooks in theory of evolution any history, I can say that science and evolution seem to have a strong influence on how and why these handbooks were written. The authors’ ethos is created by how they explain their theories and how they criticize them or support them. Regardless of their stance, the authors needed to create an environment to gain an audience, and they did this by including tables of information, illustrations of animals and buildings.

Works cited

Vance Ferrell. Science and evolution book; being a practical treatise on genetic drift, natural selection and evolution and technology.