2 page

_______________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________ Report Information from ProQuest December 07 2014 21:04 _______________________________________________________________

第 1 个文档，共 1 个 Mobile applications in the hospitality industry ProQuest 文档链接 摘要: Purpose - The purpose of this study is to examine customer intentions to download mobile applications in the hospitality industry. Even though major hospitality companies offer the mobile applications, many customers have not utilized them. The results showed what encouraged customers to download mobile applications in the hospitality industry. Design/methodology/approach - The Technology Acceptance Model was applied for this research to explain customer intentions. College students were the target population of this study because they understand and adopt the technology well. Therefore, mobile applications will become a popular way to purchase goods and services when university students will have purchasing power. Findings - Even though major hospitality companies offer mobile applications, more than a half of respondents responded that they had not used mobile applications from the hospitality firms. The results showed that promotion information was not an only reason to download mobile applications; however, the results also showed that consumers who enjoy using smartphones and who are confident in themselves are more likely to download the mobile applications. Research limitations/implications - The data were collected in a university; therefore, generalizability is one of the limitations of this research. Multiple regressions only verify the relationship between dependant and independent variables. University students may not have a chance to plan their trips so they may not need the mobile applications. Originality/value - This study employed the TAM to examine the reasons why customers download mobile applications offered by companies in the hospitality industry. Literature discussing mobile applications in the hospitality industry is very scarce. This research will assist managements in utilizing their mobile applications. 链接: Obtain full text from Shapiro Library 全文文献: Introduction Cell phones have become one of the most important electronic devices of the modern world. With their evolution into smartphones, the biggest change is that consumers are able to connect to the internet at anytime and anywhere. The number of smartphone users also increases dramatically every year. In the second quarter of 2010, 25 percent of all cell phone users in the USA owned smartphones ([18] Nielsenwire, 2010), and approximately 45 percent of cell phone users will have a smartphone by 2015 ([10] Elkin, 2011). Smartphones have brought many changes to the hospitality industry. Approximately 40 percent of leisure travelers in the USA research travel information using smartphones, and about 25 percent of smartphone users book their trips using their phones ([2] Adobe Scene Inc., 2011). To respond to these current trends, hospitality companies have offered mobile applications to customers allowing them to purchase products and services using smartphones. However, studies about mobile applications and smartphones in the hospitality industry are scarce. Therefore, this study aims to identify factors influencing consumers to download mobile applications from the hospitality companies applying the technology acceptance model (TAM). Literature reviews Smartphone and mobile commerce The technology was not mature when the first smartphone was introduced in 1999 and smartphones did not become popular until 2003 ([20] Raento et al. , 2009). In addition, smartphones sales exceeded laptop sales in 2007 and will be replacing personal computers soon ([28] Want, 2009). Likewise, the global internet development has been more focused on the mobile internet than on the PC internet ([29] Wu et al. , 2010). According to [17] Ngai and Gunasekaran (2007), the two major functions of smartphones are mobility and broad reach. This allows consumers to conduct business and be reached via smartphones at anytime and anywhere. With them, users can check their e-mail, browse the web, play games, use GPS, and utilize organizer-type

applications (e.g. diaries, contacts, and notepads) ([5] Charlesworth, 2009). Furthermore, mobile shopping in the USA increased from $396 million in 2008 to $1.2 billion in 2009 ([1] ABI Research, 2010). According to [2] Adobe Scene Inc. (2011), many people have purchased products or services using their mobile phone and more than half of the consumers were satisfied with their mobile experiences. Consumers' demands on mobile commerce are increasing; companies try to include sufficient information and convenient features on mobile applications to meet the demands on mobile commerce ([25] Tiwari and Buse, 2007). Even though several researchers began conducting studies on mobile commerce, it still has a great deal of potential for future development as it is developing and changing rapidly ([17] Ngai and Gunasekaran, 2007). The hospitality industry Many travelers have used the mobile web for planning and transactions in the USA and worldwide ([22] Starkov, 2010). Mobility and accessibility of the internet have brought many changes to travelers; they can make a reservation for hotels, flights, rental cars, etc. at anytime and anywhere using the mobile internet ([27] Wang and Wang, 2010). With the advancement of smartphones, many hospitality companies launched mobile applications to reach out to potential customers. Choice Hotels International launched their mobile application for iPhone users in 2009; hotel guests were able to make a room reservation and access the guest loyalty program ([6] Collins, 2010). Nowadays, many hotels offer mobile applications with more services. For example, Bellagio Hotel and Resort Las Vegas launched its mobile application in late 2010, through which it offers ticket reservations, concierge assistance, and room service orders ([15] MGM Mirage, 2011). Additionally, Southwest Airlines allows its customers to reserve, change, and cancel flights and check in using its mobile application ([24] Southwest Airlines Co., 2011). However, these hospitality companies are two of the few providers who utilize the mobile application efficiently. The majority use mobile applications to provide the same information they post on their web sites. With the increasing number of smartphone users, mobile applications can be utilized more efficiently to reduce companies' marketing costs and reach out to potential customers. Technology acceptance model [8], [9] Davis (1986, 1989) proposed the TAM that was based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) ([30] Fishbein and Ajzen, 1975). In addition, intentions are highly correlated with behaviors ([31] Dishaw and Strong, 1999). Since [8] Davis (1986) developed the TAM to explain and predict consumer behaviors for computer usage in workplaces ([11] Klopping and McKinney, 2004), many researchers have frequently used the TAM to explain how major factors influence individuals to accept new technologies ([21] Serenko and Bontis, 2004). The TAM explains that users' intention to accept a new technology is determined by personal attitude about use of the technology ([12] Kulviwat et al. , 2007). [8] Davis (1986) posited that users' motivation to try a new technology can be explained by two variables: perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. [9] Davis (1989) defined perceived usefulness as the degree of a person's belief to increase his or her job performance with a new technology, and perceived ease of use as the degree of a person's belief that a new technology can reduce the user's efforts. However, the original TAM was used to explain behavior in the workplace, so it is difficult to use to explain complicated consumer contexts ([16] Moon and Kim, 2001). Therefore, a modified TAM model was proposed for this study to explain consumer behaviors for downloading mobile applications. Modification of TAM for mobile applications The TAM is still considered as the basic model to explain behaviors toward new technologies from the information systems community, but many researchers have proposed modified models because the TAM has limitations in consumer contexts ([7] Chuttur, 2009). [12] Kulviwat et al. (2007) indicated that most researchers who applied the TAM have mainly focused on cognition instead of effect. However, focusing on cognition might fit into organizations because in many cases employees have to adopt a new technology in many cases unwillingly ([12] Kulviwat et al. , 2007). However, consumers are free to make their own decisions on whether they do or do not adopt the new technologies. In addition, consumers tend to choose a new technology based on their needs ([16] Moon and Kim, 2001). Thus, the TAM needs to be modified to cover complicated consumer

environments ([12] Kulviwat et al. , 2007; [16] Moon and Kim, 2001). [14] Lu and Yeung's (1998) study suggested that the usefulness of web applications can be determined by the helpfulness of them. Thus, web applications should include sufficient and detailed information about the products and services for consumers. Because products and services in the hospitality are intangible, providing sufficient information is important ([32] O'Neill and Mattila, 2010). When [13] Law and Hsu (2006) analyzed contents in the hotel web sites, they found that hotel web site users listed four following dimensions that are important to online purchasers: reservation information, facilities information, contact information, surrounding area information, and web site management. Reservation information included room rates, view or cancel reservation, and transactions, and facilities information indicated location maps, photos of facilities, promotions, frequent guests programs, and virtual tours. Contact information was phone numbers, addresses, and e-mail information. The last dimension was surrounding information, which included transportation and airport information, major attractions, and general information about the city. To test usefulness of contents, web site management dimension was not included. Originally, [8] Davis (1986) defined ease of use the degree that people believed using a new technology reduced their efforts. To focus on consumer contexts, the TAM 3 proposed by [26] Venkatesh and Bala (2008) was applied in this study. According to [26] Venkatesh and Bala (2008), the six following determinants of ease of use were highlighted: new technology self-efficacy, external control, objective usability, computer playfulness, perceived enjoyment, and computer anxiety. Self-efficacy explains personal beliefs and whether a person has the ability to use a new system. Perceived enjoyment explains that the activity of a new technology is perceived to be enjoyable. Computer anxiety describes the fear people experience when they are confronted with using a computer. In this study, mobile on smartphones were used instead of computers. Computer playfulness, objective usability, and perception of external control were excluded in this study because this study focused on consumer contexts. Research hypotheses were derived from [13] Law and Hsu's (2006) study and the TAM 3 proposed by [26] Venkatesh and Bala (2008), the proposed research model is shown in Figure 1 [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]. Hypotheses H

1 . Mobile applications' usefulness has a positive relationship with consumers' intention to download them.

H 2 . Mobile applications' perceived ease of use has a positive relationship with consumers' intention to

download them. H

3 . Mobile applications' ease of use has a positive relationship with usefulness.

Methodology A questionnaire, consisting of five sections, was generated based on previous studies and modified to fit the hospitality industry ([13] Law and Hsu, 2006; [26] Venkatesh and Bala, 2008). The first section included questions about overall use of smartphones. Respondents answered questions about their usage of smartphones such as the length of time they have used a smartphone, the main purpose for using a smartphone, and experiences about mobile applications. The second section included the questions about usefulness in using mobile applications. The third section included about ease of use when consumers use mobile applications. The fourth section asked about intention to download mobile applications. From second to fourth section, respondents answered using a seven-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree). The last section included information about respondents such as age and gender. This research focused on relationships between the respondents' intention to download mobile applications and mobile applications' usefulness and ease of use. This study employed convenience sampling, and the sample consists of university students who own smartphones. The major reason why university students were chosen as the sample for this study was that they are more familiar with new technologies such as social network services or smartphones compared to other age groups, and these new technologies are a part of their lives ([33] Junco and Cole-Avent, 2008). Furthermore, when university students will have purchasing power, mobile

applications will also become a more popular way to purchase products or services. A total of 235 usable responses were collected from college students. Cronbach's α for reliability checking, factor analysis for reduction variables, and linear regression analysis were employed using SPSS 19.0. A 2 (usefulness: ease of use)×1 (intention to download mobile application) model based on the modified TAM was used. It illustrates which types of consumers download hospitality industry mobile applications in the hospitality industry and why. In addition, the results indicated what kind of features customers want from mobile applications offered by companies. Multiple linear regression analysis was employed to test the hypotheses of the study and normality, constant variance, linearity, and outliers were checked before testing the hypotheses ([19] Norusis, 2009). Results Descriptive statistics were employed to analyze who the respondents were (Table I [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]). Approximately 38.6 percent of the respondents were male and 61.4 percent were female. All of respondents were undergraduate students and over 97 percent of the respondents were between the ages of 18 and 25. Since all of respondents were university students almost 94 percent of the respondents had an income less than $20,000. Smartphone usage questions were asked to determine respondents' understanding of smartphones. Approximately 85 percent of the respondents have used a smartphone longer than seven months. Over 41 percent of the respondents answered that they use a smartphone between 4 and 6 hours per day. About 20 percent of the respondents are using a smartphone longer than 9 hours. About 46 percent of the respondents, a total of 100 respondents had experienced using mobile applications from hospitality companies. However, among those respondents who said "yes", about 70 percent of them have used mobile applications from airlines, with 59 percent of them using mobile applications from Southwest Airlines. Exploratory factor analysis Since a modified TAM was used in this study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was run to identify correlations with 14 items in usefulness, 12 items in ease of use, and four items about intention to download mobile applications. To measure sample adequacy, Kaiser-Meyer Olkin (KMO) test was conducted, which revealed appropriate scores of 0.876 ([23] Tabachnick and Fidell, 1996). The Bartlett test of sphericity was used to check the suitability for factor analysis, which was found to be significant at the 0.000 level. It can be assumed that if the Cronbach's α value is higher than 0.60, the factor is statistically reliable ([23] Tabachnick and Fidell, 1996). As shown in Tables III-V [Figure omitted. See Article Image.], all factors were reliable factors, except factor 3 on ease of use, which was lower than the accepted value of 0.60. Three factors (promotion, information, and transaction) were extracted from the EFA (Table II [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]). All three factors' Cronbach's α values and loadings were greater than 0.6. A total of three variables with 12 items were examined to test ease of use on mobile applications. Three factors were extracted with three items on each factor. Enjoyment (EN), easiness (EA), and confidence (CO) were extracted from the EFA (Table III [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]). All three factors' alpha levels were larger than 0.6 and their loadings were also greater than 0.6 except one item in CO. In this study, the dependent variable was consumer intention to download mobile applications from hospitality companies. There were four questions asked, and the Cronbach's α was 0.892, mean was 6.51, and standard deviation was 0.71. Table IV [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] shows that usefulness of mobile applications has a significant relationship (p <0.01) with user intentions to download mobile applications. Therefore, H

1 was supported. Table

V [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] indicates that information (p <0.05, t =2.633) and transaction (p <0.05, t =2.289) have a positive relationship with intention to download mobile applications from hospitality companies. When consumers download hospitality mobile applications, they want to obtain information about the company and make a transaction with a smartphone. However, the relationship between promotion and downloading a mobile application from hospitality companies was not statistically significant.

Table VI [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] shows that there is a significant relationship (p <0.000) between intentions to download mobile applications and ease of use. All three factors (EN, EA, and CO) have statistically significant relationships with the dependent variable. Table VII [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] shows the result of each factor which is enjoyment ( p <0.01, t =5.564), easiness (p <0.05, t =1.975), and CO (p <0.01, t =3.115). Based on the results, H

2 was supported.

Table VIII [Figure omitted. See Article Image.] shows that overall ease of use has a significant relationship (p <0.01) with overall usefulness of mobile applications. The relationship between ease of use and usefulness was significant (p <0.01). Therefore, users consider that if mobile applications are easy to use, the mobile applications are useful (Table IX [Figure omitted. See Article Image.]). Therefore, H

3 was supported.

Conclusion and implication This study attempted to determine what motivates consumers to download hospitality companies' mobile applications. Consumer intention to download mobile applications was examined by two major independent variables from the TAM. First, more than half of the respondents had not used mobile applications from hospitality companies even though the majority of respondents had used smartphones for six months or longer. The results showed that there was no relationship between consumer intention to download mobile applications and promotion contents in the mobile applications. In contrast, information and transaction contents had significant relationships with intention to download mobile applications. In other words, promotion information is not a single reason to have an intention to download mobile applications. This is consistent with the results from [2] Adobe Scene Inc. (2011). Second, there was a significant relationship among intention to download mobile application, enjoyment, easiness, and confidence. Due to the fact that the respondents were technology-savvy university students, the respondents enjoyed the applications, thought the applications were easy to use, and had confidence in using them. Finally, there was a significant relationship between ease of use and usefulness of mobile applications. The results showed that if the mobile applications were easy to use, the respondents considered that those mobile applications were useful. This study is not free from a few limitations. The study employed convenience sampling methods: all data were collected from college students. Therefore, the results might not be generalizable to other age groups. In addition, about 97 percent of respondents were between the ages of 18 and 25 years old. According to [2] Adobe Scene Inc. (2011), male consumers between 30 and 49 years old purchased more products or services using smartphones than consumers in other age groups. Therefore, the results may not explain mobile commerce well. In addition, regression analysis does not prove cause-and-effect relationships. It was used to test the probability that the hypotheses in this study were valid. Finally, 59 percent of the respondents who had downloaded mobile applications from hospitality companies used the mobile application from a single company, Southwest Airlines. In contrast, only two respondents had used mobile applications from hotel companies. Southwest Airlines does not assign seats, so many customers may use the smartphone mobile application to check in early in order to get a preferred boarding pass number. Customers downloaded Southwest Airlines' application because they strongly felt a need for it. Hotel companies should adopt Southwest Airlines' strategy so that their mobile applications are utilized more and better by their customers. For example, hotel companies could offer special discounts or deals for customers who make room reservations, check in, or check out using their mobile applications. Online travel agencies such as hotels.com, Expedia, or Priceline are providing mobile applications that enable customers to book a hotel room, a rental car, or a flight immediately. Therefore, consumers may view other mobile applications from hospitality companies as unnecessary ([3] Belopotosky, 2011). As the results have shown, promotion information is not a single reason to download mobile applications. To encourage more

consumers to download mobile applications, hospitality companies need to consider including unique features in mobile applications instead of using them only for promotional purposes. This study focused only on consumers' intention to download mobile applications because not many people have had experiences with purchasing products or services using the mobile applications. Future researchers may be able to test actual purchasing activities with mobile applications by extending the findings of this study. Future researchers can also apply information from this study to any or all hospitality industries, such as lodging, restaurant, or airline industries, since customers who definitely want to purchase products or services may well have different perceptions of using mobile applications. Therefore, if future researchers examine consumers' intention to download companies' mobile applications in different hospitality industries, they may produce different results compared to those of this study. References 1. ABI Research (2010), Shopping by Mobile Will Grow to $119 Billion in 2015, ABI Research, February, available at: www.abiresearch.com/press/1605-Shopping+by+Mobile+ Will+Grow+to+$119+Billion+in+2015 (accessed July 3, 2011). 2. Adobe Scene Inc. (2011), Adobe Scene7 Mobile Commerce Survey: Mobile Shopper Insights for 2011, avaialble at: www.scene7.com/report/AdobeScene7_Mobile_Shoppers_Insights.pdf (accessed September 17, 2011). 3. Belopotosky, D. (2011), "Mobile booking apps are only just starting to deliver", The New York Times, May 4, available at: www.nytimes.com/2011/05/05/business/05APPS.html (accessed January 17, 2012). 5. Charlesworth, A. (2009), "The ascent of smartphone", Engineering &Technology, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 32-3. 6. Collins, G. (2010), "Usable mobile ambient intelligent solutions for hospitality customers", Journal of Information Technology Impact, Vol. 10 No. 1, pp. 45-54. 7. Chuttur, M.Y. (2009), "Overview of the technology acceptance model: origins, developments and future directions", Sprouts: Working Papers on Information Systems, Vol. 9 No. 37, available at: http://sprouts.aisnet.org/9-37Sprouts (accessed October 24, 2011). 8. Davis, F.D. (1986), "Technology acceptance model for empirically testing new end-user information systems theory and results", doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. 9. Davis, F.D. (1989), "Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology", MIS Quarterly, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 319-40. 10. Elkin, N. (2011), "Smart and getting smarter", eMarketer, February, available at: www.emarketer.com/Products/Explore/ReportListaspx?dsNav=Rpp:25,N:861,Nr:Type%3AReport (accessed August 8, 2011). 11. Klopping, M.I. and McKinney, E. (2004), "Extending the technology acceptance model and the task- technology fit model to consumer e-commerce", Information Technology, Learning, and Performance Journal, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 35-48. 12. Kulviwat, S., Bruner, G.C., Kumar, A., Nasco, A.S. and Clark, T. (2007), "Toward a unified theory of consumer acceptance technology", Psychology &Marketing, Vol. 24 No. 12, pp. 1059-84. 13. Law, R. and Hsu, H.C.C. (2006), "Importance of hotel website dimensions and attributes: perceptions of online browsers and online purchasers", Journal of Hospitality &Tourism Research, Vol. 30 No. 3, pp. 295-312. 14. Lu, M. and Yeung, W. (1998), "A framework for effective commercial web application development", Internet Research, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 166-73. 15. MGM Mirage (2011), MGM Resorts International, January, available at: www.mgmresorts.com/mobile/mgm_grand.aspx (accessed June 5, 2011). 16. Moon, J.M. and Kim, Y.G. (2001), "Extending the TAM for a world-wide-web context", Information &Management, Vol. 38 No. 4, pp. 217-30. 17. Ngai, W.T.E. and Gunasekaran, A. (2007), "A review for mobile commerce research and applications",

Decision Support Systems, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 3-15. 18. Nielsenwire (2010), "Android soars, but iphone still most desired as smartphones grab 25% of US mobile market", Neilsenwire, August, available at: http://blog.nielsen.com/nielsenwire/online_mobile/android-soars-but- iphone-still-most-desired-as-smartphones-grab-25-of-u-s-mobile-market/ (accessed October 3, 2011). 19. Norusis, M.J. (2009), SPSS 17.0 Guide to Data Analysis, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 20. Raento, M., Oulasvirta, A. and Eagle, N. (2009), "Smartphones: an emerging tool for social scientists", Sociological Methods &Research, Vol. 37 No. 3, pp. 426-54. 21. Serenko, A. and Bontis, N. (2004), "A model of user adoption of mobile portals", Quarterly Journal of Electronic Commerce, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 69-98. 22. Starkov, M. (2010), "The HeBS perspective: hotel mobile apps vs hotel mobile websites", Hospitality eBusiness Strategies, available at: www.hospitalityebusiness.com/articles/documents/HeBS- 2010MobileApps.pdf (accessed November 8, 2011). 23. Tabachnick, G. and Fidell, L. (1996), Using Multivariate Statistics, 3rd ed., HarperCollins College Publishers, New York, NY. 24. Southwest Airlines Co. (2011), "The southwest airlines app for iphone is here", Southwest Airlines, available at: www.setlovefree.net/iphone/?int=HOMENEWS1BIPHONE100831 (accessed July 19, 2011). 25. Tiwari, R. and Buse, S. (2007), The Mobile Commerce Prospects: A Strategic Analysis of Opportunities in the Banking Sectors, Hamburg University Press, Hamburg. 26. Venkatesh, V. and Bala, H. (2008), "Technology acceptance model 3 and a research agenda on interventions", Journal Compilation, Vol. 39 No. 2, pp. 273-315. 27. Wang, H.Y. and Wang, S.H. (2010), "Predicting mobile hotel reservation adoption: insight from a perceived value standpoint", International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 598-608. 28. Want, R. (2009), "When cell phones become computers", Pervasive Computing, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 2-5. 29. Wu, X., Chen, Q., Zhou, W. and Guo, J. (2010), "A review of mobile commerce consumers' behaviour research: consumer acceptance, loyalty and continuance (2000-2009)", International Journal of Mobile Communications, Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 528-60. 30. Fishbein, M. and Ajzen, I. (1975), Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA. 31. Dishaw, M.T. and Strong, D.M. (1999), "Extending the technology acceptance model", Information &Management, Vol. 36 No. 1, pp. 9-21. 32. O'Neill, J. and Mattila, A. (2010), "Hotel brand strategy", Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, Vol. 51 No. 1, pp. 27- 34. 33. Junco, R. and Cole-Avent, G.A. (2008), "An introduction to technologies commonly used by college students", New Directions for Student Services, Vol. 124, pp. 3-17. Further Reading 1. Bruner, G.C. and Kumar, A. (2005), "Explaining consumer acceptance of handheld internet devices", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 58 No. 5, pp. 553-8. Appendix About the authors Jun Mo Kwon is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing at Texas Tech University. Jun Mo Kwon is the corresponding author and can be contacted at: [email protected] Jung-in (Stephanie) Bae is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing at Texas Tech University. Shane C. Blum is an Associate Professor and the Chairperson of the Department of Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing at Texas Tech University. AuthorAffiliation

Jun Mo Kwon, Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA Jung-in (Stephanie) Bae, Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA Shane C. Blum, Nutrition, Hospitality, and Retailing Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA Illustration Figure 1: Model proposition Table I: Profile of respondents Table II: Exploratory factor analysis (usefulness) Table III: Exploratory factor analysis (ease of use) Table IV: Summary of regression analysis (usefulness) Table V: Significance of regression coefficients (usefulness) Table VI: Summary of regression analysis (ease of use) Table VII: Significance of regression coefficients (usefulness) Table VIII: Summary of regression analysis (ease of use) Table IX: Significance of regression coefficients (ease of use) 主题: Hotels & motels; Smartphones; Technological change; Wireless communications; Studies; 地点: United States--US 公司/组织: 名称: Southwest Airlines Co; NAICS: 481111; 分类: 8380: Hotels & restaurants; 9130: Experimental/theoretical; 5250: Telecommunications systems & Internet communications; 9190: United States 标题: Mobile applications in the hospitality industry 作者: Kwon, Jun Mo; Jung-in (Stephanie) Bae; Blum, Shane C 出版物名称: Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 卷: 4 期: 1 页: 81-92 出版年份: 2013 出版日期: 2013 出版商: Emerald Group Publishing, Limited 出版物地点: Bingley 出版物国家/地区: United Kingdom 出版物主题: Travel And Tourism, Computers--Internet ISSN: 17579880 来源类型: Scholarly Journals 出版物语言: English 文档类型: Feature DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579881311302365 ProQuest 文档 ID: 1315386010

文档 URL: http://ezproxy.snhu.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/1315386010?accountid=3783 版权: Copyright Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2013 最近更新: 2013-09-09 数据库: ProQuest Central

参考书目 Citation style: APA 6th - American Psychological Association, 6th Edition

Kwon, J. M., Jung-in (Stephanie) Bae, & Blum, S. C. (2013). Mobile applications in the hospitality industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 4(1), 81-92. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17579881311302365

_______________________________________________________________ 联系 ProQuest 版权  2014 ProQuest LLC。 保留所有权利。 - 条款与条件