Astronomy
PHYSICS 120 (FROM THE EARTH TO THE COSMOS) ! Fall, 2014 !
MIDTERM 1 Study Guide ! The following information will appear on the midterm: ! “This is a closed book and closed notes exam. Each question is 1 point; there are 40 questions in total. Calculators or any other electronic devices are NOT permitted. Use a #2 pencil.” ! PLEASE PRINT your name/student ID number on the scantron sheet. !! ASTRONOMY FORMULAE FOR MIDTERM 1 ! MOMENTUM: momentum = mv KEPLER’S THIRD LAW: P2 = a3, where P is in years and a in AU !! NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITY: !! I. Please go over all homework problems, questions on lecture slides, and lab questions. ! II. Coverage: up to the material in HW3. !! III. Practice Questions ! 1. What is the total number of galaxies in the observable universe? ! 2. How are speed and velocity different? 3. Rank the following objects from the smallest to the largest: Earth, Sun, Local Group, Virgo cluster, Pluto, Halley’s Comet, Coma Supercluster, The Large Magellan Cloud, Milky Way Galaxy, Moon, Jupiter. ! 4. True or False: The orbits of nearly all large objects in the solar system, the
planets and large moons, go from East to West. ! 5. True or False: The rotation of nearly all large objects in the solar system, the Sun,
the planets, and large moons go from West to East. ! � /31
Fg = G M1M2 d2
6. What is the apparent retrograde motion of a planet, like Mars or Saturn? ! 7. How did the ancient Greeks measure the radius of the earth? ! 8. One evening you see the moon starts to rise from the eastern horizon as the Sun
is beginning to set. The moon will appear as _________________. ! 9. One evening at 7 PM you see a crescent Moon setting shortly after sunset. Is it a
waxing or waning crescent? ! 10.How did the observation of the four moons of Jupiter by Galileo invalidate the
geocentric system? ! 11.Around which part of a comet’s orbit does it have “hair”? ! 12.Roughly, what’s the size of the Milky Way galaxy? ! 13.What type of galaxy is the MW? ! 14.What did Ptolemy propose to explain the retrograde motion of a planet? ! 15.How do we know the Crab nebula is the remnant of a supernova explosion? ! 16.Where is the center of mass of a hammer, roughly? Close to the tip of the handle
or the hammerhead? ! 17.True or False: Kepler’s First Law says planets go around the Sun in elliptical
orbits and the Sun is at the center of the orbit. ! 18.What does Kepler’s Third Law say? ! 19.What does Kepler’s Third Law imply? A planet whose orbit is far away from the
Sun will have higher or lower average velocity than a planet whose orbit is close to the Sun? !
20.Order the eight planets according to their distances from the Sun. ! 21.Kepler’s Second Law implies that when a planet is closer to the Sun in its orbit, it
is moving faster or slower than when it’s far away from the Sun? ! 22.What trajectory does the center of mass of an object follow as it is thrown into
the air at some angle (between 0 and 90°)? ! 23.What does Hubble’s Law state? !
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24.True or False: According to Newton’s First Law, when a spaceship runs out of fuel, it will gradually come to a stop. !
25.Since 2006, Pluto has been classijied as ___________________. ! 26.Roughly how big is the Sun, a Jupiter-‐like planet, an Earth-‐like planet, a typical
dwarf planet, a typical asteroid, and a typical comet? ! 27.The longest day in a year on Earth happens on: Spring Equinox, Summer Solstice,
Fall Equinox, or Winter Solstice? !!!! If there is time, I will answer individual questions. !!!!!
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