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SCI224 Fundamentals of Astronomy
Summery of Learning and Take Home Exam
Instructor: William McMullen, Ph.D.
Due Date: 5/6/14
Take Home Exam:
This take home exam is comprised of seventeen essay questions and one extra credit question. Each question can be answered with a brief (approximately 75 and 200 words) description of either a concept or observable evidence that has been scientifically verified. Please try to keep your response to each question brief but make sure you express your response clearly. It is not necessary to provide details such as dates, equations, or people who made important discoveries unless the question specifically asks for such information. Read each question carefully and refer to your notes, the lectures and the assigned readings to answer each question. You should not need to do any additional research to complete the exam. If you choose to include information that comes from any additional research you elect to do, you must provide an inline citation and the full reference for the material you cite. Finally, please insert your answer to each question directly below the question within the gray area following “Insert answer here.” Please note that you will be unable to change or add text anywhere other than within indicated gray, text entry boxes so make sure you click the text box to enter your response to each question.
Q1. Since the dawn of civilization, humans have studied the heavens. How has advancements in technology changed our understanding of the universe? Include at least two examples, other than the Doppler effect or spectography of how an advancement in technology has helped us to understand the universe in your response.
Insert answer here: ------ In astromomy advandance examine more closely and we get more knowledge and we are using technology for that and people use the telescops for see it, also human has been curious creature and hman is seeking for improve and develop it. improves also telescopes for help us to get more knowledge and it was back history and when we improved to our telescopes we improved and learned some many thing and we responsed our questions. after that we use king o fotographic machine for see as a human and save it for keep information and make more researces.and he helped us to understand universe from pictures.
Q2. What is the Doppler effect and how did it help us to determine that the universe is expanding?
Insert answer here: ----Doppler effects change itself and and frequency and we get the distences from it for distance spped. for example whem the car passing us with the pushing horning we see it goes lower what it going far away or when you do not we you are starting to hear loudly to coming. and the waves being emited from an object that is moving are compressed as they approach an observer. Electromagnatic spectrum or light allows us to determine what1s out there and to determine what the things are made of and also the doppler effect allows us to calculate distance and speed.
Q3. Current research indicates that all the natural elements exist throughout the universe. How has spectography been used to prove this? Make sure you briefly describe how spectography works.
Insert answer here: ------Spectroscopy is the most avaliable and reliable way to learning to universe. and those two consepts are used together and to extract information from the light emitted by or reflected off of objects in space and there is how astronomers use spectrograms and the droppler effect to study the univers and element of that is universe shares and the same elements from every dead stars and eve exploded and evey element thet existed before and during the bing bang.it is also helpis to astronomers for determine stars.
Q4. All the major cultures of the world have a “creation story” that attempts to explain the origins of the universe. Briefly describe a creation story of a culture.
Insert answer here: ---------Creation story explain and describe us to how world came to that days and it came with traditional, cultural and religios myth and it is also describes to how it came from starting to today. it is also literal sense and historical events who subcribe and profund about truths and it explains how it ordering to 6 and 7 days created. use the common concept are command to elements of the cusmos and exist to until they had been named. also animals named by man.
Q5. The currently accepted scientific theory is a “creation story.” Briefly describe the major points of the scientific theory of how the universe formed.
Insert answer here: --------There is currenyl accepted thing that Bing Bang theory and this theory happen 13,7 billion years ago for the origan to evaluate for our univers. the size of univers is almos a cantimeter for seen out side and the universe climate was so hot from today when it started. it is getin cooler cause of enery and transform to energy. also it is cooler because of hydrogen and comman element that used for being erart and in future, we will see more cooler maybe and it will efect to eart and who lives in earth. infuluence of gravity also makes it hydrogen to clump. an the other han graviational waves started to being same as starting to occuring earths.
Q6. Briefly describe how the culturally based creation story you selected and the scientific creation story are similar and different.
Q7. Based upon current scientific theory, how do stars form?
Insert answer here: In a million years or so, the clump develops into a dense, small body called a protostar. That protostar keeps drawing in more gas and growing even hotter. Once the protostar gets hot enough, its hydrogen atoms start fusing, generating helium and an outflow of energy. At this point, the outward push of fusion still doesn't measure up to the inward pull of the star's gravity. If the protostar gathers enough mass, a bipolar flow happens. The star blasts the remaining gas and dust away. At this point, the young star stabilizes and becomes a main sequence star.They start to form as nebulae, vast clouds of dust and gas. Stirred up by a streaking comet or distant supernova the force moves through the cloud, forcing particles to clump up. The clumps accumulate more mass and gravity, pulling in even more particles.
Q8.What role do stars play in the formation of natural elements? Your response should include a brief description of the process by which all the natural elements are formed.
Insert answer here: ----Earth make own element and it make combinations to conpounds. and element root is same type for all elements. before bing bang theary we were only know and formed to the light elements. we have still 116 elements as we know and 90 of those elemenets are natural and 86 of those makes nuclear reactions for this stars and atoms. whem begins to manifactoring very large elemnets as oxygen through ti iron.
Q9. What are Type I, II, and III stars and how are they different from each other?
Insert answer here: --------Three star types of comprised stelliferous Ero.
1- population star 1 is coolest, most long one and smallest one. there are still same of those as common types and only ones capable of having a solar system.
2- population star 2 on averagely are the next hottest and biggest stars.
3- Population 3 it is kind of same and only more than had the shorthest life-span.
Q10. What factor determines how long a star will live and how it will die? Your response should include an example of what remains after a star has died.
Insert answer here:--------- mass of a star makes determines and life-span, death and size. the shortest the life cycle happens larger mass. A amount of matter that is available and star`s mass. the star is big enough and it will going to become one day big enough as a supernove. starts will go out and becoming a white draft. the stuff that`s left will only own weight. it will crush to each ather and it will be a neutron star. if it is bigger than, it will crush itself even and harder to make black big hole. when there are so many mass, in such not a small mas and the light of that can not escape from it.
Q11. Briefly describe the major components of a galaxy.
Insert answer here: ------There 3 basics visible matter in the as a spiral galaxy: the halo, the disk, and the central bulge and the nucleus. in addition to that components, three components that are in vissible and magnatic field and also charged particles and a halo of that is dark matter that is unknown composition but ti felt by it makes and by gravition influences and on the invissibe matter.
Q12. How do solar systems form?
Insert answer here: -------A nearby of supernovas send shocks wave to a gas and dust cloud. it wave causes the cloud to start contracting and compress to due gravity, towards center. And cloud to start to rotate and it is collecting by huge amount of hydrogen in the main center. and it makes to enough hot fuse and becoming denser. and the new stars give to high charged solar. when the new starts remaining gas and dust goes away from it and if it go on we call a protopleneary disk.End of time the gravity pulls remaining to gas and dust into the planets, comets, asteroids, and the other components of solar system. the process by which small other material and it pulls gravity of accetion disk.
Q.13. Describe the major components of our solar system.
Insert answer here: 1- Satellites, that have in most planet.
2- A meteoroid
3-Planets, there are different 10 kind of solar system.
4-The most smaller planets are asteriods.
5-Dust, solar system contains a vast cloud of very small dust particles.
6- it is becoming to frozen moleculs of gases and some kind of solids.
Q14. We now know that planets are common throughout the universe. How are planets detected? Describe the two ways by which planets can be identified by studying the star around which the planet orbits.
Insert answer here: ----------There are the tactics have been used at least kind of extrasolar planets. Transit nethod, Doppler shift, astrometry, radical Velocity, gravitational microlensing and brightness variations. Starts are responding to planet`s gravity that will move in to small orbit.it is effecting to stars move because of speed and it occurs that variations and it keep a way from planet. With doppler effect parent star`s in spectral lines to replacing and it gives us to information about methods for mass and one of the photometric method provide to determine radius of planet. parent`s star disk which is in frond of transits that observing visal ligths of brightness while the starts droping part of at the same time. Also it is depending to relative sizes and the of the star and planet.
Q15. Current scientific theory suggests that life should be abundant throughout the universe. What is the evidence that this is likely to be true?
Insert answer here:----------- In my opinion, astrobiological researches downs inside the class of exoplanet detection that relating to astronomy and earth life starts when hypotesis start. And it can show the people that planets have some mutual and characteristics and it rising if it will go same. to end of it exoplanets will have been in consider to size because of a number of different design of insturements. forexample NASA started to research for find to answer those questions and they cancel the researches and anybody does not know why they canceled it. and they have different research about astrobiolical planetry system. for examlple in the jupiter they hade simiar incriasing probalities for our solar system. and so far there are no any more researches about thet idea.
Q16. Current scientific theory argues that life outside of our solar system is most likely to be found in a solar system of a specific type of star. Which type of star, type I, II, or III, is most likely to have a solar system that can support life and why?
Q17. Humans have always wondered if there is intelligent life outside of the earth. What is the equation that attempts to estimate the number of intelligent civilizations in the universe and how many intelligent civilizations does this equation suggests may exist in the universe.
Insert answer here: ----------The drake equation that is potential debates can used to gauging number of active humunities in the milky way galaxy. scientists aim
and the equation summury that also conseps of that because of understanding their radio of communicative for reply to considiring to questions. and the drake equating provide to several factons they still using and some of those factor are still unknown and the range of it is so wide and it is effects to span of it. it is started in milky way galaxy and sciensitif are guessing about it between thousand to a hundred million.
Q18. Extra credit question: If intelligent life does exist in other solar systems, why do you think we have not been able to detect signs of extraterrestrial intelligent life?
Insert answer here: -----------In my opinion the reason of that is distance. and also we both are has so many distance and we are too far away from each other. the reason of that is space and nobody can ever respond it. in my opinion somebody can look at and see our signals and it is possible to see it. they can respond that signals and they do but we are getting that so late because of limited speed of light.
SCI 224 Fundamentals of Astronomy Take Home Exam Page 1 of 6
