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Lecture 1.1: CommunismLecture 1.1: CommunismLecture 1.1: CommunismLecture 1.1: Communism (Unit 1) (Unit 1) (Unit 1) (Unit 1)

CAPS 407: Cultural and Political SystemsCAPS 407: Cultural and Political SystemsCAPS 407: Cultural and Political SystemsCAPS 407: Cultural and Political Systems MMMMethod of Delivery: ethod of Delivery: ethod of Delivery: ethod of Delivery: OnlineOnlineOnlineOnline

Instructor: Patty Zakaria Instructor: Patty Zakaria Instructor: Patty Zakaria Instructor: Patty Zakaria

� An ideology can be viewed as a set of ideas or beliefs held by individuals about the world, domestic politics, and international system. Political Scientists Kay Lawson defined ideology as “a comprehensive set of beliefs and attitudes about social and economic institutions and process” (1999, G-5).

What What What What is an ideology? is an ideology? is an ideology? is an ideology?

� Ideology can also be viewed as values individuals have or beliefs (something they strongly believe in)

� Political ideology is similar it just includes a political element.

� For example, an individual or party's ideology can be social-democracy.

� Liberal party in Canada follows social- democracy ideology.

What is an ideology? What is an ideology? What is an ideology? What is an ideology?

� Political ideology starts with.... ◦ Human nature, which can take on the following

roles: � 1) Pessimistic nature - the person is self-centered,

selfish as well as non-cooperative with others in society.

� 2) Optimistic nature - the person is good natured, rational individual, and cooperates with others in society.

� It is important to note that an individual's human nature will help them develop their political ideology.

So how is political ideology So how is political ideology So how is political ideology So how is political ideology developed? developed? developed? developed?

� In addition to human nature, agents of political socialization as well as political and economic factors help to develop one’s political ideology. Political socialization is the life-long process of acquiring—and eventually passing on—values, beliefs, and opinions about a society and its political culture Agents of political socialization refer to the following factors: family, peers, media, school, social/economic status, gender, and religious affiliation.

So how is political ideology So how is political ideology So how is political ideology So how is political ideology developed? developed? developed? developed?

� 1) Conservatism � 2) Liberalism � 3) Socialism (the concept of socialism covers

a wide range of beliefs from a moderate to hard-line view, for example, from democratic socialism to Maoist Communism)

� 4) Fascism

Five major ideologies are as Five major ideologies are as Five major ideologies are as Five major ideologies are as follows: follows: follows: follows:

� Kay Lawson (1999) offers are great understanding of the different ideologies presents here. Below is a replication of her characteristics of the major political ideologies presented.

Political Ideology Political Ideology Political Ideology Political Ideology

Socialism:Socialism:Socialism:Socialism: An ideology that hold that human beings readily engage in cooperative social activity and that the state, controlled by the workers should own or at least control the means of production , an economic system in which the states controls all or most of the means of production (1999, G-10)

LiberalismLiberalismLiberalismLiberalism: An ideology that sees the role of government as protecting individual liberties while at the same time ensuring everyone the chance to lead the best possible life and to fulfill his or her individual potential. (1999, G-6)

Conservatism: Conservatism: Conservatism: Conservatism: An ideology that stresses conserving what exists; takes a non- egalitarian view of human nature, and holds order, community, loyalty, protection of individual freedoms, piety, and nationalism as its highest values. (1999, G-3)

FascismFascismFascismFascism: A far-right ideology based on the principle that race, nationalism, and absolute obedience to authoritarian leadership are the highest values (1999, G-4)

Political Ideology Political Ideology Political Ideology Political Ideology

Source: Kay Lawson (1999). Brief version: The Human Polity – A comparative Introduction to political Science , Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, USA.

Key Areas Socialism Liberalism Conservatism Fascism

Preferred means of effecting change

Revolution Persuasion and democratic elections Coup d’état

Human nature Predominantly unselfish and social

Somewhat selfish yet social Selfish, unsocial

Role of state Ensure fair distribution of wealth

Protect individual liberty Protect traditional values

Total Control

Most important values

Economic equality Freedom and political equality

Freedom and order

Order

Political Ideology Political Ideology Political Ideology Political Ideology

Source: Kay Lawson (1999). Brief version: The Human Polity – A comparative Introduction to political Science , Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, USA.

Communism vs. Fascism Communism vs. Fascism Communism vs. Fascism Communism vs. Fascism

Source: Redefining the Political Spectrum Redefining the Political Spectrum Redefining the Political Spectrum Redefining the Political Spectrum - The Rational Spectrum- The Rational Spectrum- The Rational Spectrum- The Rational Spectrum By - June 20, 2004

Left Vs. RightLeft Vs. RightLeft Vs. RightLeft Vs. Right

Example of political ideology of politicians Example of political ideology of politicians Example of political ideology of politicians Example of political ideology of politicians

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Source for slides:Source for slides:Source for slides:Source for slides: � Kay Lawson (1999). Brief version: The Human

Polity – A comparative Introduction to political Science , Houghton Mifflin Company: Boston, USA.