pls keep under 30% will give all info needed due by 11/2/2014 must be 800-1200 words

Quesadra Dynell Goodrum

Individual Project Phase 4

Colorado Technical University

Instructor: Jose Perez

11/03/20014

Table of Contents Sample Population 3 Questionnaires 4 Oral Interviews 4 Observation 4 Data Analysis and Measurement Strategy 4 This ethical consideration will be built on the following basic principles of ethical practice 5 a) Informed Consent 6 b) Beneficence 6 c) Justice 7 References 8

The success of this research depends on the sample population that I choose to work with. I intend to obtain information about a population and have settled for only selected members of the population to be questioned. Contacting, questioning, and obtaining information from a large population, such as all of the households residing in Colorado, is extremely expensive, difficult, and time consuming. A properly designed probability sample, however, provides a reliable means of inferring information about a population without examining every member or element. When properly conducted, a probability sample of provides very reliable information with very small margin of error for the whole population in Colorado.

Working with a sample size of 300 respondents, the smaller sampling operation lends itself to the application of more rigorous controls, thus ensuring better accuracy. This calls for rigorous controls to reduce noncomplying errors such as interviewer bias and mistakes, nonresponse problems, questionnaire design flaws, and data processing and analysis errors.

The sampling methodology used for this research is the nonprobability sampling. In this case, when discussing the results of a nonprobability sample, I will limit myself to findings of the persons sampled. The advantage of nonprobability sampling is the ease in which it can be administered. They tend to be less complicated and less time consuming.

Judgmental sampling is the type of nonprobability sampling employed for this study. In judgmental or purposive sampling, I would employ my own "expert” judgment about who to include in the sample frame. Prior knowledge and research skill I possess would be instrumental are in selecting the respondents or elements to be sampled.

Data Analysis

The data collection procedures included the following:

This involved the administering of organization questionnaires to staff members working in the organizations within the study area.

This method involved collection of data through face to face interaction with organizations managers and employees. This was to gain insight in the effect of corruption on organizations.

Observation is basic to collecting data on the current state of the study area. It was also used in verifying information collected using the questionnaires proceeds observations as a method of data collection also serves to increase the range of relevance and reliability of data and the various issues, resources and activities in.

Data was coded (for the case of open-ended questions) and entered into the SPSS program after which it was cleaned to remove cases of non-response or wrong entries. The data was analyzed using SPSS software; descriptive statistics was analyzed using frequencies and percentages. The data was then summarized into tables and graphs. Data was presented using tables, pie-charts and graphs.

Ethical Consideration

The research on ‘Effect of Corruption on Organizations’ would involve human participants to be a success hence as required it needs to go through a formal process of research ethics review. According to Blaxter et al. (2001) the common cause of ethical challenge is conflicts of interest between the researcher and the researched. The researcher may be excited about his or her research idea, and be keen to collect in-depth high quality data from those most closely affected by whatever they are researching. However, there is a risk that the researcher may be tempted to consider unethical research practice in order to try to obtain and/or retain some of the data.

This leads me to narrow my ethical consideration to a review of risks and responsibilities. This would touch on the potential risk that I may be introducing and responsibilities on my part to help address these potential risks. As a researcher, I will be responsible for satisfying myself that:

· The level of risk is justified by the importance and relevance of the research study;

· The risk is unavoidable within the study’s objectives;

· In absolute terms, the level of risk is minimized;

· Participants are fully aware of the level and nature of the risk before they agree, freely, to take part in the study;

· Precautions are in place to deal adequately with the effect of participation.

In this case the participants should know exactly what their role will be in making the research a success. This would be achieved through the preparation of an information sheet that would be given to the participants and would be made of the following information:

· Details who I am, where I am from, and what I am doing

· Explain why they are selected to be invited to take part

· Inform participants that, even if they agree to take part, they can change their mind at any time, without giving an explanation

· Elaborate on what participants would be asked to do if they agreed to take part

· Assure participants on the level of anonymity and confidentiality I can guarantee

· Say what the information will be used for, how it will be stored, and how long it will be kept

Refers to the obligation on the part of the investigator to maximize benefits for the individual participant and society, while minimizing risk of harm to the individual. Maximizing potential benefits is predicated on sound experimental design, thus research proposals must undergo rigorous scientific review before proceeding to implementation stage.

This demands equitable selection of participants, i.e., avoiding participant populations that may be unfairly coerced into participating, such as prisoners and institutionalized children. The principle of justice requires that those who undertake the burdens of research must be likely to benefit from the research.

Ernesto Dal Bo’, Martin A. Rossi Journal of Public Economics: June 2007, vol.9 Issue 5-6, pages 939-962.

Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: methods and techniques (2nd ed.). New Delhi: New Age International.

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