I have 9 page argument paper on global warming , but i just have 6 sources and 4 more. also need help annotated bibliography

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Global warming

Haven’t we had of this term before? Certainly we have encountered matters to do with global warming without our knowledge and for the case where an individual understands, then neglect is a norm. Global warming refers to the continued slight increase in the average temperatures of the earth which will lead to adverse effects including change in climate in this planet (Wear & Spencer, 165).

Human beings take part in global warming. Many activities we engage in end up emitting gases which are responsible for warming with or without our knowledge. This make up the green house gases. When we burn fossil fuels, drive our cars, operate our factory engines or in the process of producing electricity we release these gases. Carbon dioxide normally referred to as carbon (IV) oxide is the major gas that is responsible for global warming. Agriculture too is responsible for release of other supportive gases such as methane, ruminant animals in most cases will lead to release of methane gas. Fertilisers release nitrous oxide which is also in forefront in warming. Gases which are commonly used for refrigeration and industrial processes are also responsible for global warming.

Greenhouse gases have different ability in trapping heat (Houghton, 370). Many greenhouse gases have a higher heat trapping capability than carbon (IV) but since there concentrations are much lower and in some instances is negligible, then we need to focus in this carbon dioxide. For instance, methane has heat trapping capability that is twenty times more than carbon (IV) oxide gas. Nitrous oxide gas has a capability that is three hundred times more than carbon dioxide. However, carbon (IV) oxide is the leading in warming due to its high concentration in the atmosphere.

Understanding the earth’s atmosphere and its layers which are key to getting much in global warming is of essence. The earth has five layers in its atmosphere. These layers are troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere. The troposphere is the lower atmospheric layer in which we breathe. The middle atmosphere is made up of two layers namely stratosphere and mesosphere. The upper atmosphere consists of two layers again namely thermosphere and exosphere.

It is essential to understand what ozone is and later how it gets depleted as a result of this emissions. Basically, a molecule of oxygen is made up of two atoms of oxygen. The radiation of the sun breaks up some of the molecular oxygen apart in the stratosphere region. When one atom of oxygen collides with a molecule of oxygen, they fuse together. This compound consisting of three atoms of oxygen make up the ozone. Several of these compounds form the ozone layer. Ultraviolet (UV) are harmful rays from the sun. The ozone layer is responsible for bouncing back of these ultraviolet rays so that it does not reach the earth’s surface (Philander, 99). Stratosphere does not have a lot of ozone, however, the little that is available there is enough to protect the earth from the harmful ultraviolet rays. Somebody will wonder what ozone hole is. This refers to a seasonal hole that was forming in the ozone layer over the South Pole. This came in as bitter fruits of destruction of Ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Some of the elements that were responsible were chlorine, bromine in compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons and more. They were commonly used across the globe in hairsprays, fire extinguishers and more. All these put together led to the depletion of Ozone layer and the result was formation of Ozone hole.

Having understood the layers of the atmosphere and the ozone, it is now simpler to know how carbon (IV) oxide comes in. It is true that carbon (IV) oxide has no direct effect on the Ozone layer. However, other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons have direct effect on the Ozone. It is worth noting that high concentration of carbon (IV) oxide has an indirect effect on the Ozone layer in the stratosphere region of the earth’s atmosphere. The effect is dependent on the atmospheric layer that is occupying and the latitude. A practical view of this is found in the lower stratosphere and on the equator. There is high carbon (IV) oxide release making the production process of a new zone very slow. However around the poles, it prevents nitrogen from breaking ozone down thereby increasing it.

Where have did we start going astray? As much as were point out facts about global warming, some will still claim that warming and other emissions such as carbon dioxide are healthy and desirable. Maybe it is due to neglect now for those who have knowledge about it.

It is no surprise some of the renowned scientists have come up with misleading theories so as to support such ideas. The irony beneath this situation is the fact that these scientists understand that what they say is wrong. However, most of them know that depletion of ozone layer takes time since it is a slow process, thus they would not be there when the climate will be unbearable. Simply this is a reflection of an individual who cares more of himself and not the rest. A person who takes care of today and forgets that tomorrow is there. Yes, our generation will go, what of the next generation?

They claim that carbon (IV) oxide enrichment brings not only growth but prosperity to human and nature. From this they make praise of the ever increasing carbon (IV) oxide concentration in the atmosphere. They discard scientific facts and proclaim that the earth will be a better place when we keep up with the increasing carbon (IV) oxide content in the atmosphere.

To them elevated levels of carbon (IV) oxide concentration is a boon to the biosphere. They back up their wrong ideas by bringing out the tailor made benefits that result from the biosphere. These include enhanced pant growth, increased food production for both human beings and animals and increased plant water use efficiency. This is not the way to go. People have to be feed with correct and accurate information so that they can engage in an activity knowing its consequences.

I completely discard the claim that growth enhancing effects of carbon (IV) oxide supersedes the balance we need. They will give explanations such as the following. Carbon (IV) oxide is a good aerial fertilizer. It therefore directly enhances the growth of many terrestrial plants and aquatic plants. Increased alga growth in the sea leads to increased release of sulphur compounds on earth which result in cooling the earth through cloud formation. It is from here that they make an assumption that, since carbon (IV) oxide leads to more growth of terrestrial plants then these plants will emit sulphur compounds to the land thereby cooling it. They further claim that non-sulphur based biogenic materials of terrestrial origin take part as water and ice nucleating aerosols. From this, another assumption is made that we should have increasing levels of carbon (IV) oxide in the atmosphere so that it favours the airborne presence of these materials. Others base their claims on grounds such as; that in the past century there was weak correlation between atmospheric Carbon (IV) oxide concentration and global air temperature. They use these mix up of scientific facts and theories to convince the people to keep on increasing carbon (IV) oxide content in the atmosphere.

Think of impacts of global warming in the globe. Global warming has had significant and very costly effects touching almost all areas of life. These include effects on climate, environment, health and more. Despite the fact that the type and magnitude of local events that occur as a result of global warming vary depending on the region, global warming has had strong implications on this earth. I will look at a number of these effects of which most probably we have come across.

Global warming has resulted in accelerating sea level rise and increased coastal flooding (Houghton, 401). This phenomenon is constantly increasing seal level rise. This has led to increased flooding risks in low altitude areas. There is high risk coastal properties which has resulted from the high risk insurance cover. Since 1880 there has been an increase of eight inches in height of sea level. It is of concern that the rise is faster on the United States East coast and the Mexican Gulf.

It has led to frequent and intense heat waves. The weather we are experiencing today is certainly different than the one we had in other centuries. The reason behind is global warming. Heat waves are expected to become more frequent and severe with continued global warming. When they become severe, ultimately it exposes human beings and animals to serious health risks. Some of possible results include heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

There have been longer and more damaging wildfire seasons. For instance wildfire seasons is getting longer in the western parts of United States. This is due to temperature rise being experienced. Summer temperature and spring snow melt have led to forests with priming conditions for wildfires due to longer drier and hotter periods of time.

Changing seasons has also come up due to global warming. For instance springs come much earlier than the time it used to arrive some time back. In the northern hemisphere, it now arrives ten days earlier than it used to do. Look at the snow, it melts much earlier than we used to see. The green vegetation dries up much earlier paving the way with proper set conditions for wildfires (Nordhaus & William, 311).

Melting ice is perhaps one of the most dangerous effect of global warming. Many other hazards such as flooding thrive with melting of snow. The polar regions of the earth is experiencing increase in temperatures. Most of the world glaciers are exposed to the ever increasing temperatures hence they melt. Their melting rate is being accelerated by these temperatures to an extent that melting rate is higher than new ice and snow could replace them.

In the past coral reefs used to be formed faster and they grew as many may say. However, today the existence of coral reefs is completely a different story. The average sea surface temperatures rise with rise in the global temperature rise. High temperatures such as these cause damage to coral reefs.

Global warming has led to plant and animal range shifts. The climate always changed with time and this has affected the range of plants and animals. It has changed behaviours of these animals. Animals have developed different and new adaptive behaviours. This has had significant changes in the food chain. Animal species that thrive in warm weather will increase while those species that thrive in cooler environments will reduce in number and ultimately face extinction.

Heavier precipitation and flooding is as a result of global warming. Increase in temperatures leads to more rain falls especially during the heaviest downpours. This intern increases the risks for flooding. Heavy precipitation events i.e. the heaviest one percent of storms is more than what was experienced in the past.

A high potential for abrupt climate change crowns all the effects of global warming. It is not a usual event in occurrence, but global warming increases its chances to occur. This is an event that scientists across the globe fear of its consequences. It has ability to change the circulation pattern of the ocean. The United States East Coast and parts of Europe perhaps will feel it more than other parts in the globe.

It is now clear that global warming has got adverse effects. The impacts cut across all areas of life such as environment, health, climate, food chains and more. It therefore calls for swift action to curb this before the situation gets out of hand. We must take immediate and quick action to reduce global warming emissions. If we continue giving a deaf ear to this effects, they will intensify and become more damaging and costly.

We need to reduce fuel use at all costs. Combustion of fossil fuels leads to an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. There are several ways in which we can reduce fossil fuel use. You can choose to use less energy, this means consumption rate of fuel you use is slow thus reducing the amounts of greenhouse gases released to the atmosphere. Another perfect way is to use alternative sources of energy which do not pollute the environment. These sources that are environmentally friendly include solar and wind energy. This might seem a dream to many. We need rise up, own the problem and implement these measures. Take an example of energy we use at home. In case you use electricity, you could save on this by using energy efficient electrical devices. One could choose to reduce gasoline use and buy green power in case it is available.

Planting trees will serve to reduce global warming (Nolt & Jonathan, 268). From the earlier view of carbon (IV) oxide, we realize this is one of the main gases responsible for global warming. Its participation in the depletion of Ozone layer is based on the fact that it has a higher concentration in the earth’s atmosphere. Plants take in carbon (IV) oxide and intern release Oxygen gas. Plants use carbon (IV) oxide for their tissue development and the remaining is taken back to the soil. Likewise deforestation will lead global warming.

Reducing the amount of wastes we dispose will also help offset this condition. The production of garbage has a wide role in global warming. It contributes either directly or indirectly. Most of the garbage piled up in landfills, decompose releasing methane and other greenhouse gases. We therefore have an obligation to reduce our consumption patterns. We need to practice reusing of some materials other than disposing them. It is logical that fewer material requires less energy to manufacture hence less emissions. Likewise more materials require more energy to produce resulting to more emissions.

We need to encourage other people to learn ways in which we can curb global warming. This is very useful as many do not have information about global warming. We need to share with others for example classmates, workmates, neighbours and more. We even need to advise our public officials to come with good programs or policies that will enable us reduce global warming.

These efforts we make today in creating awareness about global warming pains those who do not care for the coming generation. They say that climate computer models are too crude to predict any future climate changes. To them anyone who talks of global warming has made adjustments in his investigation results to favour expectations. This has made people to doubt the credibility of the information they get concerning global warming. If only these scientist could rise and speak the truth then global warming would have been a forgotten story by this century.

Their argument continues that efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions would be much costly. It would not even stop the climate of the earth from changing. That such a process would require higher energy taxes and regulation which will lead to governments losing a lot of jobs and annual revenue. Such people advocate for administrations not to do anything since they consider as a waste of resources and time. They convince the people that their reliable sources of temperature does not show any signs of global warming. Most of them who have outstanding economic power have corrupted scientist so as to sign a petition against their findings. They have done this and succeeded. For example many scientists signed up the petition which was circulated by Oregon institute of Science and Medicine. The document detailed that there was no convincing scientific evidence that release of carbon (IV) oxide or either of the greenhouse gases can cause global warming.

Public awareness about global warming is vital. There is a lot that we need to do to ensure that information about global warming reaches as many people as possible. It is of great concern that many people in underdeveloped countries do not have knowledge on what is happening in the environment. Most of these public awareness campaigns become successful when there is a targeted group. We can do this in several ways.

Local outreach to the people will play a great role. Education about global warming is of equal importance in in both developed and developing countries. In most cases there are several barriers especially in developing countries such language barrier and lack of interest about the same. Such a scenario requires that one has to approach the religious and community leaders who will then assist you in passing information to the people. Governmental or Non- Governmental organisations can take part in this public awareness campaign.

The media is also an easier way to pass global warming information to the people. This will mostly work better in developed countries and urban areas. This involves printing articles about global warming. The use of broadcast and internet to share information on global warming. Government or private agencies too can take part in this exercise by holding briefings on global warming. The broadcast media can increase its coverage on global warming and its impacts.

Classroom education is a crucial tool in passing global warming information. This will lead to a long term success since most of the young will have knowledge before they are above eighteen years. Such individuals will be responsible and can make informed choices when they become adults.

Global warming is real. Having closely examined the several causes of global warming we realize that we are responsible for this condition. The effects that come as a result of this condition are costly and damaging. We also appreciate the fact that we can take part in preventing global warming through several ways. However, one should be on the lookout for those who are there to cheat the public that global warming does not exist.

Works cited

Archer, David. Global warming: understanding the forecast. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Print.

Houghton, J. T. Global warming the complete briefing. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Print.

Weart, Spencer R. The discovery of global warming. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2008. Print.

Nott, Jonathan. Extreme events: a physical reconstruction and risk assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

Nordhaus, William D. A question of balance: weighing the options on global warming policies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008. Print.

Philander, S G. Encyclopedia of global warming & climate change. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications, 2012. Print.