Research Essay on Progress

1

Alex Sepkowski

Professor Lewis

11/5/2014

Annotated Bibliography

Daily, Mary. "Exorcising Evil from Eve."  Beyond God and The Father: Toward a philosophy of Women's Liberation. Boston Beacon Press, 1973.

Mary was an extreme feminist. In her time sexism was very strong and seen all over. She believes the subjugated role of a woman is to have an impact on their social, political, and economical lives. Her interruption of the Adam and Eve story, she feels, makes woman believe that men are inferior and women are the root of all man's problems. She also feels women are portrayed as evil by the Adam and Eve myth by when Eve eats the forbidden fruit and encourages Adam to do the same. Mary feels women have been abused and are made to feel in adequate.

This is a useful source for my research paper because Mary represents how the feminist theory was progressed through time. She represents that by showing real events that occurred supporting her theory on how women were looked down upon. Mary analyzes and writes about many events and traditions that are not seen today. For instance the burning of witches by churches. Also by writing about "The return of Lobotomy and Psychosurgery". By Dr. Peter Breggins, she gives herself more proof about the large amount of women lobotomized in the 1970s and how through progression, that is now looked at as outdated and old.

Hume, David. “Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding –Oh Mira-Cles”. Bartleby.com, web. 10 Jan 2014. http://www.bartleby.com/37/3/14.html

Hume was important during the Enlightenment time. He lived from 1711-1776; he was a British philosopher, who used thought and reason through rationalists and empiricists ways of thinking to examine both sides of an argument. Hume originally was a founder of empiricism, which is a person’s thought, and beliefs reasoning based off what you sense, perceive, and experience. He believes seeing is everything, which also means since miracles are the only evidence of Christianity religion then Christianity is not true to him.

Hume’s way of thinking helps us thinking two ways. The rationalist use reason to explain their findings. While the empiricists use what we see, and experience to determine belief from opinion. Hume’s way of thinking has not really progressed but is still used today showing some things have not changed.

Immanuel, Krant "The Critique of Pure Reason” By: Mark Luttio

Emmanuelle studied epistemological theories or the theories of knowledge. He studied how we receive knowledge by either our rational thoughts or by one's experiences. Emmanuelle believes there is now an “either or” side to reasoning. In other words there is no "pure reasoning". Emmanuelle believes both empiricism and rationalization are needed. To process knowledge we need our minds, thoughts, and our experiences. Emmanuelle's theory demonstrates progress by showing the epistemological enterprise first started with Plato (rationalist) and Aristotle (empiricist). Then progressed into deeper reasoning’s behind and knowledge by Descartes and Spinoza (rational) and David Hume (empiricism). Then the argument finally made its way through time to Krant who instead of choosing either side he combined them. Stating you need both when looking at certain kinds of knowledge.

Aiello, Stephen. 2014. On Thomas Kuhn’s, The Structure of Scientific Revolution.

Thomas Kuhn represents his analysis in his structure of scientific revolutions. One of his most famous and still spoken today is the paradigm shift. He also is famous for his definition of "normal science". Which means, “research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation of it's further practice" (kuhn245). Another important factor to normal science according to Kuhn, are paradigms. They are models used to describe the true ideas in a field of science to assist in the research.

Kuhn’s structure of scientific revolutions is always evolving. His description of normal science is all about progress. By Kuhn’s use of language stating for further practice shows he encourages progression through time. The one thing Kuhn does that other scientists did not do was giving more answers than questions. Kuhn leaves us to answer questions that allow progress through time.

Descartes, Rene. Meditations on First Philosophy. 3rd ed. Hackett, 1993. 59. Print

Descartes focuses his studies on the first meditations starting from the western philosophies. He mainly describes the Aristotelian theory, which all knowledge is from your senses. His famous saying is" I think, therefore I am" (Discourse on the Method). He had a major impact by raising questions about the mind and body and how they act together.

Descartes helps prove progression through many of his theories. When he first thought of ways and reasons to miss trust his senses he created skepticism. Skepticism is still used today in philosophy. The study of mind and body has also progressed as you can tell by his first research and today.

Pangle, Thomas. "The Rhetorical Strategy Governing Aristotle’s Political Teaching”. The journal Politics 73 0022-3816 (2011): 84-97. EBSCO Host. Southern Political Science Associations. Web. 1 Nov 2014. http://lynnlang.student.lynn.edu:2317/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sod=e266d7e9-8c6a-49b1-qdbe-130261e26e67@sessionmgr110&vid=0hid=1137

Aristotle laid the foundation for the rhetoric theory. His studies were reviewed from ancient times all the way to today. Aristotle's rhetoric is based off of how a person debates a statement, and how a person maintains the upper hand in the debate with facts. The theory also goes into detail about how some people are successful speakers because of practice and others are just born great speakers. Aristotle had many treaties when he passed, many of them linked ethics with politics through his rhetorical strategy.

This article helps show progress by examining Aristotle's theoretical strategies and comparing them to modern politics. There are many similarities. This article goes into a heavy debate about Aristotle’s vs. modern constitutionalism. The article also shows the progression from Aristotle's virtues of philosophizing vs. the virtues of actions through ethics and politics. He is a great addition to my paper and will give a solid amount of evidence of progression through time.