answer reading qustion

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Ling 200 Review and Regional Dialects readings. 1. Do you speak a dialect? Does everyone? Is ‘standard English’ a dialect? 2. Describe the experiment that Napoli reports that Baugh did (apartment hunting). (textbook p. 111) 3. What’s the difference between prescriptive grammar and descriptive grammar? 4. Define Standard English. 5. Is “It is I” better than “It’s me”? 6. Is linguistic prejudice a reality? Why are there dialects? What accounts for users of the 'same' language speaking differently? 1) Historical factors: *settlement - The earliest English speaking settlers originated from different parts of the British Isles, each with its own dialect(s). People from the same area tended to settle together and apart from other groups. *migration routes - After settlement, groups tended to migrate from east to west, spreading their dialect along with them. For example, New Englanders migrated to NY state and then into the Great Lakes region. African Americans migrated from south to north. African-Americans from South and North Carolina migrated to Washington D.C., Philadelphia and New York. African-Americans from the Deep South migrated to Chicago, St. Louis and Detroit. *language contact - During resettlement and migration, dialect speakers may come into contact with other languages (e.g. French in Louisiana, German in Pennsylvania, Spanish in the Southwest) 2) Linguistic factors (* marks those forms generally considered ‘nonstandard’): *generalization I will go ---> I'll go I would go ---> I'd go young ones ---> *young’uns perfectly acceptable to contract but only in the case of these two particular words beginning with the 'w' sound *analogy my book, your book, her book, his book, our book, their book myself, yourself, herself, *hisself, ourselves, *theirselves sing - sang - sung bring - *brang - *brung *redundancy reduction she *like the class *John hat is over there Chicago is about 350 *mile from Vienna, Il. *naturalness typically CV - ba - na - na

ath-le-tic ---> *ath-a-le-tic 3) Sociological and psychological factors: within a community, the type of language used is one of the behaviors by which members can distinguish themselves; group may heighten usage of a particular variant to show difference from other groups; language use is part of how one identifies oneself

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“Unlearning to tawk like a New Yorker” 1. Why do the featured speakers go to speech therapy? Do you think they should? 2. Do you think everyone should sound the same? “Sounds of the South” 1. What are two phonological features that are typical of Southern American English (SAE)? 2. What are two grammatical features typical of SAE? 3. What explains the disappearance of some older lexical features that used to be associated with SAE? 4. Why have some dialect features that used to be associated with only subsections of the South become typical of the broad population of the South? 5. Why is SAE evaluated negatively in other parts of the country? “Texas Talk” 1. Give particular examples of how the Texas accent (pronunciation) is changing. 2. What grammatical or vocabulary changes are happening? 3. Why is the accent changing? 4. What form(s) look like they might not change? “Getting Real in the Golden State” and “What is a California Accent” 1. What pronunciation features are associated with the stereotypical white California speaker’s accent today? 2. What other linguistic features are associated with this speech variety? 3. Explain why Japanese-Americans do not have a distinct variety of English while there is a recognized variety associated with Mexican-Americans, or Chicanos? 4. How do you refer to freeways? What freeway(s) do you take to get to campus? 5. Why do people from the Central Valley have different pronunciations than those from SoCal or NoCal? 6. Make two sentences using the word ‘barely.’ 7. What are aspects of your dialect that you have a suspicion are not typical across the country? (this can be about pronunciation, vocabulary or grammar)

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Northern Cities Vowel Shift /æ/ raised and fronted: man and bad sound like vowel of idea /ɑ/ fronted to /æ/ : cod is heard as cad /ɛ/lowered and centered /ʌ/: dead is heard as dud /ʌ/ backed /ɔ/ cud is heard as cawed My friend Ian says she loves her new Handa Civic. Did your friend Tad ever return the lax he borrowed? They’re now using electric bosses in the city. It’s too be-ad he didn’t take ke-ar of it earlier. She says she can feel gnats in her stomach. I gave my niece Buddy a tuddy bear for her birthday. Southern Cities Vowel Shift dipthong /aj/ is monophthongized to [a]: hide sounds like /had/ /e/ is lowered and centralized to /aj/: glade sounds like glide /I/, /ɛ/ and /æ/ are raised: kid sounds like keyed, Ted like tid, pat like pet Ah hed mah ket spied ez ricomminded bah the SPCA. She just petted me on the beck ‘n sid, “We’ll done.” How mini skirts hev you prist todye? Don’t hodd your prod in your accomplishmints. For her birthdye he guyve her a new sit of tools. Is Tiddy Kinnidy steel a member of the U.S. Senate? May brother Wide hez niver biked a kike. May brother Night hez niver biked a pah. The following survey is from The McGill Dialectology and Sociolinguistics Laboratory North American Regional Vocabulary Survey located at http://www.artsweb.mcgill.ca/programs/linguistics/faculty/boberg/lexical.htm Please select the word you would use most often in your everyday speech. Select more than one answer only if necessary. If the word you use is not listed, please write it in. What would you call... 1. the metal device over a sink or bathtub that controls the flow of water: faucet spigot tap other 2. the apparatus from which you'd get a drink of water in a public place: bubbler drinking fountain water fountain other 3. the device that firefighters attach their hoses to: fire hydrant fire plug other 4. the container in which you'd put water for washing the car or the floor: bucket pail other 5. stuff you throw away: garbage rubbish trash other 6. cooking outside over a charcoal grill in the summertime: barbecuing grilling out having a cookout other

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7. the wheeled conveyance you put your groceries in while shopping: shopping basket shopping buggy shopping cart shopping trolley other 8. a shallow pan for frying eggs or meat: fry pan frying pan griddle skillet spider other 9. a carbonated, non-alcoholic beverage, like Coke®, Pepsi®, Sprite®, or Mountain Dew®: coke cola cold drink fizzy drink pop soda sodapop soft drink tonic other 10. pizza with all the toppings: all-dressed deluxe everything-on-it loaded supreme the works other 11. the sweet, creamy layer on top of a cake: frosting icing other 12. your main evening meal: dinner supper other 13. food picked up and taken home to eat: carry-out take-away take-out other 14. an appliance on which you heat food in saucepans: cooker range stove other 15. the toilet facilities in a public place, like an airport, restaurant, or shopping mall: bathroom facilities ladies' or men's room lavatory loo restroom toilet washroom WC 16. a piece of furniture that seats 3 people: chesterfield couch davenport divan settee sofa other 17. a piece of furniture with drawers for socks, underwear, etc.: bureau chest (of drawers) drawers dresser highboy other