lab 3

©Hands-On Labs, Inc.

Exercise 1: Viruses

Procedure

Choose one of the following virally caused diseases to research online. Write a short report that describes its origins, historical occurrence, host(s), symptoms, course of infective action, treatment, and long-term prognosis for repeat flare-ups:

Adenovirus Avian Flu Chicken Pox Hantavirus Hepatitis Herpes

HIV Influenza Parvo Measles Mumps

Rabies SARS Shingles Warts West Nile

Discussion

A. Why do immunization therapies work?

B. Can you think of applications where viruses could be an asset to humans?

Exercise 2: Bacteria

Procedure

2. Draw representations of the three shapes of bacteria that you see. See scanned document.

3. Label the flagella, if present, and the cell wall. See scanned document.

4. Are there endospores present? If so, draw and label an endospore. No, there are no endospores present.

5. Investigate one of the following bacteria-caused conditions online. Briefly report on your findings and outline the organism responsible: where it is found, its host, its vector (biological species that carries and transmits the bacteria, but may not harmed by it), the symptoms of disease, and the treatment. How is the organism identified medically? Place your report here:

Results

Complete Table 1 to summarize the general characteristics of bacteria.

Table 1 Kingdom Bacteria: Common Characteristics

Questions

A. Why are bacteria important? What is their role in their environment? Could we live without them?

B. What is the benefit of the capability to form endospores for bacterial survival?

C. List several ways that bacteria benefit us.

D. List several ways that bacteria are a problem.

E. How does penicillin disable bacterial cells?

F. Describe why antibiotic resistance has become a problem. Give an example.

Exercise 3: Protista

Procedure

2. Make drawings of several different protists. Can you identify any of the following structures? Note that not every organism has each of these structures.

● Flagella – used for locomotion

● Pseudopods – used for locomotion and procurement of food

● Cilia – used for locomotion

● Food vacuole - stores and digests food particles

● Contractile vacuole – rids cell of excess water

● Feeding groove – gathers food that is stored in vacuole

● Nucleus – stores genetic material. May appear as a dark grayish area in the cell.

3. Prepare a wet mount of pond or ditch water and observe it under a microscope. Are any of the organisms similar to those observed on the prepared slide? If so, which can you identify?

Yes, however it was difficult to pin point each specific part cell that I have found through the microscope I used. Although, I was able to observe the nucleus, and cell walls of numerous cells, I was unable to describe the rest of the cell.

4. Observe the prepared slide of green algae (Phylum Chlorophyta) under the microscope. Can you identify any of the following structures?

● Chloroplasts: Yes, I was able to identify three

● Contractile vacuole: No, It was difficult to identify.

● Nucleus: Yes, the nucleus was the most easiest to identify throughout most of the cells.

Results

1. Summarize the basic characteristics of Kingdom Protista in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Kingdom Protista: Common Characteristics

2. Investigate ONE of the following protist-caused diseases and discuss its origin, symptoms, prevention, and treatment.

Amoebic Dysentery African trypanosomiasis Giardia

Toxoplasmosis Malaria Trichomoniasis

Place your report here:

questions

A. Why are protists important? What is their role in their environment? Could we live without them?

B. Why, in particular, are diatoms and plankton forms of diatoms so important? What function do they serve that is unique to life on this planet?

C. What is unique about the algae and what important function do they perform?

D. List several ways that protists benefit humans.

E. List several ways that protists are a problem for humans.

Exercise 4: Fungi

Procedure

Part A

1. Examine one of your purchased mushrooms. Draw the mushroom and label the following structures: cap, gills, stipe, annulus. Note: the annulus may be missing.

2. Cut the mushroom in half from top of cap through stipe with a knife. What do you observe about the stipe? The stipe or stem, was a cylinder shape throughout most of the mushroom I cut.

3. Place the cap with the gilled area face down on a sheet of white paper in an area where it will not be disturbed. Allow the cap to sit for three days and then carefully remove the cap from the paper. What do you observe? Are the spores the same color as the gills? Spore color is one characteristic used in mushroom identification.

A slight shade of light brown.

5. Cut a thin section of the gilled area, wet-mount it onto a slide, and observe it under a microscope. Can you see individual Basidiomycetes that produce the spores? Yes.

Part B

3. Add ½ of a package of Baker’s yeast. Allow the yeast and sugar water to sit for three to four hours. What do you observe after this time? Cells were formed.

5. Do you see evidence of budding in any yeast cells? What structures are apparent?