Evaluating Decisions Unit 6 (7 Qtns.), Hypothesis (2 Qtns.), HIV AIDS Case (10 Qtns.) and Measure of Association PRE (2 Qtns.)

Relevant Study Results

“The sample consisted of 23 men with a mean age of 42.2 years (SD = 8.2), length of time since

diagnosis with HIV was 9.2 years (SD = 5.3); and 17 women with a mean age of 36.8 years (SD = 5.2), and length of time since diagnosis with HIV was 7.2 years (SD = 4.8). For men, 23 were HIV-positive and 9 had a diagnosis of AIDS; and for women, 17 were HIV positive, and 5 had a diagnosis of AIDS. There was no significant difference in demographic characteristics of the sample by age, gender, HIV disease status, and time living with HIV.

Participants reported a net increase in weight from 3 months prior (M = 2.4 lb, SD = 12.9 lb) and

12 months prior (M = 10.9 lb, SD = 19.1 lb) and that their weight was greater than their ideal weight (M = 9.2 lb, SD = 22.9 lb). SDs for the data indicated a wide range on weight at both 3 and 12 months before participation in the study.

Body image scores (0–100 scale) were significantly (F(1, 37) = 5.41, p =.03) higher for women

(73.1 ± 17.0) than men (60.2 ± 17.0). Although HIV-positive participants had slightly higher body image scores (M = 68.0, SD = 17.0) compared with participants with AIDS (M = 60.5, SD = 18.8), there was no significant difference (F(1, 37) = 1.56, p =.22) in body image scores between [those with HIV and AIDS]. There was a weak, but significant, inverse association between body image score and weight changes from 3 months prior (r = −.30, p =.04). Body image and weight scores are summarized in Table 1” (Corless et al., 2004, p. 294).

Table 1 Body Image and weight measures for men and women.TTABLE 1 ■ Body Image sures for Men and Women

		GENDER
	male	male	female	female
	mean	SD	mean	SD
Body image	60.22	16.98	73.07	16.93
Weight change last 12 months	10.26	22.40	11.94	13.63
Weight change last 3 months	3.05	15.87	1.47	7.32
Weight relative to ideal	5.48	22.93	14.44	22.57
Body weight ratio	53.66	33.97	67.56	34.44

“A summary of quality-of-life scores for men and women is shown in Table 2. The scales

of the MOS-HIV Quality of Life instrument include General Health Perceptions, Physical

Functioning, Role Functioning, Social Functioning, Cognitive Functioning, Pain, Mental Health,

Vitality, Health Distress, Quality of Life, and Heath Transition. There were no significant differences between quality of life scores between men and women. Men did have lower scores on some MOS-HIV scales (Cognitive Functioning, Pain, Quality of Life, and Health Transition) and women were lower on others (Vitality and Health Distress). In addition, there were a number

of differences in the relationships between quality of life scores, body image, and body weight. . . . The positive correlations indicated that improved quality of life was associated with improved body image” (Corless et al., 2004, pp. 294–5).

Table 2 Mean MOS-HIV scores for men and women.

		Gender
	Male	Male	women	women
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
General health perceptions	37.38	30.52	39.71	25.46
Physical functioning	64.13	25.55	65.20	29.79
Role functioning	50.00	46.29	50.00	46.77
Social functioning	65.45	29.72	64.71	26.95
Cognitive functioning	58.86	30.94	66.18	26.55
Pain	52.53	30.90	64.71	28.12
Mental Health	57.09	23.72	61.50	22.81
Vitality	48.86	23.35	43.24	21.93
Health distress	58.48	30.80	51.18	24.53
Quality of life	53.26	26.44	61.76	21.86
Health transition	56.52	24.09	66.18	24.91
Total MOS-HIV score	56.89	20.44	58.06	17.56

1. Assuming that the distribution is normal for weight relative to the ideal and 99% of the male participants scored between (–53.68, 64.64), where did 95% of the values for weight relative to the ideal lie? Round your answer to two decimal places.  

2. Which of the following values from Table 1 tells us about variability of the scores in a distribution?

a. 60.22

b. 11.94

c. 22.57

d. 53.66

3. Assuming that the distribution for General Health Perceptions is normal, 95% of the females’ scores around the mean were between what values? Round your answer to two decimal places.  

4. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Pain is normal, 95% of the men’s scores around the mean were between what two values? Round your answer to two decimal places.  

5. Were the body image scores significantly different for women versus men? Provide a rationale for your answer.  

6. Assuming that the distribution of Mental Health scores for men is normal, where are 99% of the men’s mental health scores around the mean in this distribution? Round your answer to two decimal places.

7. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Physical Functioning in women is normal, where are 99% of the women’s scores around the mean in this distribution? Round your answer to two decimal places.

8. Assuming that the distribution of scores is normal, 99% of HIV-positive body image scores around the mean were between what two values? Round your answer to two decimal places.

 9. Assuming that the distribution of scores for Role Functioning is normal, 99% of the men’s scores around the mean were between what values? Round your answer to two decimal places.  

10. What are some of the limitations of this study that decrease the potential for generalizing the findings to the target population?