Workbook in philosophy
Introduc)on to Philosophy: Workbook II
Chapter 9: Descartes
1. "I find here that thought is an a@ribute that belongs to me; it cannot be separated from me. I am, I exist, that is certain" (Descartes qtd. in Soccio 260). What does Descartes mean by this statement and why is it so important?
2. What is meant to be proven by the wax example? How does Descartes go about proving this?
3. What is the egocentric predicament and how does Descartes a@empt to escape it?
4. Briefly outline the causal argument from the third medita)on.
5. What is the Cartesian Circle?
6. What are your thoughts on Descartes' mind-‐body duality? Do you agree that humans are comprised of these two en))es? Or, are you more likely to agree with the materialists who say that our minds are only another part of our bodies and, therefore, must operate according to scien)fic laws?
Chapter 10: The Bri)sh Empiricists
1. Define a priori knowledge. Define a posteriori (empirical) knowledge. Discuss the difference and how each is possible and how each influences our understanding of the world.
2. What is the copy theory of ideas? What is the significance of this theory in regards to how we gain knowledge?
3. What is the difference, according to Locke, between primary and secondary quali)es?
4. Define the Empirical Test of Meaning.
5. Describe Hume’s applica)on of the empirical test of meaning in the following cases:
a. The ego
b. Scien)fic reasoning
c. Ethics
d. Religion
6. Discuss skep)cism as a philosophical approach. In what ways can it be considered a strength? In what ways a weakness?
Chapter 11: Kant
1. What are the three steps of the epistemological turn?
2. What is the purpose of the regulatory categories of the mind? How does Kant envision they operate in regards to human understanding?
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Introduc)on to Philosophy: Workbook II
3. What is the difference between a hypothe)cal and a categorical impera)ve?
4. Define the categorical impera)ve and how it is derived from reason.
5. What do you think of Kant's categorical impera)ve? Do you think it is a useful moral rule? Why or why not?
Chapter 12: U)litarianism
1. What is the principle of u)lity?
2. Define the following:
1. Psychological hedonism:
2. Ethical hedonism:
3. Define and describe hedonic calculus. What is its purpose?
4. "It is be@er to be a human dissa)sfied than a pig sa)sfied; be@er to be Socrates sa)sfied than a fool sa)sfied" (Mill qtd. in Soccio 361). What does Mill mean by this statement?
5. What is the purpose of the Trolley Problem thought experiment? What are your thoughts regarding the implica)on of the experiment for u)litarianism?
Chapter 13: Marx
1. Define the Substructure and Superstructure and describe how they relate to one another.
2. How does class struggle shape human history, according to Marx?
3. How does Marx describe human nature? How does socialism/communism relate to human nature?
4. Define Marxist aliena)on.
5. What are your thoughts on Marxist aliena)on? Do you think this is a problem in our society? Why or why not?
Chapter 14: Kierkegaard
1. Define objec)vity and subjec)vity according to Kierkegaard.
2. Why does Kierkegaard cri)cize objec)vity?
3. What is the dilemma of lived choices? At what point in your life have you felt this?
4. "The story of Abraham contains just such a teleological suspension of the ethical" (Kierkegaard 173). What is the teleological suspension of the ethical and how does Abraham illustrate this?
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Introduc)on to Philosophy: Workbook II
Selec)ons from Chapter 17: Sartre
1. "It means that, first of all, man exists, turns up, appears on the scene, and, only aherwards, defines himself. If man, as the existen)alist conceives him, is indefinable, it is because at first he is nothing" (Sartre 345). What does Sartre mean that we are at first nothing? How do we define ourselves?
2. What does Sartre mean by the statement that we are condemned to be free?
Chapter 16: Nietzsche
1. Define perspec)vism. Iden)fy evidence for and/or against this idea.
2. "God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him" (Nietzsche 181). What does Nietzsche mean by this statement?
3. Define the concept of the Will to Power. What are your thoughts on the Will to Power?
Final Reflec)ons
1. Which philosopher did you enjoy studying the most and why?
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